CMOS FABRICATION BASED MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS Surbhi Soni, Research Scholar
Sourabh Pateriya Asst. Prof., AIST, Sagar
Abstract- At present in the field of communication systems Wireless technology is very vast research area of research at very high priority. In wireless communication system fabrication of antennas plays an important role. Antenna fabrication is the main cause to select a project focusing on this field. A revolutionary change has been noted over the interest of researchers in the field of Wireless Communication in the last few decades.
Interest of researchers includes the commercial/personal communication. In our day to day life users wish to have a light weight and small handset, and this can be possible by proper designing the antennas. Due to the development of VLSI/ULSI techniques the researchers are able to reduce the size and power hungry of the devices to a greater extent. Antenna become the front and back end of the wireless communication system. The present day is the age of wireless communication. The potential application of Monopole Antenna for the wireless and personal commutation is the hot topic of interest of the researchers around the globe. The present day demands wide band, miniature antennas with other features. The choice of MSA for communication being old, researchers managed to develop new variants of the antenna to meet the demand of the present-day communication. The following thesis consists of a monopole printed antenna. The dielectric used in the designing of this monopole antenna is FR4. The top portion of the antenna consisting of a patch having rectangular slot, microstrip line and bottom part consists of a partial ground plane with a semi elliptical notch. The overall size of dielectric is 30mm*30mm*1.5mm. The fractional bandwidth of this structure is (152.11%) 3.41 GHz – above 25 GHz. The bandwidth enhancement is due to cutting various types of slots in the patch and ground plane. The following are the applications of the given antenna structure 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands, 5.5 GHz WiMAX bands, X band (8 – 12 GHz), Ku band (12 – 18 GHz), satellite communication and other wireless services.
Keywords: VLSI/ULSI Alternating current (AC).
1. INTRODUCTION
All antennas can be called as dedicated transducers as these converts radio- frequency (RF) signals into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. There are two basic types of antenna, one is the receiving antenna, which receives RF energy and delivers AC to electronic equipment, and other one is the transmitting antenna, which receives AC from electronic equipment and generates an RF field.[1] In all wireless communication systems an antenna plays essential role of the equipments that uses radio system. It is employed in systems such as broadcasting,broadcast, two-way radio, communications receivers, cell phones, radar and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as Bluetooth-based devices, garage door openers, wireless microphones, wireless computer networks and baby monitors.[2],[5] Usually an antenna consists of an array of metallic conductors or other elements, electrically connected
(often through transmission) to the receiver or transmitter. A sinusoidal current of electrons made to force an antenna through a transmitter and creates an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the electrons also create an oscillating electric field around the antenna elements. The antenna radiates these time-varying fields into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. on the contrary, during receiving of an oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on all the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the
antenna.
1.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna
The study of microstrip patch antennas has made great progress in recent years.
Compared with conventional antennas, microstrip patch antennas have more advantages and better prospects. They are
lighter in weight, low volume, low cost, low profile, smaller in dimension and ease of fabrication and conformity.
Moreover,the microstrip patch antennas can provide dual and circular polarizations, dual frequency operation, frequency agility, broad band-width, feed line flexibility, beam
2. DESIGN & SIMULATION OF THE MONOPOLE ANTENNA
Antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.
Monopole antennas have several advantages over conventional microwave antenna and therefore are widely used in many practical applications. Monopole antennas in its simplest configuration. It consists of a radiating patch on one side of dielectric substrate, which has a partial ground plane on other side. The patch is of any shape rectangular, circular, elliptical etc. The bandwidth enhancement is due to cutting various types of slots. In the given structure the bandwidth enhancement is due to rectangular slot in the patch and semi elliptical notch in the partial ground plane. The various parameter and their optimized values are given in TABLE.Table 1 Study of monopole antenna geometrical configuration
Parameter value of different sections of the given antenna (All dimensions are in mm).
3 THE GEOMETRICAL
CONFIGURATION
The geometrical configuration of monopole antenna is given in Figure 1. It consists of a top portion and bottom portion. The top portion consists of a patch with rectangular slot and micro strip line. The bottom portion consists of a partial ground plane with a semi elliptical notch.
Figure 3.1 Geometrical configuration of a monopole antenna
3.1.1 Return loss curve of monopole antenna
The structure of the antenna is shown below:
Figure 3.1.1 Simulated return loss of the given structure
3.1.2 Stage 1 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.2 Configuration of stage 1 of the given structure
3.1.3 Simulated return loss of Stage 1 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.3 Simulated return loss of stage 1 of the given structure
3.1.4 Stage 2 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.4 Configuration of stage 2 of the given structure
3.1.5 Simulated return loss of Stage 2 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.5 Simulated return loss of stage 2 of the given structure 3.1.6 Stage 3 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.6 Geometrical configuration of a monopole antenna
3.1.7 Simulated return loss of Stage 3 of the given structure
Figure 3.1.7 Simulated return loss of the given structure
3.2 Parameter study of Monopole Antenna
The structure has been simulated in CST software and the results are as follows.
The various parameters and optimized values are given by the following graphs given in this part.
3.2.1 Simulated Return Loss of the given Structure with Various Values of n
This section gives the description about the various values of n. On increasing and decreasing the values of n the following changes took place in the bandwidth of the given structure. The changes in the bandwidth are due to the impedance mismatch and due to some losses. The optimized value of n is 1. At n = 1 the impedance is matching and I get the required result.
Figure 3.2.1 Simulated return loss of the given structure with various values
of n
3.2.2 Simulation return loss of the given structure with various values of k
Figure 3.2.2 Simulated return loss of the given structure with various values
of k
3.2.3 Simulation return loss of the given structure with various values of m
Figure 3.2.3 Simulated return loss of the given structure with various values
of m
3.3 Study of input impedance of the monopole antennaThe input impedance curve of the given structure is given 3.3.1 Simulated Y magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.1Simulated Y magnitude of the given structure
3.3.2 Simulated real part of Y magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.2 Simulated real part of Y magnitude of the given structure
3.3.3 Simulated imaginary part of Y magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.3 Simulated imaginary part of Y magnitude of the given structure 3.3.4 Simulated Z magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.4 Simulated Z magnitude of the given structure
3.3.5 Simulated real part of Z magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.5 Simulated real part of Z magnitude of the given structure
3.3.6 Simulated imaginary part of Z magnitude of the given structure
Figure 3.3.6 Simulated imaginary part of Z magnitude of the given structure 3.4 Simulated gain and radiation efficiency of the monopole antenna The structure has been simulated in CST software and the results are as follows
3.4.1 Simulated radiation efficiency of the given structure
Figure 3.4.1 Simulated radiation efficiency of the given structure
Figure 3.4.2 Simulated gain of the given structure
4. CONCLUSION
This paper is about the study of the monopole antenna. The following thesis consists of a monopole antenna having a
square patch with a rectangular slot, microstrip line and a partial ground plane. The bandwidth of the antenna is ranges from 3.41 to above 25 GHz. The main reason for bandwidth enhancement is cutting various types of slots in the patch and the partial ground plane. The gain of the structure is 4.9 dB. The radiation efficiency or directivity of the given structure is 0.8 dB. The dielectric used in the designing of the given structure is FR4 having loss tangent of 0.025. The FR4 is used due to its low cost and it can be easily available. The patch, microstrip line and the partial ground plane is made of copper annealed.
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