ناریا ینابغاب مولع

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53 1

1401 ) 237 - 225

( Vol 53, No 1, Spring 2022 (225-237)

DOI:10.22059/ijhs.2021.315126.1881

* Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

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Evaluation of melatonin efficacy in maintaining qualitative, phytochemical properties and increasing storage life of raspberry fruit (Rubus ulmifolius subsp. Sanctus)

Shirin Rahmanzadeh Ishkeh¹, Habib Shirzad^2*, Zahra Tofighi³ and Mohammad Fattahi⁴ 1, 2, 4. Ph. D. Candidate, Assistant Professor and Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran (Received: Dec. 29, 2020- Accepted: June 14, 2021)

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, many efforts are being in the worldwide to find alternative methods for controlling postharvest horticultural waste. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (000.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mM) on increasing the storage life of raspberries was investigated. After 5 min immersion, the fruits were maintained in a cold storage with a 4±1°C 90-95%RH for 9 days. The results showed that the highest level of pH and TSS were observed in the control treatment on the ninth day and TA in the treatment of 0.001 mmol on the third days of storage with mean 3.64 and 0.62 mg citric acid/100 ml fruit Juice and 16.31 ̊brix, respectively. The highest levels of total phenol and flavonoids content were observed with 25.37 mg GAE/ 100 ml juice and 9.60 mg QE/ 100 ml juice on the third day storage, respectively. The results of data factor analysis also confirmed that the two factors PC1 (64%) and PC2 (14.8%) had the most role in the classification of treatments. In general, the results of this study showed that treatment with 0.001 mM melatonin, as a natural compound compatible with the environment and humans, in addition to the maintaining the nutritional values of the harvested raspberry it^,s can increased storage life and reduced waste of fruits.

Keywords: Correlation coefficient, factor degradation, flavonoid, growth regulator, phenol.

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Table 1. Results of variance analysis effect of melatonin and storage time on some traits of raspberry fruit.

Source of variation df Mean of squares

Weight loss percentage decay index pH TA TSS

Melatonin 3 0.019^** 2.178^** 0.056^** 0.028^** 3.814^**

Storage time 2 1.182^** 15.189^** 0.038^** 0.018^** 7.934^**

Melatonin × storage time 6 0.002^* 0.450^** 0.010^** 0.002^** 5.634^**

Error 24 0.0008 0.039 0.002 0.0002 0.235

Coefficient variation (CV%) 5.856 9.164 1.370 3.020 3.363

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, 1

A I K

&1

= ! I

&1

=+ 9D N3:

/*

=

=3$

=>O

=>!?%; &h J[>D

"931

= . /):

&6%

L B: ]1

@3+

(3: B;

& !@+?

&h , = W+

931

"

"=

($

I

\)$

A I /!=3$

"931

&1 9 )

Vargas et al., 2006

.(

I + %_ B: ]1 ~! /+

(`.G 001 / 0 1 3.

&

K91 &! =/ , # 3+9Da1

@31 ^[ % ,%/ 3 %3'ED (H9$ # ) , )+

1# ( F7 I &: ( &:? , =3$

# (`.G (4 + 4 , # ) , )+ &+ ! 2 ,

01 / 0

&.31 ^[ ,%/ 3 &:? , =3$ @31 K91

B: ]1 ~! /+ =+ ! I =+ %I

Liu et al.

) (2018

=M1 % 3+9Da1 %3'ED ] L9D "931TA

&h &W+%;

. 9 1 ƒa1 I , )+ L=1

N 2 . +9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 3

&+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 &7=3$92 @31 % .

Figure 2. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on decay index of raspberry fruit.

^.S D "931^pH @31 % &+ 1 )+ 1# 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 .3 N

Figure 3. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on pH of raspberry fruit.

N 4 . 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 &+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 &:? , =3$ @31 % .

Figure 4. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on total acidity of raspberry fruit.

0.00

de

b

a

e

cd

b

e

c

b

e

dc

b

0.00 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90

Decay index

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

3.2

ed

ab a

ed c-e b-d

e c-e e ed

a-c

c-e

2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

pH

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

0.63

de ef f

a

cd c

a b

b b c bc

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

TA (mg /100 ml juice)

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

(7)

) / 0 # 1 (TSS

"931 @3+ %/1 2 ! Ra/6 # = "= 3D ,

&>B1 =+ 9 96% =g S! Z / s]$ ,

Z =C) 1 3W+ 31 *! M1 ~! /+ x $ % 3>k .(

"

N ) 5 Z9.Q1 =1 C 91 @31 !%/ 3 (

"931 o9 %1 , )+ # J2 4 + # = ,

&: 9

"931 ? @31 !%/ I I 3D ,

(`.G "=

01 / 0

&.31 .=! %7 "= 1 3+9Da1 K91

91

=1 C Z9.Q1

& !

