The major advantage of hydraulic filtration in the arterial system is that it converts the intermittent output of the heart into a steady flow through the capillaries. As the blood flows from the larger arteries into the smaller arterioles, it is naturally limited by the decreasing diameter of the duct. But in the tissues, the blood must deliver its gases and nutrients - the most important purpose for which it crosses the distance between the blood vessels.
This channel system consisting of arterioles, capillaries and venules constitutes the microcirculation. As blood flows to every part of the body, it must return to re-circulate (see Figures 1 and 2). All the small vessels of the myocardium communicate in the form of a wide plexus of subendocardial vessels.
This manifests as cyanosis – a dark discoloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated blood in the capillary beds. Tissue hypoxia stimulates cells of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus in the kidney to produce erythropoietin. The accumulation of degenerated neutrophils forms pus, and the released pyrogen causes an elevated body temperature, i.e.
The importance of the blood group antibodies lies in their ability to cause transfusion reactions. Changes in the polypeptide subunits of the globin can also affect the affinity of the hemoglobin molecule for oxygen. Tissue thromboplastin is the most important of the substances released from the vessel wall after injury.
They, in fact, adhere to any foreign surface, as well as to subendothelial components, especially collagen. Those, including albumin, which are synthesized by the liver, and .. bone marrow cells and. It constitutes 5-10% of the total circulating .. important substances in the body - transported within the body by proteins.
It is mainly synthesized by the plasma cells in the mucous membranes of the intestines and bronchi, and in the ducts of the lactating breast. 60% of the total body weight consists of water, which is distributed in two main compartments – the intracellular (70%) and the extracellular (30%); the latter is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (21%) and plasma (79%). The channel protein (or carrier protein) in the membrane has three sites for binding the sodium ion on its intracellular facet.
As a result, water (and small molecular weight substances) flow out of the vessels and are not reabsorbed, leading to accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment.
CORTEX
All electrolytes and water in the body are maintained by the kidneys by balancing input (which can come from dietary or metabolic sources) and output (which can come from metabolic consumption or through the various modes of excretion) . When there is a decrease in extracellular fluid sodium or when there is reduced blood volume or low blood pressure (as can occur in circulatory insufficiency), there is stimulation of the thirst and salt appetite centers, which produce water and /or sodium are absorbed. supplemented. The kidneys remove metabolic products (urea, uric acid, creatinine) and retain valuable substances such as glucose, amino acids and proteins.
The functional unit of the kidneys is a nephron, of which there are one million in each kidney.
MEDULLA
Acidosis is a much more common disorder than alkalosis and it can sub classified into either respiratory or metabolic acidosis
In addition to these very important electrolytes and proteins, and their regulation, it is imperative to mention that every type of molecule present in the body is also present in a regulated amount in the plasma of the blood. Its concentration in the blood depends on the concentration required in the effector tissue or the tissue where it is synthesized. Thus, each of these substances is present in the plasma in a specific concentration or concentration range that is viable for the organ system as a whole.
Any anomaly in any organ in the body is reflected in an increase or decrease. If the nephrons of the kidneys do not function optimally, the waste products they excrete in the urine accumulate in the plasma, e.g. The other example is the pancreas which has two types of cells: the α and the β cells. If the synthetic pathways are to blame, the change will be reflected in the concentration of.
On the other hand, β-cells are mainly affected by chronic inflammation, fibrosis, etc., which causes a decrease in insulin secretion (which is reflected in its plasma concentration) and thus an increase in insulin concentration. plasma glucose. Plasma glucose concentration also depends on the degree of feeding, so the BRI for the fasting state and the postprandial state (2 hours after a meal) are different. Many chemical components of plasma are now known, which, although before.
Yet another function of the plasma is to transport drugs that are ingested, injected or infused from the site of administration to the site of action. Depending on the route of administration, the concentration reached in the plasma varies, and hence the amount delivered to the target tissue. It is thus clear that measuring the concentration of a substance in the blood can be used to assess the status of the organ system in which the substance is synthesized or used, or, if it is a drug, its efficacy in the target tissue.
