ناریا یسانش هرشح نمجنا ی همان

(1)

Óî

ŢƟŚƿŹŵ èå è æèîç ƁźƿŸě

æ ê æèîç

ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ

ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ

íê ëî æ èè æèîç

Żƿ Ţƀ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ƟřźĭƺƯŵƹ ƾ

ŻřŹŚěŹƺºŞƳŻ ƿ

ƺŤ ºǀƿ Ŷ

Trissolcus basalis (Hym.: Scelionidae)

ƹŹ ƽ ƹŵƮºŴţ

Ưǀ ƞƬŤŴƯƱŚŝż

źƯ ƿ ƱřŻƹźƟƮ

æ ƹ

*

ƬƗźƠƇƲƀůŶưŰƯ ǀ

æƵŵřż

ƃƩǈū ǀ Żřź

çƽ

ſ ǀ ƬƗŶ ƾ ƺƠƇ

æƽ ƹ ŚƋŹŶưŰƯ ƾƿ ƬƗřŵřźƯ

èƾ

Î ĭƵƹźĭ ǀ ƵŚ Īƃżě ƾ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ

ŻŹƹŚƄĩƽ ƽ ƯƹŹřƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ǀ

ƶ

ƶǀƯƹŹř Ï ƤŰţƂŴŝ ǀ ŝƩźŤƴĩšŚƤ ǀ ĥƺƫƺ ƿ ƶƀſŒƯĨ ƽ ƤŰţ ǀ ĭšŚƤ ǀ ƵŚ Īƃżě ƾ

ŹƺƄĩ

ƱřźºƸţ Ð ƤŰţżºĩźƯ ǀ ŻŹƹŚºƄĩšŚºƤ ƽ

ŚŝŹŷōƱŚŤſř ƿ ŝźƛƱŚŬ ƾ ƶǀƯƹŹř

ƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀěšŚŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ* ǀĪ

ƾ maryam_fourouzan@yahoo.com

Biology and demography of Trissolcus basalis (Hym.: Scelionidae) on eggs of two different hosts

M. Forouzan^1&*, M. H. Safaralizadeh¹, J. Shirazi², S. A. Safavi¹ and M. Rezaei³

1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, 2. Biological Control Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran, 3. West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran.

*Corresponding author, E-mail: maryam_fourouzan@yahoo.com

ƵŶǀĪģ ƾĭĦƿƹ ƽŚƷ ƾŤƀƿŻ ƹ ƾŤǀƘưū ŹƺºŞƳŻ Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston)

ƽƹŹ ƮºŴţ Ʋºſ ƭŶºƴĭ

Eurygaster integriceps

Puton

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţƹ

Graphosoma lineatum (L.)

ŶƃƾſŹźŝ

řŶŤŝř ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ

ƚƫŚŝŚƳƽ ŹƺƸƓƱŚƯŻ

ƹũŚŤƳƾƀƴūŢŞƀƳ

űźƳ ũƹźų ŶǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚěƭƹŵƪƀƳ Śŝ

śŚŴŤƳř ÏÒ ƶŤƿŻřŹŚěƮŴţƶŤſŵ

èÒå ŵŶƗ ŚţźƠƇ ŹŚƸģ ƶŝƱŚŝżǀƯźƷźưƗŢƗŚſ

ƹƾƟŵŚƈţšŹƺƇ

ƶŝ ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃŹŵƶƳŚĭřŶūŹƺƏ Ò

å t çÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ

ŢŝƺƏŹ ƾŞƀƳ Ò t ÓÒ ŶºƇŹŵ ŻƹŹƩƺºƏƹ æÓ

ƹƾƿŚƴºƃƹŹŢƗŚºſ í

ƾƨƿŹŚţŢƗŚſ ƵŻřŶƳř

Ŷƃƽźǀĭ ƶŝ ƤŝŶƇŹŵƮƀǀŤƿŻřŹŚěŶƇŹŵƵƹǈƗ ƽŹƹŹŚŝƹƾƀƴūŢŞƀƳźưƗƩƺƏƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯƽŚ

æå ƩƹřŻƹŹ

ƶƳŚĭřŶūƾſŹźŝŚŝƵŵŚƯŹƺŞƳŻźƷƾĭŶƳŻ

ƽ çÒ ƵŻŚţŹƺŞƳŻŢƠū

ŚţźƠƇ ŹŚƸģ źưƗƩƺƏŢƗŚſ

ƱŚŝżǀƯƱŚưƷƮŴţƽƹŹƹƱŚŝżǀƯźƷŻř

źĩŷƎƿřźƃŹŵ

ƵŶƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ Ŷƃ ŚŤƳ ƿ ƶŝƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪ

ƬĩŹƺƏ ƾ Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƲ ƽ ŶƃŹ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ źƳ åÒí å t ìÒ ææ ƹŹŻƹŹ ƽ Ʋſ

ƹƭŶƴĭ îÓ å t Òì æç ƹŹŻƹŹ ƽ ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ ƵŚţƺƧ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏŻřźţ

ƽŶƃŹƽ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ åÓ å t Óç æç ƹŹŻƹŹ ƽ ƹƭŶºƴĭƲºſ

Óî å t ìç æè ƹŹŻƹŹ ƽ ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ ŵƺŝ ƶŝ

ƵƹǈƗ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻźưƗƩƺƏ ƽ

ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţŻřƪƇŚůźƳ ƱŚưƷŚŝƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵ

ƲſƮŴţƽƹŹ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ Óè æ t ìç ÒÑ ŻƹŹ ƵŵŚƯŻř ŚƷ ƽ ƮƷ ŵƺųũŚŤƳ åÑÒ ç t æÓ Ñè ŻƹŹ ƶŝ ƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŝǀ Ƃ ŵƺŝźţ Śſ ƿ ŻšŚƠƇź ƿ Ťƀ ƾ ƪŨƯ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ ƽ ƮŴţ Ź ƿż ƽ ŝǀ Ƃ źºţ ìî æ t èî ŻƹŹ ŹƹŹŚºŝ

ƽ źţǇŚºŝ æÑ ææ t Ñå çîç ƵŵŚºƯźºŝƮºŴţ

ŻřŹŚěŶºƇŹŵƹ ƿŤǀ

źţǇŚºŝƮºƀ

ÒÓ æ t åî ÕÑ

źţźŝ ƽ ŚƷ ƽ ƴƘƯ ƾ ŹƺŞƳŻŹřŵ T. basalis

ƹŹ ƽ ƶŝŢŞƀƳƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ Ʋſ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ ŵƺºŝ ƲǀºƴĤưƷ Ư

ºǀ ŚºƤŝƱřż ƽ

ƶƬůźƯ ƽ ƹŹŹƺŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳ ƽ

ƲſƮŴţ ƭŶƴĭ ƶŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƹ

ţźţ ǀ Ŝ íç ƹ ÓÑ ŵƺŝŶƇŹŵ ţřŷűźƳ ƾ řżƟř ƿ ƘưūƂ ǀ ƷŚƴŤƯűźƳŢ ƾ

řżºƟř ƿ Ƃ

Ƙưū ǀ ƫƺţƆƫŚųűźƳƹŢ ǀ

ƹŹŹƺŞƳŻƪŨƯŶ ƽ

ƶŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƹƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ţźţ ǀ Ŝ èæÓ å ƹ ççÑ å

ŻƹŹźŝ èìç æ ƹ çÒç æ ƹŻƹŹźŝ

Ò ææí ƹ åí Òæ ƵŵŚƯ ƵŵŚƯ ŵƺŝƪƀƳ ƘưūŹŚŤųŚſ ǀ

ŚěŢ ƿ ƹŹŹƺŞƳŻŹřŶ ƽ

ƯƹŵźƷ ǀ ŝƱŚŝż ǀ Ʋ îÒ Śţ îí ƹƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯ ç

Śºţ Ò šřźºƄů

ŵƺŝƪƯŚĩ

ĥřƹ ƱŚĭ ƽŶǀƬƧ

ƮŴţŶǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚěŹƺŞƳŻ

Trissolcus basalis

Graphosoma lineatum

Żƿ Ţƀ

ƾſŚƴƃ

ƾƟřźĭƺƯŵ Abstract

A study was taken up to investigate the biological and population attributes of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) on eggs of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (EI) and Graphosuma lineatum (L.) (GL). First, immature development, time of adult eclosion, offspring sex ratio and rate of emergence were recorded by random selection of 25 parasitized egg masses of each host (350 eggs with 0-4 h old) separately at 25 ± 0.5 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 L: D. In addition, percent parasitism, immature survival rate, adult longevity and first 10 days fecundity of females were calculated using 25 newly emerged pairs (0-4 h) confined in tubes and provided with two masses of respected host eggs daily under the same conditions till they died. Results revealed that T. basalis males had significantly shorter development period (11.75 ± 0.058 and 12.57 ± 0.96 d on EI and GL eggs, respectively)

(2)

ÔÍ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƱřŻƹźƟ

ŢƀƿŻ ƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚěŹƺŞƳŻƾƟřźĭƺƯŵƹƾſŚƴƃ Ŷǀ

compared to that of females (12.62 ± 0.06 and 13.72 ± 0.69 d on eggs of EI and GL, respectively). Similarly, it was noticed that males’ longevity (54.72± 1.63 d) on EI eggs was significantly higher compared to their sibling females (43.16 ± 2.045 d) and male and female wasps on GL eggs which had significantly shorter longevity. In general, T. basalis reared on EI eggs had significantly longer oviposition period (39 ± 1.79 d), higher fecundity (292.4 ± 11.14 egg/female) and greater % parasitism (84.09 ± 1.56%) when compared with those on GL eggs.