# L [g &$ % , % 4 1

"931 (3[3I X9*Q1

&1 9

%33cD 91

=1 C Z9.Q1

&h

=3$

"931

"

J2

# ( %

@3: =3

&.2

=! I $

^3.G

=

" PY

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A I X?

"931 f)D%1

&1

= )

Vargas et al., 2008

.(

H W>

=3$

"931 J[>D

=3:9D .3D A! @;

=32

" %I (3: B;

4!@+?

,

!@yD

"=>>I

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&:9.$

%/ 3

&1 9 I

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=

L =3 9 %I ,

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%33cD

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(;

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N3:

" %

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=1 C Z9.Q1

@3+

A! @;

=32

&1

=>I

)

Rahemi, 2005

.(

,% ,23 +0

" J+ ! !@yD ,

@3+ NI N>; , 9/Q1 o9 %1

&>B1 %W+ + 3+9Da1 (`.G , = W+ 1# %' ,

? 3 N M/1 %' 9 =g S! Z / s]$

Z =C) 2 U ]1 .(

9 + N>; o9 %1 3W+ 31 *! M1

N ) 6 NI N>; o9 %1 %! M1 !%/ I !%/ 3 (

+9 + \3D%D "= 3D ,

(`.G 001 / 0

&.31 , )+ # J2 H9$ # 3+9Da1 K91

3W+ 31 37 / 25

&.31 % H%7 100

&.31 X? %/3:

"931

+9 +

# = ,

=M1 88 / 15

&.31 % H%7

100

&.31 X? %/3:

I 9]+ .= "= 1 "931

9 + ) 3+9Da1 (`.G !%DK ($ j0 1 1

/ 0

&.31 %/ , )+ # J2 4 + 4 , # ( K91

"931 NI N>; , 9/Q1 ^[ \)$ 3D %! $ # .=

=3p9+ a;

# . C

&.>; L )3I%D X9*Q1

&1

=+9 .

@/>$93 , 3*

# L )3I%D

&.>;

>31? , =3$

S3D 1 ? N3>;

3+K?

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# G?

&1 9

)

Edwards et al., 2012

L )3I%D .(

&.>;

S D

#

93$ =3*I H #9b3:

= ,%379.C

&1

=>>I .

!

L )3I%D 3>k

L 9g N O

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# 3

% 83*I ,

&! / ! ) Z !

#?

( +

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=+

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AM+

&1

=>>I )

Dai et al., 2009

.(

3+9Da1 3D

5 3 43`>D =>+ 1 =3p9+ 2 %2 N3>; %3*1 ,

PAL

&1 &.>; L )3I%D A! @; lY ) 9

Zhang et al.,

I ($ "= 9>Y @3+ &.)O L B: ]1 .(2015

(`.G 3+9Da1 3D # " [/$

1 / 0

&.31 \)$ K91

&.>; L )3I%D A! @;

"931 (3[3I A! @; y3/+

&1 &W+%; L9D ) 9

Liu et al., 2018

.(

Zhang et al.

)

"931 I =+ %I T @7 (2018

"= 3D &k3: ,

,=3p9+ a; &.>; L )3I%D =M1 3+9Da1 &>3+ 3$9/+?

&>B1 9h

? (; ! A! @; ,

=M/B1

=+ 9 I 3+9Da1

&1

=+ 9D 93$ =3*I & !@+?

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&.>; , 1

" %I

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= ( 97

"931 &k3:

%36ED . # =+

N 5 . 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 &+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 Z9.Q1 =1 C 91 @31 % .

Figure 5. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on total soluble solids of raspberry fruit.

12.3

cd a ab a

de cd

ab

ed e

ab bc

de

0 3 6 9 12 15 18

TSS (ºBrix)

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

(8)

Z =C 2 . 3+9Da1 %' J+ ! !@yD ~! /+

&+ 1 )+ 1#

6% %

&

1 3

"9 S D .

