TTrraannssffeerr RRNNAA

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ZOOLOGY: SEM- V, PAPER- C11T: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, UNIT 2: DNA REPLICATION

T T r r a a n n s s f f e e r r R R N N A A

B BY B Y Y

D D R R . . P P O O U U L L A A M M I I A A D D H H I I K K A A R R Y Y M M U U K K H H E E R R J J E E E E A A S S S S I I S S T T A A N N T T P P R R O O F F E E S S S S O O R R

D D E E P P A A R R T T M M E E N N T T O O F F Z Z O O O O L L O O G G Y Y

N N A A R R A A J J O O L L E E R R A A J J C C O O L L L L E E G G E E

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 A transfer RNA (tRNA, formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.

 Transfer RNAs or tRNAs are molecules that act as temporary carriers of amino acids, bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide sequence.

 In this way, they act as the intermediaries between nucleotide and amino acid sequences.

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 tRNA carries an amino acid to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by the complementary recognition of a 3-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a messenger RNA (mRNA) by a 3-nucleotide sequence (anticodon) of the tRNA.

 As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of translation, the biological synthesis of new proteins in accordance with the genetic code.

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Structure:

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The structure of tRNA can be decomposed into its primary structure, its secondary structure (usually visualized as the cloverleaf structure), and its tertiary structure (all tRNAs have a similar L-shaped 3D structure that allows them to fit into the P and A sites of the ribosome).

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The cloverleaf structure becomes the 3D L-shaped structure through coaxial stacking of the helices, which is a common RNA tertiary structure motif. The lengths of each arm, as well as the loop 'diameter', in a tRNA molecule vary from species to species.

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The tRNA structure consists of the following:

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 A 5'-terminal phosphate group.

 The acceptor stem is a 7- to 9-base pair (bp) stem made by the base pairing of the 5'-terminal nucleotide with the 3'-terminal nucleotide (which contains the CCA 3'-terminal group used to attach the amino acid). In general, such 3'-terminal tRNA-like structures are referred to as 'genomic tags'. The acceptor stem may contain non-Watson-Crick base pairs.

 The CCA tail is a cytosine-cytosine-adenine sequence at the 3' end of the tRNA molecule. The amino acid loaded onto the tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, to form aminoacyl-tRNA, is covalently bonded to the

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3'-hydroxyl group on the CCA tail. This sequence is important for the recognition of tRNA by enzymes and critical in translation. In prokaryotes, the CCA sequence is transcribed in some tRNA sequences.

In most prokaryotic tRNAs and eukaryotic tRNAs, the CCA sequence is added during processing and therefore does not appear in the tRNA gene.

 The D arm is a 4- to 6-bp stem ending in a loop that often contains dihydrouridine.

 The anticodon arm is a 5-bp stem whose loop contains the anticodon.

The tRNA 5'-to-3' primary structure contains the anticodon but in

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reverse order, since 3'-to-5' directionality is required to read the mRNA from 5'-to-3'.

 The T arm is a 4- to 5- bp stem containing the sequence TΨC where Ψ is pseudouridine, a modified uridine.

 Bases that have been modified, especially by methylation (e.g. tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase), occur in several positions throughout the tRNA. The first anticodon base, or wobble-position, is sometimes modified to inosine (derived from adenine), queuosine (derived from guanine), uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (derived from uracil),

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5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (derived from uracil), or lysidine (derived from cytosine).

tRNA Function:

tRNAs are ribonucleic acids and therefore capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mRNA. Additionally, they can also form ester linkages with amino acids, and therefore, can physically bring mRNA and amino acids together during the process of translation.

They pair with mRNA in a complementary and antiparallel manner, and each tRNA can base pair with a stretch of three nucleotides on mRNA. These

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sets of three nucleotides on the mRNA are called codons and the corresponding sequence on the tRNA is called the anticodon.

Base pairing between the codon and anticodon brings specificity to the process of translation. On one end of the tRNA, an appropriate amino acid is attached to its 3’ hydroxyl group based on the anticodon and the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between this amino acid and the elongating polypeptide chain.

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