Moreover, immature survival rate was 82 and 64 % for wasp reared on EI and GL eggs, respectively. Finally, rm, ë and R0 were 0.316 and 0.224 d^-1, 1.372 and 1.252 d^-1 and 118.5 and 51.08 f/f/gen for wasps on EI and GL eggs, respectively. The population age distribution demonstrated that, totally, 95-98 and 2-5 % of the population were immature and adult stages for both hosts.

Key words: egg parasitoid wasp, Trissolcus basalis, Eurygaster integriceps, Graphosoma lineatum, biology, demography

ƶƯŶƤƯ Ʋſ ƭŶƴĭ

Eurygaster integriceps Puton

ƮƸƯ źţ ƿ Ʋ

řŹŵƺūƹƭŶƴĭŢƟō ƿ

ŵƹŶºůƶƳǇŚºſƶºĩŢſřƱřź Ò

æ

Ưǀ Ƭǀ ƬƗŹŚŤĪƷƱƺ ǀ

ŻŹŚŞƯƱōƶ ƃƵ

ǀư ǀŚ ƾƿ ƯšŹƺƇ ƾ ĭ ºǀ ŵź

(Anonymous, 2012)

ƴģ ǀ ƹŹƲ ƿ ŵźĪ ƽ ŢƘſƹƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ

ŹƺƄĩŹŵšǈƛƕŹřżƯƂƴĩřźěƹƱō

ƶŝ ƹƿ ƢƏŚºƴƯŹŵƵĦ

ŵƿ Ʈ ų ǀż

ŜŞſ ŝƶ ƮºƷ ŞƏƩŵŚºƘţƱŵŹƺºų ǀ

ºƘ ƾ ĭŵƺºƫō

ƾ

ŰƯ ǀ ŻƎ ƿ ƹŹƵƺƤƫŚŝƹƪƘƠƫŚŝšřźƏŚŴƯƹŢƀ ƽ

ŢƯǈſ

ƹƱřŻŹƹŚƄĩ

ŢºſřƵŶºƃ ř

ºƿ ƫŚºůŹŵƲ ƾ

ƶºĩŢºſř

ưū Ƙǀ řŢ ƿ ţŢŰţŢƟōƲ Őŧǀ

ƵŶºƳŻƪºƯřƺƗź

ƽ ŵŶºƘŤƯ ƽ

ƯŹřźƣ ƾ ĭǀ ŝŹŵƶĩŵź ǀ

ƱōƲ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻŚƷ ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ƮŴţŶ

ưƷřŻř ºǀ ºƇŚųŢ ƾ

ŶºƳŹřŵŹƺųźŝ

(Simsek et al., 1994;

Javahery, 1995; Rosca et al., 1996; Amir-Maafi, 2000)

ř ººƿ ƩŚººſŹŵƪººƯřƺƗƲ

ƽŚººƷ ÑÍ ÎÐÏÕ ƽřźººŝ ƩźººŤƴĩ

ƟōƲƿřŚŝƦƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ ŝƲǀƯřŹƹƹƱŚƸƠƇřŹŵŢ

ƶ ƵŵźºŝŹŚºƧ

ƱōŹŵƪºƯřƺƗƲƿřŵźŝŹŚƧƂƳřŵŵƺŞưĩƪǀƫŵƶŝŚƯřŶƳŶƃ ŶººƃƞººƣƺŤƯƶººƴǀƯŻƲººƿřŹŵƾººſŚſřšŚººƘƫŚƐƯƱŚººƯŻ

(Safavi, 1973)

Śººţ Ʊƺººƴĩ řŻř ººƿ Ʊřź ƶººƳƺĭ ŚººƷ ƽ ŵŶººƘŤƯ ƽ žƴººūŻř

Trissolcus Ashmead

ƶŝ ŻřŹŚěƱřƺƴƗ ƿ

ƺŤ ǀƿ ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţŶ

ƟźƘƯ ƾ ŢºſřƵŶºƃ

(Afshar, 1933; Alexandrov, 1947;

Zomorrodi, 1962; Davatchi & Chojai, 1969; Martin et

al., 1969; Safavi, 1973; Radjabi & Amir-Nazari, 1989;

Taghaddosi, 1991; Asgari, 1995; Iranipour, 1996;

Shahrokhi, 1997)

ŹŚƸģ Ƴƺĭ ƱōŻřƶ ƶƳƺĭƾƴƘƿŚƷ

ƽŚºƷ

Trissolcus grandis Thomson

T. semistriatus Nees

T. vassilievi (Mayr)

ƹ

T. basalis (Wollaston)

ƮƸƯ Żřźţ

źƿŚſ ƶƳƺĭ ŚƷ ƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ

ŶƳř

(Amir-Maafi, 2000)

Ə ƾ ƩŚſ ƽŚƷ ÎÐÕÐ Śţ ÎÐÕÓ ƲºſšŚºƤǀƤŰţƂŴŝŹŵ

ƭŶƴĭ ƶƀſƺƯ ƵŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţƽ

ƾƨƃżě

ŹƺƄƧ šŚºƘƫŚƐƯ

ƘƯŚººū ƾ ƹŹ ƽ Ƙưū ººǀ Ţ ŚººƷ ƽ ƞººƬŤŴƯ ƶººƳƺĭƶººſ

ƽ

T. grandis

T. semistriatus

ƹ

T. vassilievi

ŶºƃƭŚºŬƳř

(Amir-Maafi, 2010)

ƶºƳƺĭŵŹƺºƯŹŵŚºƯř

ƽ

T. basalis

řŚŝ ƿ ƶĪƴ ƿĪ ƾ ƶƳƺĭŹŚƸģŻř

ƽ ƮƸƯ ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ºǀƿ ŚƷŶ ƽ ƮºŴţ

ºƯƭŶºƴĭƲſ ƾ

ŶºƃŚŝ

(Radjabi & Amir-Nazari, 1989;

Amir-Maafi, 2000)

ƶƘƫŚƐƯ ƽ ƘƯŚū ƾ Śţ ƺºƇƱƺºƴĩ šŹ

ŢſřƶŤƟźĮƳ ř

ƿ řŹřŵƶºƳƺĭƲ ƽ

ºſƹƂƴĩřźºě ǀ

ƳŚºƸūƖ ƾ

Ţſř

(Kozlov & Kononova, 1983)

ſŹźŝ ƾ ƱŚºƄƳƖŝŚƴƯ

Źŵƶĩŵřŵ ŵŹƺºƯ

T. basalis

ƶºƳ řŹŵŚºƸƴţ ºƿ ŹŵƶºĪƬŝƱřź

ŚƷŹƺƄĩ ƽ Ʋſ ų ǀ ƳƶƤƐƴƯż ǀ

ºſŹźŝż ƾ ƸūƺºţŹƺºųŹŵ ƾ

ŵƺººūƺƯŵƹŶººŰƯšřŹŚººƄŤƳřƹŢººſřƶººŤƟźĮƳšŹƺººƇ ƤŰţƹŵƶŝźƈŰƴƯ ǀ

ŹŵƅŚųƢ ƹŹƺºƃŹƺºƄĩ

ƽ ƢŝŚºſ

Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ Ə ƾ ƿ Ī ƾ řŻř ƿ řšŚƘƫŚƐƯƲ ƿ

ŻřŹŚěƲ ƿ ƺŤ ºǀƿ ŹŵŶ

ƶƷŵ ƽ ƶºŝŵŚºŤƠƷ ƶºƳƺĭƵřźºưƷ

ŚºƷ ƽ ŵŶºƘŤƯ ƽ žƴºūŻř

Trissolcus

ŻŚſŵŹřƹŹƺƄĩƱōƶŝ ƽ

ƶƳƺĭŚŝƹ ŚƷ ƽ Ưƺºŝ ƾ

ŚƤƯŵŹƺƯ ƿ ŚºŤƳƶĩŶƴŤƟźĭŹřźƣƶƀ ƿ

ŚĪůŪ ºƿ ưƷřŻřŢ ºǀ

Ţ

ƶƳƺĭ ƽ

T. basalis

ŝƩźŤƴĩŹŵ ǀ

ĥƺƫƺ ƿ ƃřŵƭŶƴĭƲſĨ Ţ

(Kartavtsev et al., 1974; Shapiro et al., 1975)

ƹŹ ƽ

(3)

ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè

æ

ÎÐîç

ÔÎ

ƶººŞƴū ŚººƷ ƽ ĥƺººƫƺĩřƞººƬŤŴƯ ƽ

Żƹ ƿ Ţººƀ ººſŚƴƃ ƾ ř ººƿ Ʋ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ƹŹŚƸƴţƹŶ ƽ

ƶºŞƴěżŞſƲſ

Nezara viridula

(L.)