Table 2. Results of variance analysis effect of melatonin and storage time on some traits of raspberry fruit.

Source of variation df Mean of squares

TPC TFC Flavor

Melatonin 3 89.135^** 0.014^** 3.177^**

Storage time 2 18.189^** 0.026^** 7.536^**

Melatonin × storage time 6 6.175^** 0.001^* 0.295^**

Error 24 0.716 0.0005 0.059

Coefficient variation (CV%) 3.864 2.734 11.106

* **

:ns

&>B1 L [D \3D%D Z / s]$

1 5

&>B1 L [D 9)+ =g .

N 6 . 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 &+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 NI N>; , 9/Q1 %

.

Figure 6. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on total phenolic of raspberry fruit.

,% # 4 3 +0

"

!@yD x $ % @3+ NI =3p9+ a; o9 %1 ,

" J+ !

=g S! Z / s]$

&>B1

Z =C) =+ 9 2

" =Q1 NI =3p9+ a; %! M1 .(

60 / 9

D 10 / 8

&.31 % 3/$%p9I H%7 100

&.31 X? %/3:

"931

o9 %1 NI =3p9+ a; !%/ 3 . 9 %3c/1

"931 ,

(`.G "= 3D 1

/ 0

&.31 H9$ # 3+9Da1 K91

&: 9

"931 o9 %1 ? =M1 !%/ I I ,

N ) 9 4 + # = 7

43`>D 3+9Da1 3D .(

5 3 4!@+? @/>$ N36 ,

%3*1 ,=3.I ,

N3>; =>+ 1 =3p9+ 2 %2 N3>;

3+91? 3+K?

9 : V # 3:

# />$

1 2 L )3I%D • yD lY y3/+ AM+

) 9 &1 =3p9+ a; &.>;

Zang et al., 2016

.(

567 8

" J+ ! !@yD @3+ 4Bh %]Y 9/I ; 91

&>B1 "=> + 9 =g S! Z / s]$ ,

Z =C) 2 % 4Bh %]Y @31 !%D= >! _ (

x $ 9 + N ) 3W+ 31 *! M1 8

o9 %1 (

+9 + &D 9g 9 , )+ # J2 4 + # = ,

+9 + 4Bh %]Y !%/ I (.G "= 3D ,

1 / 0

&.31 , )+ # J2 H9$ # 3+9Da1 K91

P/6 96 1# # V % I ($ s_ %2 .=+

"931 9 /;%7 .g ; , )+ 3:

&7=3$92 V

=> 96 ($ # 96 3: 4Bh %]Y "= ,%/ 3 (B+ 1 N3: 3+9Da1 =>+ 1 &! 3D Z Y 1

"931 =+ ! &7=3$92 # ()*+ "= 3D ,

"931 , = 96 A I = )

Zhang et al.,

2018a

.(

3+9Da1 # " [/$ I ($ "= T @7 \3$ , 7=+ 1 & *3+ 7 % 31 =_ (3: B; N3:

A! @;

)

Zhang et al., 2018a

(.

, &:

!@yD N1 Y

T ,%'91 , % 33BD N1 9Y

23.83

f

de ef

a

a-c c

a a-c

d

ab ab

bc

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Total phenol content mg GAE/ 100 ml juice

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

(9)

43M/*1 43M/*1%3G

I

&W/*) (I%

=+

&1

=!?

(3

&)*+

% S!

#

N1 9Y

@3+

4 %;

&1

=>I .

!@yD

&W/*)

NI L %'

43M/*1

%3G 43M/*1

&1

=+ 9D

, %C 1 +%

,

%'91 A>!@7

=> #

= )

Masiha et al., 2002

.(

Z =C 3

~! /+

!@yD

N1 Y +

&1

= .

@31 J+ !

&)*+

%

N1 Y +

"=>

(3 ? N1 Y J+ !

NI

L [g

&$ % 91 ($

L 9g

=g 3

"=

($

.

N 7 . 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 &+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 NI =3p9+ a; , 9/Q1 @31 % .

Figure 7. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on total flavonoid of raspberry fruit.

N 8 . 3+9Da1 N M/1 %' 3W+ 31 *! M1 &+ 1 )+ 1#

S D "931 4Bh %]Y @31 % .

Figure 8. Mean comparison interaction effect of melatonin and storage time on flavor score of raspberry fruit.

