List of Tables

(1)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

v

Table 2.1 Income group classification 11

Table 2.2 Network based project planning methods 14

Table 2.3 Simulation-based construction scheduling methods 20 Table 3.1 Scope of work for various construction activities – case study I 27 Table 3.2 Questionnaire 1st part: Gross and detailed factors 30 Table 3.3 Top 20 causal factors influencing project progress 33

Table 5.1 Construction activity related data library 59

Table 5.2 Building material prices (in INR) 63

Table 6.1 Activity work-scope: Case Study 1 71

Table 6.2 Construction activity work-scope - Case-Study - II 73 Table 6.3 Construction activity work-scope - Case-Study - III 74 Table 6.4 Constraints considered for determining maximum possible teams for

activities 76

Table 6.5 Case-study I: Activity work-scope and maximum number of teams 77 Table 6.6 Case-study II: Activity work-scope and maximum number of teams 78 Table 6.7 Case-study III: Activity work-scope and maximum number of teams 78

Table 6.8 Fixed and flexible delays 79

Table 6.9 Productivitiy data – non-labour intensive activities 83 Table 6.10 Establishment charges: non-labour intensive activities 85

Table 6.11 Additional charges for high-rise towers 87

Table 7.1 Case-study I: Details of optimized construction schedules 100 Table 7.2 Case-study II: Details of optimized construction schedules 106 Table 7.3 Probable optimum construction schedules for the selection of most

suitable optimum construction schedule 109

Table 7.4 Case study III: Details of optimized construction schedules 115 Table 7.5 Probable optimum construction schedules for the selection of most

suitable optimum construction schedule 118

(2)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

vi

(3)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

vii

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Classification of multi-storey building systems 5

Figure 1.2 Work flow sequence 6

Figure 2.1 Hierarchy in project planning 13

Figure 3.1 Site plan of Case study-I project 25

Figure 3.2 Partial view of completed Case study-I project 26 Figure 3.3 Sequence of implementing the construction work 27 Figure 3.4 Construction schedule adopted for implementing case study I 28 Figure 3.5 Two level decision tree adopted in questionnaire data analysis 32 Figure 3.6 Factors influencing the ‘duration of an activity’ 38 Figure 3.7 Activity resources – duration relationship 39

Figure 3.8 Activity productivity curve 40

Figure 3.9 Components of an activity’s cost 40

Figure 4.1 Dynamics of construction activity duration - 1 42 Figure 4.2 Dynamics of construction activity duration - 2 43 Figure 4.3 Dynamics of a construction activity – 3 44 Figure 4.4 Broad categorization of proposed optimization process 45

Figure 4.5 Optimization process - 1 46

Figure 4.6 Optimization process - 2 47

Figure 4.7 Detailed explanation of the proposed optimization process 48

Figure 5.1 Site plan – Case Study II 54

Figure 5.2 Partial view of case-study II after completion 55

Figure 5.3 Site plan – Case Study III 56

Figure 5.4 Partial view of case-study III after completion 56 Figure 5.5 Price indices for cement, rebars, tiles, bricks and diesel 60 Figure 5.6 Price indices for plywood, paints and sheet glass 61 Figure 5.7 Price indices for electrical fans, fluorescent tubes, PVC cables and

pipes

62

Figure 6.1(a) Block diagram – case study I 66

Figure 6.1(b) Segmentation logic – case study I 66

Figure 6.1(c) Block ‘A’: Construction segmentation 66

Figure 6.2(a) Block diagram – case study II 67

Figure 6.2(b) Segmentation logic – case study II 68

Figure 6.3(a) Block diagram – case study III 68

Figure 6.3(b) Segmentation logic – case study III 68

Figure 6.4 Construction activities in each segment 69 Figure 6.5 Rate of work available per day and maximum possible teams to

work

75

Figure 6.6 Productivity curve: Earthwork 81

Figure 6.7 Productivity curve: ‘Roof shuttering’ 81

Figure 6.8 Productivity curve: ‘Roof rebar’ 81

Figure 6.9 Productivity curve: ‘230 mm brickwork’ 82

(4)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

viii

Figure 6.10 Productivity curve: ‘112 mm brickwork’ 82 Figure 6.11 Productivity curve: ‘Internal-plastering’ 82 Figure 6.12 Productivity curve: ‘External-plastering’ 82 Figure 6.13 Establishement charges: ‘Roof shuttering’ 84