ºſƹšŚºƘƫŚƐƯ ǀƘ

ƾ źƯōŚººěƹŹřŹŵ ƿ

ŚºĪ ƽ ƫŚưººƃ ƾ ƹ

ŝƺƴū ƾ ŢſřƶŤƟźĭšŹƺƇ

řźŝ ƽ ŻƩŚŨƯ ƿ Ţƀ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ƹ

ĭŶƳŻƩƹŶū ƾ

T. basalis

ƯƮŴţŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ ǀ

ƬƇřƱŚŝż ƾ

ƶŞƴěżŞſƲſƱō

(Porta, 1992)

ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ ƽ Ƙưūƶſ ºǀ Ţ

ƟřźƜū ººǀ Ś ƾƿ šƹŚººƠŤƯ

(Awan et al., 1990)

ŵƺººūƹ

Ƙưū ǀ Ţ ŚºƷ ƽ ĥƺƫƺƟźƯ ºƿ ƹŹĨ ƽ Ư ǀ ƱŚºŝż ŚºƷ ƽ ƞºƬŤŴƯ

(Clarke & Walter, 1994; Loch & Walter, 2000)

ƹ

ƴĤưƷ ǀ ƟźƓƲ ǀ ƫƺţŢ ǀ ƬŨƯŶ ƾ řƿ ŻřŹŚěƲ ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ŝŶ ŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚ

ƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƶŞƴěżŞſƲſƮŴţ

ƽ ƣŵ ǀ ŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƢ

(Correa-Ferreira & Zamataro, 1989)

ƶººŝ ŹŵƵƹǈººƗ

ƶººƘƫŚƐƯ ƽ ººţ Őŧǀ ŚººƷŚƯŵź ƽ ƺººưƳƹŶººƃŹźººŝƞººƬŤŴƯ

T. basalis

ŚƯŵ

ƽ Ƹŝ ǀ ƶƴ çÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ƀƬſ ǀ ƘţŽƺ ǀǀ ŶƃƲ

(Powell et al., 1981; Correa-Ferreira & Moscardi,

1994; Awadalla, 1996; Jones & Westcot, 2002)

ƯƮŴţƲſŚƯŵźŝƵƹǈƗ ǀ

ƳƱŚŝż ǀ ƹŹż ƽ řƺưƳƹŶƃŹ ºƿ

Ʋ

ţŶǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚě Ő

ŵŹřŵźǀŧ

(Awadalla, 1996)

ƶºººŝƶºººūƺţŚŝ ŵƺºººŞưƧ

ƶºººƴǀƯŻŹŵšŚºººƗǈƏř

ƽ

ŢºƀƿŻ ƾºſŚƴƃ

T. basalis

ŢºǀưƷřƹƭŶºƴĭƲºſƽƹŹ

ƱŚŝżǀƯƎŝřƹŹŢųŚƴƃ

ŶǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚě

ƢǀƤŰţƲƿř ƝŶƷŚŝ

ƶƘƫŚƐƯ ŢƀƿŻƽ ƾĭŶƳŻƩƹŶūƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƹƾſŚƴƃ Ʋƿř

ǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚě Ŷ ŚŝƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţƽƹŹ ƮŴţ

Ʋºſ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

Graphosoma lineatum (L.)

ƭŚŬƳř

Ŷƃ

ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ

ŚƷ

Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ ƶĮƳƹ Źřŵ ƽ ŹƺŞƳŻ ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ Ŷ

ŹŚƸŝŹŵ ÎÐÖÎ

ƶŤſŵ ƶŤƿŻřŹŚěƽŚƷ

ƽ ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

żƯŻř ƯřŹƹƺūƹƭŶƴĭƕŹř ǀ

ƖưūƲ Źƹō ƽ ŚƯŻōƶŝƹ ƿ ƵŚĮƄ

ŶººƃƪºƤŤƴƯ

ƵŚĮººƄƿŚƯŻōŹŵŚººƷŹƺŞƳŻũƹźºųŻřžººě ƹ

ŚſŚƴƃ ƾƿ Ʊō ŚƷ

ŹƺºŞƳŻƎºƤƟ

T. basalis

ƶºŞƘūƶºŝ ŚºƷ ƽ

ƁŹƹźě Ô

ÎÐ

ÏÍ ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ ŹƺţŚŝƺƨƳřŹŵƹƪƤŤƴƯ Źŵ

ƽŚƯŵ Î t ÎÓ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŢºŝƺƏŹŽƺǀºƀƬſ Ò

t ÓÍ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ ĪƿŹŚţƹ ƾ Õ ŢƗŚºſ

ƶŝ šŶƯ ŢƠƷ ƶĮƳƵŚƯ Źřŵ ƽ Ŷƃ řŹŵ ƿ šŶºƯƲ

ƵŚºƯźºƷ

ƿ Ĩ šŶºƯƶºŝŹŚºŝ ÏÑ

ƶºŞƘūŢƗŚºſ

ŚºƷ ƽ ŻřƁŹƹźºě

ŰƯƶŝŹƺţŚŝƺĪƳř ǀ

ơŚţřƎ ŵƹŶů ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ºƀƬſ ǀ Žƺ

ƹƪƤŤƴƯ Żřžě ŸƜţ ƿƶ ƽ ľřŵŶºŬƯŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻ

ŹƺţŚºŝƺĪƳřƶºŝ

ŶƳŶƃƵŶƳřŵźĭźŝ

ƴģŚŝ ǀ ºƃƹŹƲ ƾ řƱƹŶºŝ ƿ ƹƪºƀƳŵŚºŬ

šŚƠƬţ ƾºĭĦƿƹƽƹŹƾºƠƴƯšřźŧřŚƿŵŚƿŻ

ƾŤºƀƿŻƽŚºƷ

ƾƯ ƶºĮƳƾƳǇƺºƏšŶƯƽřźŝřŹŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƱřƺţ

ŵƺºưƳƽŹřŵ

(Shahrokhi, 1997; Amir-Maafi, 2000)

ƯƁŹƹźě ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſ

G. lineatum

ƶºŝƶºūƺţŚºŝ ƱŚºƯŻ

ƫŚƘƟ ǀ Ţ

Ʊō řƹřŹŵ ƿ ƱŚŤƀŝŚţƪ æèîæ

ƶƤƐƴƯŻř ƽ ŽƺƫŚºģ

Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ Ŷƃ Ƙưū ǀ ưūŢ Ɩ Źƹō ƽ řźºŝƵŶƃ ƽ ĪºƄţ ǀ ƪ

ƿ ºƴƬĩĨ ƾ řŵ ƿ ºư ƾ ƶºŝ žºƠƣ ŚºƷ ƽ ƁŹƹźºě

ŵŚºƘŝřƶºŝ

ÐÍ

ÐÕ

ÓÍ ŤƳŚſ ƾ źºŤƯ ƁŹƹźºěơŚºţřŹŵƹƪºƤŤƴƯ

řźººƃŢººŰţ ƿ

Ǝ Î t ÏÕ ƶººūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀººƀƬſ

ŢººŝƺƏŹ

Ò t ÓÍ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ĪƿŹŚţƹ ƾ Õ

ŢƗŚſ ŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣ

řźŝ ƽ ƶºƿŸƜţ ƽ ŻřŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲºſ

ƶƳŚƿŻřŹŹŸŝ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƾƿŚŬƳōŻř ƶƧ ŵ ƿ ŹŚŞūřŻƺěŚ ƽ

Ʋſ

ŞƏŹŵƭŶƴĭ ǀ

řƹřŚºţŹŷōźºųřƹřŢƘ ºƿ

ƵŚºƯƪ ŵ ƽ ƶŤºƀĪƃ

Ư ƾ Ƙưūŵƺƃ ǀ

řŢ ƿ ƯƲ ǀ řƹřŹŵƱŚŝż ºƿ

ŵƪ ƽ ƵŚºƯ æèîæ Żř

ƱŚŤººƀƯŻƢƏŚººƴƯ

ŹŵŢººƟōƱřŹŸººĭ ƶººƤƐƴƯ

ƽ ººƯřŹƹ ǀ Ʋ

Ƶźƣ ũŚƛō Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ ƹ ƱƹŹŵ žƠƣ ŚƷ ƿ ƾ ŵŚºƘŝřƶŝ ơƺºƟ

ŚƯŵŢŰţƁŹƹźěơŚţřŹŵ ƽ

æ t ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ

ŢŝƺƏŹ Ò t ÓÍ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴºƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƹ

ĪƿŹŚţ ƾ Õ ƹŹƹƪƤŤƴƯŢƗŚſ ƽ

ŶºƃƵŵřŵƁŹƹźěƭŶƴĭ

ƶººŝ ř ººƿ Ʋ ţźţ ººǀ Ŝ

ŚººƯŻōƹƁŹƹźººěƱŚººƯŻŹŵ ƿ

ƹŹƂ ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ƶŤºſŵƵŹřƺưƷźƔƳŵŹƺƯŶ

ŚºƷ ƽ ƵŻŚºţ ƽ ƮºŴţ

Ưǀ ƶŝƱŚŝż ƵŻřŶƳř ƽ ƟŚĩ ƾ ŤųřŹŵ ǀ ŵƺŝŹŚ

(4)