Z =C 3 N1 Y !@yD . S D "931 ([g % o9 %1 J+ ! =g "8! %! M1 &! 3 3 9/3; &[3I L [g o9 %1 ,

.

Table 3. Principal components analysis related to qualitative and phytochemical traits and specific values percentage of variance related to each trait of raspberry fruit.

Row Factor Principal components

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Six Seventh Eighth Ninth

1 pH -0.29 -0.43 -0.28 0.37 -0.56 0.36 0.14 -0.16 -0.05

2 TA 0.35 0.15 -0.31 -0.45 -0.07 0.14 0.60 -0.37 -0.11

3 TSS 0.04 -0.78 -0.29 -0.33 0.24 -0.32 -0.06 0.12 -0.06

4 weight loss -0.36 0.31 -0.29 -0.12 -0.23 -0.35 0.05 0.35 -0.59

5 percent weight loss -0.39 0.16 -0.28 -0.09 -0.07 -0.31 0.22 0.06 0.75

6 Decay -0.39 0.11 -0.22 0.02 0.34 -0.08 -0.31 -0.72 -0.14

7 Flavor 0.39 -0.00 0.07 0.08 -0.54 -0.59 -0.24 -0.33 0.04

8 Phenol 0.31 0.20 -0.61 -0.09 -0.07 0.31 -0.55 0.19 0.14

9 Flavonoid 0.29 0.05 -0.35 0.70 0.36 -0.23 0.28 0.06 -0.05

Eigenvalues 5.75 1.33 0.94 0.68 0.19 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00

Percentage of variance 0.64 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cumulative variance percentage 0.64 0.78 0.89 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

9.180

cd

bc

d cd

ab

cd

ab a

cd

a a

cd

7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Total flavonoid content mg QE /100ml juice

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

1.00

cd

ab

a

de

b-d

ab

e

bc

ab

e

de

b-d

0.00 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90

Flavor index

Time

Control M 0.001 M 0.01 M 0.1

(10)

o9 %1 ~! /+

# A3 I + PCA

99

[:91 ~>2 f$9D S D , )+ % Y A! @; # =g o9 %1 "=+ 3O =g S! ($ " /; € [D Z

N1 Y

&1 4 + D 4 , !@yD ! .=

5 N1 Y

r9 y1 =>/*+ 9D NM/*1 &.g 1

/ 99 # =g

.=>>I 3C9D J+ ! NI

=1 C 91 &:? , =3$ L [g Z N1 Y ) ()„1 \! %_ =3p9+ a; N>; 4Bh %]Y Z9.Q1

\3D%D 35 / 0 04 / 0 39 / 0 31 / 0 29 / 0 L [g (

/!=3$

# A I =g

# A I =M1

\3D%D ) &[>1 \! %_ &7=3$92 29

/ 0 - 36 / 0 -

39 / 0 - 39 / 0 -

%O 3M # %DK ( r9 y1 /;%7

64 .=+ N3 D J+ ! NI # =g

H N1 Y L [g

&:? , =3$

A I =g

#

# A I =M1 N>;

\! %_ =3p9+ a;

\3D%D ) ()„1 15

/ 0 31 / 0 16 / 0 11 / 0 20 / 0

05 / 0 (

pH

\3D%D ) &[>1 \! %_ TSS

43 / 0 -

78 / 0 -

# %DK ( r9 y1 =>/;%7 %O 3M

14 / 0

.=+= N1 NI J+ ! # =g

'#2% 9 =

I %3c/1 3 o )D A! + , % &7=>I%2 9 +

&1 Y9 y1 &7=>I %2 9 + . x $ % o M+ # ,

&1 %O 9 + %3c/1 %! M1 &.I " W+ .=+%37

N

&1 &7=>I%2 9 + H=Y ! ] 9C 9D

[:91 I y+? # . % &2 %3c/1 3 9C Z ,

) H

PC1

NI J+ ! =g # , !# 4 $ (PC2

"# =+ 91 L [g N3 D 3D 31 ,%37

&1 @; H%+ [:91 ! # " [/$ =>

Minitab

&1 9D I y+? # %I 4$ &7=>I%2 9 +

[:91 N3.QD !@yD , % &.g N1 9Y >D &.g ,

M)h

&1 " [/$ ,=>

N3.QD !@yD # r9+ ! 9

&1 x $ % . 9 " [/$ 3D ] /; ! , % =+ 9D

"# =+ 91 L [g I H Z , [:91 ,%37

r9 y1 78

&1 N1 NI J+ ! # =g ! .=+9

N3.QD !@yD r9+

12 3D 4

I %O " %7

" %7 N1 1

)