Figure 6.13 Establishement charges: ‘Roof rebar’ 84

Figure 6.15 Establishement charges: ‘Brickwork’ 85

Figure 6.16 Establishement charges: ‘Plastering’ 85

Figure 6.17 Hire charges: ‘roof shutter’ 86

Figure 6.18 Hire charges: ‘column shutter’ 86

Figure 6.19 Rate of total daily people required 88

Figure 6.20 Required weekly people rate 88

Figure 6.21 Daily cost rate 90

Figure 6.22 Monthly cost rate 90

Figure 6.23 Weekly requirement of rebar 92

Figure 6.24 Weekly requirement of cement 92

Figure 6.25 Weekly requirement of bricks 92

Figure 6.26 Construction activities in ground floor 94 Figure 6.27 Construction activities in first floor 94 Figure 6.28 Construction activities in second floor 94 Figure 6.29 Construction activities in third floor 94

Figure 6.30 Variable in rebar prices 98

Figure 6.31 Variable in cement prices 98

Figure 6.32 Variable in cement prices and its effect on cost of concrete 99 Figure 6.33 Variable in rebar prices of bricks and its effect on cost of 230mm

brickwork

99 Figure 7.1 Correlation between construction-duration and total-construction-

cost

101 Figure 7.2 Correlation between construction-duration and peak-monthly-

expenditure

101 Figure 7.3 Comparison of total-construction-cost and peak-monthly-

expenditure with construction-duration

102 Figure 7.4 Case Study II: Comparison of peak monthly fund requirement 102 Figure 7.5 Correlation between peak-weekly-workforce-demand and

construction-duration

103 Figure 7.6 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 103 Figure 7.7 Correlation between peak-weekly-cement-demand and

103

Figure 7.8 Comparison of peak weekly cement demand 103

Figure 7.9 Correlation between peak-weekly-rebar-demand and construction- duration

104 Figure 7.10 Correlation between peak-weekly-rebar-demand 104 Figure 7.11 Correlation between peak-weekly-brick-demand and construction-

duration

104

Figure 7.12 Comparison of peak weekly brick demand 104

Figure 7.13 Case study II: Correlation between construction-duration and total construction cost

107 Figure 7.14 Case study II: Correlation between peak – monthly expenditure and

107

(5)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

List of Figures

ix Figure 7.15 Case study II: Correlation between construction-duration and

realized rate-of-return

108 Figure 7.16 Correlation between peak-monthly expenditure and construction-

duration

108 Figure 7.17 Case study II: Comparison of peak monthly fund requirement 110 Figure 7.18 Case study 2: Correlation between peak weekly workforce and

construction duration

110 Figure 7.19 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 110 Figure 7.20 Correlation between peak-weekly-cement-demand and

111 Figure 7.21 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 111 Figure 7.22 Correlation between peak-weekly-rebar-demand and construction-

duration

111 Figure 7.23 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 111 Figure 7.24 Correlation between peak-weekly-workforce-demand and

112 Figure 7.25 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 112

Figure 7.26 Comparison of shuttering manpower 112

Figure 7.27 Comparison of rebar manpower 113

Figure 7.28 Comparison of masonry manpower 113

Figure 7.29 Comparison of plastering manpower 114

Figure 7.30 Correlation between Construction-duration and Total-construction- cost

116 Figure 7.31 Correlation between Construction-duration and peak-monthly-

expenditure

116 Figure 7.32 Correlation between construction duration and realized rate-of-

return

117

Figure 7.33 Comparison of peak monthly expenditure 117

Figure 7.34 Case Study-III: Correlation between peak-monthly-expenditure and construction-duration

118 Figure 7.35 Correlation between peak-weekly-workforce-demand and

120 Figure 7.42 Comparison of peak weekly workforce demand 120 Figure

7.43(a) and (b)

Case-study I: Comparison of Total construction duration and Total construction cost corresponding to CDminandCDactual

121

(6)

Copyright

IIT Kharagpur

x

Figure 7.44 (a) and (b)

Case-study II: Comparison of Total construction duration and Total construction cost corresponding to CDminandCDactual

122

Figure 7.45 (a) and (b)

Case-study III: Comparison of Total construction duration and Total

construction cost corresponding to CDminandCDactual

122