ÔÏ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƱřŻƹźƟ

ƁŹƹźě ŹƺŞƳŻ ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ƿǀ Ŷ

řźººŝ ƽ ººƴƬĩŵŚººŬƿř ƾ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ººǀƿ

Ŷ ŚººƷŹƺŞƳŻŻř ƽ

T. basalis

ƶĮƳ Źřŵ ƽ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƵŶƃ

ƶŝř ƿ ŹƺƔƴƯƲ

ŵřŶƘţ

ÎÍ ŵŶƗ ƶŞƘū ƽ ƺºŤŰƯ ƽ ơŚºţřƶºŝŹƺţŚºŝƺĪƳřŻřŹƺºŞƳŻ

řźƃŚŝƁŹƹźě ƿ

Ǝ ŚºƯŵ ƾƿ æ t ÏÒ ƶºūŹŵ ƽ

ŽƺǀºƀƬſ

ŢŝƺƏŹ Ò t ÓÍ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴºƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƹ

ĪƿŹŚţ ƾ Õ ŶƃƪƤŤƴƯŢƗŚſ ŶƳ

ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻřŶŤŝř ƽ

ŻřƵŵźºƯ

ƶŞƘū ŵƹŶůƹƝŸůŚƷ ÐÍ

ƵŶƳŻŹƺŞƳŻŢƠū

ƽ ŹŵƩŚƘƟ

ŶƃƒƠůƶŞƘūźƷ

řźŝžĜſ ƽ ƯźƷ ǀ ƱŚŝż ƭŶƴĭƲſ ƿ

Ś

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

Ūƴě ŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵƶŞƘū

ƶºŝƶƳřŻƹŹ řŻř ƽ

ƵŵŚƯŹƺŞƳŻźƷ

ƯŻřƮºŴţƶŤſŵƹŵ ǀ

ºƏƺŝźƯƱŚºŝż ƶ

ƱƹŹŵ

ƶŞƘū ŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣŚƷ

ƶŝř ºƿ Ʋ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ºƴƬĩƹŵ

ƾ řżºŬƯ ƽ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ƹŹ ƽ źƷ ƿ ƯŻřĨ ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ƃŹƹźě ƾ Źŵ

řźƃ ƿ řƵŶƃźĩŷƎ ƿ

ŶƃŵŚŬ ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻƾƴƬĩŢǀŞŨţŻřžě

ƹŹ ƽ Ư ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚºƷ ƽ ƶºƀƿŚƤƯšŚºƘƫŚƐƯźºƔƳŵŹƺºƯ

Źŵƽř

ƶƴǀƯŻ ƽ ƯƂƤƳ ǀ ŻźŝƱŚŝż ƿ

Ţƀ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ƟřźĭƺƯŵƹ ƾ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ŢƟźĭšŹƺƇ

řźŝ ƽ ƿ ƱŚƀĪ ŻŚſ ƽ ŚºĪƯřƹ Ʊ

ŚƤƯ ƿ Ƭĩƶººƀ ººǀ ƶ ƽ ŚººƯŻō ƿ Ƃ ƹŹŚººƷ ƽ ŹƺººŞƳŻƭƹŵƪººƀƳ

T. basalis

ŚƯŻōŹŵ ƿ ŶƃƭŚŬƳřƵŚĮƄ

ţŐ ŧǀ Ưź ǀ ŻźŝƱŚŝż ƿ Ţƀ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ƟřźĭƺƯŵƹ ƾ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

řŹŵ ƿ ŚƯŻōƲ ƿ

Ƃ çÒ ƮŴţƶŤſŵ

èÒå ŵŶƗ ƶƧ ƵŻŚţ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƶŤ ƵŶƃ ŶºƳŵƺŝ ŵƹŶºů ŹŚºƸģ ŢƗŚºſ

ºƴƬĩŻř ƾ

źƷ ƿ ƶºƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƵƹźĭƹŵŻřĨ

ƳŻ ƁŹƹźºěŹƺºŞ ƿ

ƶºŤƟŚ

ƹŹ ƽ ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƹƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ƶŝ ƟŵŚºƈţŹƺƏ ƾ

Ɩºưū Źƹō ƽ Ŷºƃ ƶººƫƺƫŹŵƶºƳŚĭřŶūƮºŴţƶŤººſŵźºƷ

ƽ

ŚƯŻō ƿ ŤſǈěƂ ǀĪ ƾ æ

Ò ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ ƹŶºƃƵŵřŵŹřźºƣ

ŵƹŶƀƯƶŞƴěƎſƺţ

ƿŵźĭ Ŷ ƹŹ ƽ ŞƀģźŝƶƫƺƫźƷ ƾ

ƪƯŚƃ

ŚƯŻōƕƹźƃŻƹŹ ƿ

Ƃ ŻřŹŚěƱŚƯŻ ƿ

ƶŤ ƱŶƃ ƯƕƺƳƹ ǀ ƱŚºŝż

ũŹŵ Ŷƃ ƬĩžĜſ ǀƶ ƽ ƶƫƺƫ ŚƷ ƽ ƹŚů ƽ ƮºŴţšŚŬŤºſŵ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ řźƃŚŝŹƺţŚŝƺƨƳřƶŝƶŤ ƿ

ƽŚƯŵƎ Ò Í t ÏÒ ƶºūŹŵ ƽ

ŢººŝƺƏŹŽƺǀººƀƬſ Ò

t ÓÍ ƵŹƹŵƩƺººƏƹŶººƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ

ÎÓ ƾĪƿŹŚţƹ Õ

ŶºƃƪƤŤƴƯŢƗŚſ

šŚŬŤºſŵ

ƮŴţ Ź ƶƳřŻƹ ŵŻŚŝŵŹƺƯ ƿ

Ŷ ƾƯ ŶƴŤƟźĭ

ũŚºŤƳũƹźºųŚºŝƹ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻŹƺƸƓƱŚƯŻ ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ Ŷ ƀƴūƹ ǀ ƱōŢ ŚƷ źƷŹŵ

ĪƠţƶŝƶƫƺƫ ǀ

ƯĨ ǀ ºƃŹƹźěƱŚºŝż ƾ

Ƙţ ǀºǀ ƶºŝƹƲ ŹŶºţ ƿ ŻřŪ

ƶƫƺƫ ƯƝŸůŚƷ ƾ

ŶƳŶƃ ř ƿ ŵŻŚŝƲ ºƿ ưĪţŚºţŶ ºǀ

ũƹźºųƪ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ Ŷ ŢƃřŵƶƯřŵřŚƷ

ƮŴţžĜſ

ŚƷ ƽ ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƶŤ ř ƽ ƶĩ

źƠţ ƿ Ų ƵŶƄƳ ƶŝŶƳŵƺŝ ƘţŹƺƔƴƯ ǀǀ źºƄţīźºƯŢƬƗƲ ƿ

Ů

ŶƳŶƃ ƵŵřŵƶƳřŻƹŹ

ŚƷ ƽ ƯźƷƶŝƍƺŝźƯ ǀ

Śºŝż ƩƹřŶºūŹŵƱ

ŢºŞŧƶƏƺŝźƯ ƹ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏ

ƽ ŶºƃŹ ƽ ƶºƬůźƯ ƽ ƚƫŚºŝŚƳ

ŹƺŞƳŻ ŚƷ ƽ ĪƠţƶŝźƳƹƵŵŚƯ ǀ

ƯĨ ǀ ŶºƃƶŞºſŚŰƯƱŚŝż

Źŵ

ƶƯřŵř ƽ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ

ŚƷ çÒ źºƷŻřźºƳƹƵŵŚºƯŹƺºŞƳŻŢºƠū

Ưǀ ƶŝƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƱŚŝż

ƝƹźºƓƪųřŵƶŝƶƳŚĭŶūšŹƺƇ

ƂƿŚƯŻō Ò Ñ

Õ

Ò ÎÑ ƾŤƳŚſ źŤƯ ƱŚưƷŹŵƹƪƤŤƴƯ

Ǝƿřźƃ ŶƳŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣ

ƹŵƵŵŚºƯŹƺºŞƳŻźºƷƶºŝƶƳřŻƹŹ

ƁŹƹźěƱōƽƹŹƶƧƾƳŚŝżǀƯŻřƮŴţƶŤſŵ

ŵƺŝƶŤƟŚƿ Ʋſ

ƭŶƴĭ ƿ ŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲºſŚ

řŹř ºƿ Ŷºƃƶ ƮºŴţšŚŬŤºſŵ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƶŤ ƽ

ƱŚºŝżǀƯƹƵŵŚƯŹƺŞƳŻźƷƦǀƨƠţƶŝƪŞƣŻƹŹ

ƶƫƺƫƶŝ ŚƷ ƽ ŚƯŻō ƿ šřźºƄůŹƺºƸƓƱŚºƯŻŚºţƹƪƤŤƴƯƂ

řźƃƱŚưƷŹŵƪƯŚƧ ƶĮƳƎƿ

Źřŵ ƽ ŶƳŶƃ ř ƿ ŚƯŻōƲ ƿ ŚºţƂ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻźưƗźųō ƽ