M 0.001 Day 9 M 0.01 Day 9

M

0.1 Day

" %7 ( 2 )

M 0.01 Day 6 M 0.001 Day 6

(

" %7 3 )

Control Day 6 Control Day 9

" %7 ( 4

)

M 0.1 Day 3 M 0.01 Day 3

M 0.001 Day 3 M

0.1 Day 6 Control Day 3

&1 ( N ) = 9 .(

>+? = @ A

! 3 &W/*) @31 A 82 -./01 L [g

"# =+

"= ,%37

"931 , S D 91 "= 3D

&$ %

%O Z =C) (;%7 4

(.

N 9 . , !@yD La2 N1 Y %'91 L [g x $ % S D "931 , % 3+9Da1 -./01 , 3D A>I %2 ) Z ,

64

=g

PC1 =

) H ( 8 / 14

=g

PC2 =

(

Figure 9. Transmittal of different melatonin treatments on raspberry fruit based on effective traits in the first (principalcomparisions = 64%) and second (principalcomparisions = 14.8%) factors by Biplot analysis.

(11)

Z =C 4 , )+ L=1 &h S D &! 3 3 9/3; &[3I L [g 3 &W/*) . .

Table 4. Correlation between qualitative and phytochemical traits of raspberries during storage.

WLP DI pH TA TSS TPC TFC Flavor

WLP 1.000

DI 0.916^** 1.000

pH 0.508^ns 0.638^* 1.000

TA -0.551^ns -0.734^** -0.710^** 1.000

TSS -0.317^ns -0.144^ns 0.332^ns 0.122^ns 1.000

TPC -0.390^ns -0.555^ns -0.501^nc 0.881^** 0.058^ns 1.000

TFC -0.564^ns -0.554^ns -0.299^ns 0.496^ns -0.020^ns 0.695^* 1.000

Flavor -0.827^** -0.952^** -0.622^* 0.763^** 0.052^ns 0.674^* 0.657^* 1.000 * **

:ns

&>B1 L [D \3D%D Z / s]$

1 5

&>B1 L [D 9)+ =g .

\!%_

&W/*)

" $ 3 L [g + I

&6%

# L [g

"# =+

,%37

"=

&W/*) ()„1 !

&[>1 4

=+

.

~! /+

&$ %

&W/*)

" $ 3

L [g

"# =+

"= ,%37 +

&/)„1 &W/*) I

Z / s]$

1 =g &7=3$92 @31 3 =g

+9 + V% &D )Y 9C # A I ,

A I =g = ! A! @; &7=3$92 =M1 A! 1#? 91 &7=3$92 31 I &D 9g . 9 = 96 %/ 3 @3+ #

"931

&[>1 &W/*) 4Bh %]Y @31 s]$

Z / 1 V % I ($ s_ %2 ( 9C =g

" %/*7 &7=3$92 @31 +9 + = %D

4Bh %]Y #

&.>; L )3I%D . 9 => 96 96% ,%/ I

&>B1 ()„1 &W/*) @3+ ,=3p9+ a;

%W!= ! ,

&I%/ 1 @/>$ %3*1 # \3I%D ! I %!# =>/

>/* 96%

) =

Pérez-Balibrea et al., 2011

3 .(

&W/*) @3+ &:? , =3$ =M1 /!=3$ @31

&>B1 &[>1 , =Y =M1 V% ( 9C ,

,%/ 3 =M1 # &:? , =3$ = %/ I /!=3$

.=+ 96%

: +

% '

43`>D I + %_ A 82 ~! /+ r9 y1 1 = "=>>I % Y A! @; , % & 96 N3*+ /2 # 3+9Da

*[O .3$ S D "931 , L )3I%D ^[ ,

"931 ()*+ ,%/ 3 1# L=1 &! 3 3 9/3;

,

! ~! /+ x $ % ! % > .($ 96% 3D =

&1 A! 1#?

S! 9>Y 3+9Da1 I %I 9>Y 9D

h \3I%D = "=>>I 43]>D &)+ C i 9Y = &B3)

"=+ = W+

&1 &! 3 3 , ^[ ,%'91 AM+ =+ 9D

.= / ( % # J2 " S D "931 (3[3I

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