ƶƯřŵřƵŵŚƯ ƿ

ŢƟŚ ŻřŹŚěŶƇŹŵ ƿŤǀ

Ʈƀ

ŚƤŝŶƇŹŵ ƽ

ƶƬůźƯ ƽ ƀƴūŢŞƀƳƹƚƫŚŝŚƳ ƾ

ƍƺŝźƯũŚŤƳ

Ƶŵřŵƶŝ ŚƷ ƽ æå ĪƠţƶŝƵŵŚƯŹƺŞƳŻźƷƩƹřŻƹŹ ǀ

ƯĨ ǀ ƱŚŝż

żŬţŹŵƹŢŞŧ ƿ

ƬŰţƹƶ ǀ ƪ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷ

śŚºŴŤƳřŢƬƗ

Ƶŵřŵ ƽŚƷ æå ƿřƩƹřŻƹŹ ƶƧŵƺŝƲ

ƽŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻ

Trissolcus

Źŵ æå ƮŴţơŚƠţřƶŝŜƿźƣŵƺųźưƗƩƹřŻƹŹ

ŵƺųƽŚƷ

ƾƯřŹ ŶƳŹřŸĭ

(Amir-Maafi & Parker, 2011)

ŹŚƯōƁƹŹ ƽ

řźŝ ƽ Ƙţ ǀǀ ƯƂƤƳƲ ǀ

ƀƴūƹƱŚŝż ǀ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏźŝŢ

ƽ

ŶººƃŹ ƽ ƶººƬůźƯ ƽ ŹƺººŞƳŻźººưƗƩƺººƏƹƚƫŚººŝŚƳ

ŚººƷ ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ºǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

ŹƺŤĩŚƟƱƺºƯŻōŻř

ºƿ ƪ ƹƵŵŚƠŤºſř

Ƶƹźĭ ƯƽŶƴŝ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ƶƴƯřŵŶƴģƱƺƯŻōŽŚſřźŝŚƷ

ƽ ƲƨƳřŵ

(5)

æ

ÎÐîç

ÔÐ

ŶƃƭŚŬƳř řźŝ ƽ ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ ƽ Ưźºŧř ǀ ƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏźºŝƱŚºŝż

ƽ

ƮŴţ Ź ƿż ƽ ƶŤƃřŸĭƮŴţŵřŶƘţƹ

ƵŵŚºƯźºƷƎºſƺţƵŶƃ

ƱƺººƯŻō

t-student

ƠŤººſřŵŹƺººƯ ƵŵŚ

ŢººƟźĭŹřźººƣ

ƶººǀƬƧ ƽ

ƽŹŚƯōšŚŞſŚŰƯ Śŝ

ƭźƳ ŹřżºƟř

SAS, ver. 9.2

ŶºƃƭŚºŬƳř

(SAS Institute, 2008)

ƪºǀƬŰţƹƶºƿżŬţƭŚºŬƳřŻřƪºŞƣ

žƳŚƿŹřƹ

Źŵ ƵŵřŵƪƿŶŞţŻŚǀƳšŹƺƇ

ŢƟźĭšŹƺƇŚƷ

ŚƸƳŹŵ ƿ ƶŝŢ ƟřźĭƺƯŵƪǀƬŰţƹƶƿżŬţŹƺƔƴƯ ƾ

ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ

ƵŻřŶƳř ĭ ǀź ƽ ƵŵřŵƵŶƃ ŚƷ ƽ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƶŝƍƺŝźƯ

ƽ ŶƃŹ ƽ

ƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯ

źƳƹƵŵŚƯ ŻřŹŚěƮºŴţŵřŶºƘţ

ƿ ƶºŤ ƹƵŶºƃ

ƳŵřŶƘţ ƵŵŚƯƹźƳũŚŤ

ƽ ũŹŚų ƵŶºƃ

ĪƠţƶºŝ ºǀ ƯĨ ǀ ƱŚºŝż

ƷŶƳŚƯŻŚſ ƾ ƁƹŹƶŝƹ

Carey (1993)

ŶƳŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯ

ŪƿŚŤƳ

ŧŚţ ǀ Ưź ǀ ŻźŝƱŚŝż ƿ Ţƀ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ ƽ ƶƬůźƯƽŶƃŹ

ƽ ƚƫŚŝŚƳ

ŹƺŤĩŚƟƱƺƯŻōŪƿŚŤƳ ƿ

ƪºŝŚƤŤƯšřźºŧřƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƪ

Ưǀ ƱŚŝż

ŻřŹŚěžƴū ƿ

ƺŤ ǀƿ ƴƘƯŶ ƾ ƺŞƳŹřŵ ŵ ÍÓÍÏ å

P =

ŚƯř šřźŧř ƹŵƾƬƇř ŹƺŤĩŚºƟ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏƽƹŹ

ƽŶºƃŹƽ

ŹƺºŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳ ºƴƘƯ

ƾ ŵƺºŝŹřŵ ÍÍÍÎ å

P <

ƹŵźºƷƽřźºŝ

ŹƺŤƧŚƟ ƶŝƹ ƪƤŤƀƯšŹƺƇ

ŢſřŵŚưŤƗřƪŝŚƣ

ƱŚºƴģ ƶºĩ

ƪĪººƃŹŵ Î

ººƯƵŶƷŚººƄƯ ƾ

ƵŹƹŵƩƺººƏŵƺººƃ

ƽ ƽŶººƃŹ

ƶƬůźƯ ƽ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳ ƽ

źƳ ÍÒÕ Í t ÔÒ ÎÎ ƹŹ ƽ Ʋſ

ƹƭŶººƴĭ ÖÓ Í t ÒÔ ÎÏ ƹŹ ƽ ŚººƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

ƵŚººţƺƧ Żřźººţ

řźŝƱŚưƷ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ ŚƷ ÍÓ Í t ÓÏ ÎÏ ƹŹ ƽ ƹƭŶºƴĭƲºſ

ÓÖ Í t ÔÏ ÎÐ ƹŹ ƽ ŚººƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

ƹŹ ƽ ƯƹŵźººƷ ǀ ƱŚººŝż

Ţſř

ƾƴƘƿ ƵŵŚºƯŻřźºţŵƹŻŚºƷźƳ

ƯŻřŚºƷ ǀ ũŹŚºųƱŚºŝż

ƾƯ ƃ Ƴƺ Ŷ ƶŝ ƬĩŹƺƏ ƾ ƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏ

ƽ ŶºƃŹ ƽ ř ºƿ ŹƺºŞƳŻƲ

ƹŹ ƽ ƳǇƺƏŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ ƾ

ſŻřźţ ƭŶƴĭƲ ŵƺŝ

ƵŵŚƯƹźƳƪƯŚĩƽŚƷŹƺŞƳŻźưƗƩƺƏ

ƢŞƏ ŚŤƳ ƿ ŹƺŤĩŚƟƱƺƯŻōŪ ƿ

ƪ żºǀƳŚºŬƴƿřŹŵ

šřźºŧř

ƪººŝŚƤŤƯ Ưǀ ƱŚººŝż

ŻřŹŚěžƴººū ƿ

ƺŤ ººǀƿ ººƴƘƯŶ ƾ ŵƺººŞƳŹřŵ

ÍÕÏÐ å P =

žƨƗźŝ šřźŧř

ƾƬºƇř ŹƺŤĩŚºƟƹŵ

ƽƹŹ

ŹƺŞƳŻźưƗƩƺƏ ƴƘƯ

ƾ ŶƃŹřŵ ÍÍÍÎ å

P <

ƹŵźƷƽřźŝ

ŹƺŤƧŚƟ ƹ ƶŝ ƤŤƀƯšŹƺƇ ŢſřŵŚưŤƗřƪŝŚƣƪ

ƱŚưƷ ŹƺƏ

ƪĪƃŹŵƶĩ Ï

źưƗƩƺƏŢſřƆŴƄƯ ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻ

ƽ źºƳ

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƶºŝƭŶºƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ºƴƘƯŹƺºƏ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ

ƳǇƺƏ ƾ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻŻřźţ ƽ

ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ƯƶŝŚƄƯ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ

ÓÐ Î t ÔÏ ÒÑ ƹŚƷźƳŹŵŻƹŹ ÍÑÒ

Ï t ÎÓ ÑÐ ŹŵŻƹŹ

ƵŵŚƯ ŚƷ

Źŵ ƾƫŚů ŝƶĩ ǀ ºƯƹźºƳźºưƗƩƺƏƲ ƵŵŚ

ƽ ŹƺºŞƳŻ

ŶǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚě

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ŚºƯŻƺƟřźĭƮŴţ

ƴƘƯƝǈŤųř ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ ŵŹřŶƳŵƺūƹ

řŹŵ ƿ ƳŚºŬƴ ºǀ ƎºſƺŤƯż

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻźưƗƩƺƏ ƽ

źƳ ÒÏÐ Î t ÖÓ ÏÒ ƵŵŚºƯũŚŤƳŻř

ÏÖÏ Ï t ÎÏ ÏÐ ŝ ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƹ

ƕƺºưŬƯŹŵ

źºưƗƩƺºƏ

ƹŹŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ źƤţƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ ƿ

ľŚºŞ ƹŵ ƹŹƱŚºưƷźºŝřźŝ ƽ

ƮŴţ ŵƺŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

ƪĪƃ Ï

ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ ƽ ƮŴţ ƽżƿŹ

Ưǀ ºººţƱŚºººŝż Őŧǀ

ºººƴƘƯź ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ƵŹƹŵƩƺºººƏ

ƽ

ƮŴţ Ź ºƿ ż ƽ ƵŵŚºƯƪºƯŚĩšřźºƄů

ƽ ŻřŹŚěŹƺºŞƳŻ ƿ

ƺŤ ºǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

řŵ Ţƃ

ŪƿŚŤƳƢŞƏ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ

ƽ ƮºŴţ Ź ºƿ ż ƽ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ŚºŝƭŶºƴĭƲºſƮŴţ

Ư ººǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ÔÖ Î t ÍÕ ÐÖ źƤţŻƹŹ ƿ ººŞ ľŚ Ô Î ƩƺººƏźººŝřźŝ

ƵŹƹŵ ƽ ƮŴţ Ź ƿż ƽ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ ƽ ƁŹƹźºě ƿ ƹŹƶºŤƟŚ ƽ

ƯŚŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ ǀ

ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ÎÏ Ï t ÕÖ ÏÏ ŻƹŹ ŵƺŝ

ƩƹŶū Î

ƶŤƃřŸĭƮŴţŵřŶƘţŚƿƽŹƹŹŚŝ

ƵŶƃ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ

ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ƶŝŵƺųźưƗƩƺƏŹŵ

ƎſƺŤƯŹƺƏ ÎÑ

ÎÎ t Ñ ÏÖÏ ŵŶƗ

ƮŴţ

ŢƃřŸĭ Źŵ ƾƫŚů ƶĩ ưƷŹŵ ǀ šŶƯƲ ƶŝ ŹƺƏ ƎſƺŤƯ

ÖÖ ÏÒ t Ñ ÎÔÔ ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ ŵźºƧƶºŤƿŻřŹŚěřŹ

řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ

ƯźƔƳŻř ǀ ŹƹŹŚŝƱřż ƽ

ºƴƘƯšƹŚºƠţ

ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ºŝǀ Ʋ

řƿ ŵƺūƹƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƵƹźĭƹŵƲ Ţƃřŵ

ƩƹŶū Î

(6)

ÔÑ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƱřŻƹźƟ

ƪƨƃ æ ţ Ő ƱŚŝżǀƯƮŴţźǀŧ

ƽŚƷ

ƹ

ƶºƬůźƯƺưƳƹŶƃŹƱŚƯŻƽƹŹ

ƚƫŚºŝŚƳƽ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃŹŵ Ò

å t çÒ ƶūŹŵ ƾŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹŽƺǀƀƬſƽ Ò

t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ

ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƾĪƿŹŚţƹ Õ

ŢƗŚſ

Fig. 1. Effect of Eurygaster integriceps and Graphosoma lineatum eggs on immature stage development time of Trissolcus basalis at 25 ± 0.5 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 h L: D.

ƪƨƃ ç ţ Ő ƱŚŝżǀƯƮŴţźǀŧ

ƽŚƷ

ƹ

ƵŵŚƯƹźƳŵřźƟřźưƗƩƺƏƽƹŹ

ŹƺºŞƳŻƽ

ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃŹŵ Ò

å t çÒ ƶºūŹŵ ƽ ƾŞºƀƳŢºŝƺƏŹŽƺǀºƀƬſ Ò

t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵƹŶºƇŹŵ

ƽ

ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƾĪƿŹŚţƹ Õ

ŢƗŚſ

Fig. 2. Effect of Eurygaster integriceps and Graphosoma lineatum eggs on longevity of female and male Trissolcus basalis at 25 ± 0.5 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 h L: D.

ƮƀǀŤƿŻřŹŚěŶƇŹŵ

Śŝ ƵŻřŶƳř ĭ ǀź ƽ ƬŰţƹ ǀ Ưƪ ºǀ ŻřŹŚěƱřż ƿŤǀ Ʈºƀ ÎÍ ŻƹŹ

ĭŶººƳŻƩƹř ƾ

ººƯƱŚººƯŻšŶººƯ Œ

ƮººŴţźŧ ŹřŸººĭ ƽ ŹƺººŞƳŻ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƹ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ ŝǀ ŵŹƺºƯƵƹźºĭƹŵƲ

ƵŶƷŚººƄƯƶººƘƫŚƐƯ

Ŷººƃ ººƏ ƾ ř ººƿ

ƶŝŚººƄƯƱŚººƯŻšŶººƯƲ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ

ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƮºŴţ ƶºŝƭŶºƴĭƲºſ

ŹƺºƏ

ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ

ŵƹŶů ÏÕ ŝŶƇŹŵ ǀ Ƃ źţ ÒÓ Î t ÍÖ ÕÑ

ŚººƷŹƺŞƳŻŻř ƽ

ƁŹƹźººě ƿ ƶººŤƟŚ ƹŹ ƽ ŚººƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲººſ

ÎÖ Ñ t ÕÐ ÓÒ ƮŴţ Ưǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ŻřŹŚěřŹƍƺºŝźƯ ƿ

ƶºŤ

ŶƳŵźĩ ƩƹŶū Î

(7)

æ

ÎÐîç

ÔÒ

ƩƹŶū æ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏ

ƮŴţƽ

ƮƀǀŤƿŻřŹŚěŶƇŹŵƽŹƹŹŚŝƱřżǀƯƽżƿŹ ŶƇŹŵ

ƶƬůźƯƽŚƤŝ

ŚƳƽ ƾºƀƴūŢŞƀƳƹƚƫŚŝ ŹƺºŞƳŻ

ƁŹƹźě ƱŚºŝżǀƯƮºŴţƽƹŹƶŤƟŚƿ

ƽŚºƷ

ƹ

Źŵ

ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃ Ò

t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵƹŶƇŹŵ

ƽ ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƾĪƿŹŚţƹ Õ

ŢƗŚſ

Table 1. Oviposion period, fecundity, percent parasitism, immature survivorship and sex ratio of Trissolcus basalis reared on Eurygaster integriceps and Graphosoma lineatum eggs at 25 ± 0.5 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 h L:

D.

P df

t-value Mean ± SE

Characteristics

G. lineatum E. intericeps

< 0.0001 2, 42

5.83 22.89 ± 2.12

39.08 ± 1.79 Oviposion period (day)

= 0.0003 2, 42

4.07 177.40 ± 25.99

292.40 ± 11.14 Fecundity (eggs)

= 0.0005 34, 2

4.08 65.83 ± 4.19

84.09 ± 1.56 Parasitism (%)

= 0.2790 34, 2

1.11 68.09 ± 3.52

72.44 ± 1.77 Immature survivorship (%)

< 0.0001 34, 2

6.24 0.291 ± 0.02

0.162 ± 0.01 Sex ratio (male proportion)

ŚƤŝŶƇŹŵ ƽ ƶƬůźƯ ƽ ƚƫŚŝŚƳ

šƹŚººƠţƝǈųźººŝ

ŚººƷ ƽ ƵŶƷŚººƄƯ ƵŹƹŵŹŵƵŶººƃ

ƽ

ŶƃŹ ƽ ŹƹŹŚŝźưƗƩƺƏ

ƽ Śſƹ ƿ źºĩŷšŚƠƇź

ƵŶºƃ ƽ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

Śŝ ƯƕƺƳƶŝƶūƺţ ǀ

ŝƱŚŝż ǀ ŚƤŝŶƇŹŵƲ ƽ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯ ƽ

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƯƹŵźƷ ǀ ƱŚŝż

ƭŶƴĭƲſ ƿ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſŚ

ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ ŵƺºūƹ

ŢƃřŶƳ Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ řƲ ƿ řźŝŢƠƇƲ ƽ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ŻřƪºƇŚů

ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ ÔÔ

Î t ÑÑ ÔÏ řźŝƹŶƇŹŵ ƽ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ

ŵƹŶůŚŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƮŴţŻřƪƇŚů ŹŚƸģ

ƮºĩŶƇŹŵ

źºţ

ÒÏ Ð t ÍÖ ÓÕ ŶƇŹŵ ŵƺŝ ƩƹŶū Î

ƾƀƴūŢŞƀƳ

Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ŢŞºƀƳ ŚºƷźƳ řźºŝ ƽ ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ ÍÎ

Í t ÎÓÏ Í źƳŵźƟ

ƶŝ ƿ ưƷƹƵŵŚƯĨ ǀ

řźºŝŢŞƀƳƲ ƽ

ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ŻřƪºƇŚů

ŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ ÍÏ

Í t ÏÖÎ Í ƶºŝźºƳ ºƿ ƵŵŚºƯĨ

ƶŝ ŶƯōŢſŵ

ƶŝƶĩ ƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŝǀ Ƃ ƯŻřźţ ǀ Śºŝż ƩƹřƱ

ƺººŝ ŵ ƩƹŶººū Î ŵšŹŚººŞƗƶººŝ ƿ

ººƀƴūŢŞººƀƳźººĮ ƾ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ŚƤƯŹŵƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţŻřƪƇŚů ƿ

ƱŚºưƷŚŝƶƀ

ƹŹ ƽ ƶŝŚƯŻƺƟřźĭƲſ

ºƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŚưŤƯ ºƿ ũŚºŤƳƶºŝƪ

ŵƺŝƵŵŚƯ ţŐ

ŧǀ Ưź ǀ ƟřźĭƺƯŵźŝƱŚŝż ƾ

ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ƵĦƿƹƽŹƹŹŚŝƹŚƤŝ

ƾƴſ

ƺĮƫřƾſŹźŝ ƽ

ŹƹŹŚŝƎſƺŤƯ ƽ

ƶƳřŻƹŹ

(m_x)

Ż ŹƺºŞƳ

T. basalis

ƹŹ ƽ Ưƹŵ ǀ ŚºƯŻōŵŹƺƯƱŚŝż ƿ

ŹŵƂ

ƪĪƃ Ð ƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ

ƵŶºƃ Ţºſř ƶºŝ ŹƺºƏ ºƬĩ ƾ ƽŹƹŹŚºŝ

ƶƳřŻƹŹ ƽ řƿ ŻřŹŚěƲ ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ƹŹŶ ƽ ƯƹŵźƷƮŴţ ǀ

žºěƱŚºŝż

ƫƺţŻŚƛōŻř ǀ

ƷŚţƺĩšŶƯŹŵƪŨƯŶ ƾ

ŹřŶºƤƯźŨĩřŶºůƶºŝ

řżƟřŚŝžĜſƹŶǀſŹŵƺų ƿ

ƲſƂ ƶŝ ŹŶţ ƿ ŵźºƧƩƹżƳŪ

ƶŝ ưƷ ǀ Ʋ ƵŹƹŵƩƺƏšŹƺƇ

ƽ ƫƺţ ǀŶ ƹŹƪŨƯ ƽ ƭŶƴĭƲſ

ÎÒ ƹŹƹŻƹŹ ƽ ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſ ÎÔ

ŵƺŝŻƹŹ ƱŚưƷ ƶºƳƺĭ

ƪĪƃŹŵƶĩ Ð

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻŢſřƆŴƄƯ ƽ

ºƏƵŵŚƯ ƾ Ūƴºě

ŝƪŨƯŶǀƫƺţƩƹřŻƹŹ ǀ

ŻřƂ ÓÍ ƮŴţŻřŶƇŹŵ Ź

ƿż ƽ ŵƺų

řŹ ƹŹ ƽ ƯźƷ ǀ ŵřŵƭŚŬƳřƱŚŝż ŶƳ

ƤŝŚƯƹ ƾ ƮŴţ ºƏŚºƷ ƾ ÎÍ

ŶººƘŝŻƹŹ ƽ

ŶƳŶººƃƶŤººƃřŸĭ

ƹŵƩƺººƏ ƵŹ

ƽ Żřžººě

ƮŴţ Ź ƿż ƽ řźŝ ƽ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƲºſƮºŴţ

ƭŶƴĭ ÑÍ řźŝƹŻƹŹ ƽ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƮŴţ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſ ÏÏ

ŵƺŝŻƹŹ ŵšŹŚºŞƗƶŝ ƿ

źºĮ

źºųō ƿ Ʋ

ƵŵŚƯ ƹŹŚƷ ƽ ƶºŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƹƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ

ƲſŹŵ ÓÕ ƹ ÒÑ ĭŻƹŹ ƾ ŶƳŵźƯ ƪĪƃ Ð

ƲƿřŪƿŚŤƳŽŚſřźŝ ƷƹĦě

Ƃ ŚƤŝ

ƽ ƶºƬůźƯ ƽ ƚƫŚºŝŚƳ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ ÕÏ

ŶºƇŹŵ

(8)

ÔÓ ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƱřŻƹźƟ

ŢƀƿŻ ǀƿƺŤƿŻřŹŚěŹƺŞƳŻƾƟřźĭƺƯŵƹƾſŚƴƃ Ŷ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƹ ƽ

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ ÓÑ

ŵƺººŝŶººƇŹŵ

ººſŹźŝ ƾ ººƴŰƴƯ ƾ ŌŚººƤŝ

(l_x)

ƶººĩŵřŵƱŚººƄƳ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻ ƽ ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƶƬůźƯŹŵƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ƽ

ƚƫŚŝŚƳ ÎÕ ŤƃřŵšŚƠƬţŶƇŹŵ Ŷƴ

ƶƬůźƯŹŵƹ

ƽ ŚţƚƫŚŝ ÎÔ

ƷŻƹŹ ǀ Ģ ƘưūŹŵƾţŚƠƬţ ǀ

ŶƄƳƵŶƷŚƄƯŢ

ŚºƤŝƩŚºưŤůř

ƲſŚţ ÐÒ ĭŻƹŹ ƾ řźŝ ƽ ƵŵŚƯƭŚưţ ŚƷ ÎÍÍ ƶŝ ŶƯōŢſŵ

ƯƹīźƯ ǀ ŻƹŹŻřź ƮƄƃƹƾſ

řŹŵƶĩŶƃŻŚƛō ƿ

ƲſƲ

ƵŵŚƯ ƮŴţƭŚưţŚƷ Ź

ƿż ƽ ƹŶºƳŵƺŝƵŶƳŚſŹƭŚưţřƶŝřŹŵƺų

ƯƹīźƯ ǀ ŚěŚţƱōŻřžěź ƿ

řżƟřŚŝƵřźưƷźưƗƱŚ ƿ

ƲſƂ ƶŝ

ŹŶţ ƿ řżƟřŪ ƿ ŢƟŚƿƂ ŚºƷŹƺŞƳŻŹŵŚƯř ƽ

ƁŹƹźºě ƿ ƶºŤƟŚ

ƹŹ ƽ ƶƬůźƯŹŵŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ

ƽ ƚƫŚŝŚƳ ÐÓ ŶºƇŹŵ

ƶƬůźƯŹŵƹŢƃřŵŵƺūƹšŚƠƬţ

ƽ ŚºţƎƤƟƚƫŚŝ ƹŵ

ŻƹŹ

Ʒǀ Ģ ƘưūŹŵƾţŚƠƬţ ǀ

ŶºƄƳƵŶƷŚƄƯŢ

ƯƹīźºƯ ºǀ

Żřź

ŻƹŹ ƮƷŵżƳŚƃ řŹŵƶĩŶƃŻŚƛō ƿ

ƵŵŚºƯƲºſƲ

ŵƹŶºůŚºƷ

ƿ Ĩ ƭƺſ ÐÒ ƮŴţŻř ŚƷ ƽ ƹŶºƳŵƺŝƵŵźĩŵźƏřŹŵƺų

ŚěŚţƱōŻřžě ƿ

ƮŴţƱŚ Ź ƿż ƽ ŻƹŹ ƭƹŵƹƾſ

žĜſƹ

ŚěŚţ ƿ źưƗƱŚ ŻƹŹ ƭŹŚƸģƹƵŚŬƴě

řżƟřŚŝƵřźưƷ ƿ

ƲſƂ

ƃŚŝ ǀ Ŝ ƶŝ řżƟřŶƴţŢŞƀƳ ƿ

ŢƟŚƿƂ

ƪĪƃ Ð

ƪƨƃ è ƵĦƿƹƽŚƤŝ ƾƴſƽ

l_x

ƽŹƹŹŚŝƹ

m_x

ŹƺŞƳŻ

ƱŚŝżǀƯƮŴţƽƹŹ Ʒ

ƽŚ

ƹ

Źŵ ƾƿŚƯŵƎƿřźƃ Ò

t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵƹŶºƇŹŵ

ƽ

ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ÎÓ

ƾĪƿŹŚţƹ Õ

ŢƗŚſ

Fig. 3. Age-specific survivorship (l_x) and fecundity (m_x) of Trissolcus basalis on Eurygaster integriceps and Graphosoma lineatum eggs at 25 ± 0.5 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16: 8 h L: D.

(9)

æ

ÎÐîç

ÔÔ

ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě

ŹƺŞƳŻƾĭŶƳŻƩƹŶū

T. basalis

ţřŷűźƳ ƾ řżºƟř ƿ ƘưūƂ ºǀ Ţ

(rm)

ƷŚºƴŤƯűźºƳƹ ƾ

řżººƟř ƿ ƘưūƂ ººǀ Ţ

(ë)

ŻřŹŚěŹƺººŞƳŻ ƿ

ƺŤ ººǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲºſƹƭŶºƴĭƲºſƮºŴţ

ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÐÎÓ Í ƹ ÏÏÑ Í ŻřƵŵŚºƯźƷƽřŻřƶŝƵŵŚƯũŚŤƳ

ŻƹŹŹŵŢǀƘưū

ƹ ÐÔÏ Î ƹ ÏÒÏ Î ŵŹƹōźŝŻƹŹźƷŹŵ

Ŷƃ ƩƹŶū Ï ƫƺţƆƫŚºųűźƳƶƯřŵřŹŵ ºǀ

ƪºŨƯŶ

(R₀)

ŻřŹŚěŹƺŞƳŻ ƿ

ƺŤ ǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

ƁŹƹźě ƿ ƹŹƶŤƟŚ ƽ ƲſƮŴţ

ƶŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƹƭŶƴĭ

ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÒÍ ÎÎÕ ƹ ÍÕ ÒÎ ƵŵŚƯ

řŻřƶŝ ƽ ƳŹŵƵŵŚƯźƷ ƶºŝƪºƀ

ŶºƯōŢºſŵ

ƱŚºƯŻšŶºƯ

ƹŵ źŝřźŝ ƘưūƱŶƃ ǀ

řŢ ƿ ŹƺŞƳŻƲ (DT)

ƹŹ ƽ ƲºſƮºŴţ

źƷƭŶƴĭ ÎÖÐ Ï ƹŹƹŻƹŹ ƽ

ƮŴţ źºƷŚºƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲºſ

ÍÕÖ Ð ƶŞſŚŰƯŻƹŹ

Ŷƃ ƶŝ ƱŚºƯŻšŶºƯƎſƺŤƯƵƹǈƗ

ƿ ŻřŹŚěŹƺŞƳŻƽřźŝƪƀƳĨ ƿ

ƺŤ ºǀƿ Ŷ

T. basalis

ƹŹ ƽ ƮºŴţ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƹƭŶƴĭƲſ

ƶŝ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ÎÎ ÎÒ ƹ ÒÐ ÎÔ ŻƹŹ

ƶŝ ŶƯōŢſŵ

ƩƹŶū Ï

ŚƸƳŹŵ ººƿ ŻƺţƾººſŹźŝŢ ººƿ

ƴººſƖ ƾ Śě ººƿ ŹƺººŞƳŻŹřŶ

T. basalis

ƹŹƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƽ

ƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ÖÕ ƘưūŻř ǀ ƎƤƟƹƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯřŹŢ Ï

šřźºƄůřŹ

ĪƄţƚƫŚŝ ǀ Ưƪ ƾ ţŹƺºƇŹŵŶºƴƷŵ ƾ

ºưƷƶºĩ ǀ ƂºŴŝƹŵƲ

Ƙưū ǀŤ ƾ ƹŹ ƽ ƶŝŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƲſƮŴţ

ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÖÒ ƹ Ò Żř

Ƙưūƪĩ ǀ ŢſřŢ

ƩƹŶū Ï

ŦŰŝ

ěǀ ƤŰţŹŵŢƟźƄ ǀ

ƵźƄůšŚƤ

ſŚƴƃ ƾ ƤƟƺƯƹ ǀ ŹŵŢ

ƶƯŚƳźŝ ŚºƷ ƽ ŶºƯ ƿź ƿ ŚºƳřƺţƶºŝƶŤºƀŝřƹšŚºƟōŢ ƾƿ

ŹŵŚºƯ

ĪººƄţƹšřźººƄůƁŹƹźººě ǀ

ººƴƬĩƪ ƾ ŚººƷ ƽ Śě ººƿ ŹŵŹřŶ

ŚƯŻō ƿ ƵŚĮºººƄ ºººƿ ƫƺţżºººĩřźƯŚ ºººǀ

ºººƯƵƺºººŞƳřŶ ƾ

ŶºººƃŚŝ

(Singh & Moore, 1985)

ưƷř ǀ řŢ ƿ ƫƺţŹŵƕƺƋƺƯƲ ºǀ

Ŷ

ŞƏƱŚƴưƃŵƵƺŞƳř ǀƘ

ƾ ō ŝšŚƟ ǀ Ƃ ºƯƮºƄģƶºŝźţ ƾ

ŵŹƺºų

ƩŚůŹŵƶĩřźģ

ŝŹŵźƋŚů ǀ

Ƃ ƫƺţżĩřźƯźţ ǀ

ŚţƵƺŞƳřŶ ìå

żƷŶƇŹŵ ƿ

ƶƴ ĪƄţƝźƇŚƷ ǀ

ƶĮƳƪ Źřŵ ƽ ƫƺţƹ ǀ ƯŶ ǀ ƱŚºŝż Ư

ƾ ŵƺƃ

(Newton, 1993)

ºƯšŚŞŧřŵƺūƺƯŶƷřƺƃ ƾ

Ŷºƴĩ

ſźŤſŵƭŶƗƶĩ ƾ

ƶŝ ƿ ƯĨ ǀ ưŗřŵƱŚŝż ƾ řźƃŹŵ ƿ ƫƺţƎ ºǀ Ŷ

ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƵƺŞƳř ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ſƮŴţŶ ºŝƭŶºƴĭƲ

ǀ Ƃ źºţ ƿ Ʋ

ŶƴĩŹŵřŹƮƸſ ƽ

ƶƘſƺţ ƽ ƶƯŚƳźŝ ƽ ŝƩźŤƴĩ ǀ ĥƺƫƺ ƿ řĨ ƿ Ʋ

ƶººƷŵŹŵŢººƟō

ŚººƷ ƽ ŢººſřƶŤººƃřŵŹƺººƄĩŹŵƶŤººƃŸĭ

(Safavi, 1973)

ĩźţŹŵ ǀ Ƴƶ ǀ żƷƂƷŚĩż ƿ

ƶƴ řżºƟřƹŚƷ ƿ

Ƃ

ƵźƸŝ Źƹ ƽ ƫƺţ ǀ ŚƷŹƺŞƳŻƵƺŞƳřŶ ƽ

ŻřŹŚě ƿ ƺŤ ǀƿ ŚƷŶ ƽ ƲſƮŴţ

ſźŤſŵƶŝƍƺƴƯƭŶƴĭ ƾ

ƶŝ ƿ ƯĨ ǀ ŤºƀƳřŵŜºſŚƴƯƱŚºŝż ƶ

ŢºſřƵŶƃ

(Kivan & Kilic, 2004)

ƶºŝ źºƷ ƩŚºů

ºţ Őŧǀ ź

Ưǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƿ ŻřŹŚěĨ ƿ ƺŤ ºǀƿ ƹŹŶ ƽ źŤƯřŹŚºě ŚºƷ ƽ

Ư ƱōƾŤǀƘưūƹƾŤƀƿŻƮƸ

Żř ƗƺºƋƺƯ šŚ ŵŹƺºƯ ŦºŰŝ

ŢºſřƵŵƺºŝźºƯřƲǀºƈƈŴŤƯƲǀºŝ

(Paul et al., 1981;

Walter, 1983; Bai & Smith, 1993; Romeis et al., 1997;

Colazza & Wajnberg, 1998; Dahlan & Gordh, 1998;

Miura & Kobayashi, 1998; Ramesh, 2004; Shirazi,

2007)

ƶŝŪƿŚŤƳ Ţſŵ ţŻřƵŶƯō Ő ƱŚŝżǀƯƹŵźǀŧ ŚƯŻōŵŹƺƯ

ƿ Ƃ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭƮŴţƹƭŶƴĭƲſƮŴţ

ƹŹ ƽ ƪºůřźƯƩƺºƏ

ŶƃŹ ƽ ŹƺŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳ

T. basalis

řŹŵ ƿ ƤŰţƲ ºǀ ŚºŤƳŚºŝƢ ƿ Ū

Kivan & Kilic (2004)

ŵ ŹƺºŞƳŻŵŹƺºƯŹ

T. semistriatus

ƹŹ ƽ ưƷ ǀ ƯƹŵƲ ǀ ŵŹřŵŢƸŝŚƄƯƱŚŝż

ƶºƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ

ƽ Ʋºƿř

ƲǀƤƤŰƯ Ƴǀ ƵŹƹŵż ƽ ŶƃŹ ƽ ŹƺŞƳŻƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯ

ŚºƷ ƽ źºƳ

ƵŚţƺĩ ƵŵŚƯŻřźţ ƶŝƹŵƺŝŚƷ

ƵƹǈºƗ

ř ºƿ ƹŹƵŹƹŵƲ ƽ

ƮºŴţ

ŚƯƹŻƺƟřźĭ

ƶŝ ƹƿ řźŝƵĦ ƽ ƵŵŚºƯũŚŤƳ

ƶºŝ ºƴƘƯŹƺºƏ ƾ

Źřŵ ƽ

ƳǇƺƏ ƾ ŵƺŝźţ ř ƿ šƹŚƠţƲ

Źŵ ƶƘƫŚƐƯ ƽ ƶŝƍƺŝźƯ ŹƺŞƳŻ

T. basalis

ƹŹ ƽ Ư ǀ ƬºƇřƱŚŝż ƾ

Ʊō

N. viridula

Ǝºſƺţ

Correa-Ferreira & Moscardi (1994)

Ƴǀ ż ŵŹƺƯ ƵŹŚƃř Źřźƣ

ƶŤƟźĭ ƶŝŚƄƯƶĩŢſř ƿ

ƶŤƟŚ ŚƷ ƽ ſŹźŝ ƾ źƋŚů Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ

žƨƗźŝ ơƺƟŵŹřƺƯ

ŚŤƳ ƿ ƹŶºƃŹƱŚƯŻƶŝƍƺŝźƯŪ

ƚƫŚŝŚƳƪůřźƯƺưƳ ŹƺºŞƳŻ

T. grandis

ƢºǀƤŰţƲºƿřŹŵ Śºŝ

ŚŤƳ ƿ Ū

Amir-Maafi & Parker (2011)

ºſŹźŝŹŵ ƾ ƵŹƹŵ ƽ

ŶƃŹ ƽ ƶƬůźƯ ƽ ƚƫŚŝŚƳ ŹƺŞƳŻƲƿř ţƽƹŹƁŹƹźºěŚŝ

ƮºŴ