Discourse Analysis of Iranian Public Administration in the Economic Sector
Hasan Rangriz1
Associate Professor, Human Resource Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
(Received: 2021/08/13 -Accepted: 2021/11/23)
Abstract
This paper is the qualitative analysis of comments presidents about economic issues to explore the discourse of public administration of governments of the fifth to twelfth.Method research is based on the Fairclough's critical discourse analysis .The research statistical population is the president's comments in the economic sector in the four periods of the sazandegi, eslah_talaban, abadgaran,
& tadbir_o_omid. 25 texts were selected over the years 1368 to 1399, as samples that based on saturation purposeful sampling method.The results of the research in the sazandegi governments with the nationalist discourse, the eslah_talaban with the legalist discourse & tadbir_o_omid with the citizenship discourse show that the issues of of government’s "downsizing the government, devaluing the currency, controlling liquidity in society, reducing dependence on oil, attracting foreign investment, reducing imports, making the economy more competitive, & increasing economic growth" have been extremist. In the abadgaran government, the type of discourse is fundamentalist, a discourse that was given a targeted the poor.
Keywords
Discourse of Public Administration, Presidents' Discourse, Economic Sector, Performance, Critical Discourse Analysis.
Copyright © 2022 The Author. Published by Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran.
This Work Is licensed under a CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
1- Corresponding Author’s Email: Rangriz@khu.ac.ir
"
- B !
) + 7 B
) 4
4 B 7 , 1400 B # DJK 90 - 71
# () " )() # 78 , - 9 : ;<5
&1 * 1
2 &
1 - ,
< b 4- B 2 &
: )
22 / 5 / 1400 - :
2 / 9 / 1400 (
, '& & 5 A1 '& , O ;-
` # $ :0 , - `$&4 '&
1) \ 4 & / W \ .,; ~R) ! & O A1 @ 4 & ; :$'l# ]'- .&4 & #
0; - :$'l# F Rs
- ;'- $
O& T Q s …RG - (O- ) ,1 ) J -'& - C -&
.,; & W 1 ' 1 25
@ ; s $ 1368 # 1399 ]'- Q ! $ 1O
2 ˆ . % f 0 , '& $&
O W O Q s …RG O , O O 4 ; $
' » F + O ' % O 1 ' 1
-& - 4- & ) B > , '& & ) >C )
: (! ' & / W & ) W- F &- ' :$ ) - B - "O ; f" , < ' :$ ) \
& / W %- «
@ G O q O& T , '& . & ) … * - "# h1;T - 2W 5 E € # O
E ' ' & & - W ~ $ - x $ $
» - 4 ; ! $
; ; @ # &-'T ' \ @ # r -( $
$ . % … * «P&
:
O A1 & 5 & ””/ W :0 - ””;'- O '& , O
&
.
1- Email: Rangriz@khu.ac.ir
,) &
h6
' $ '& , $& A ' 4 ) $
1990 & / W ' - & P i
, 5J 20 d ' - ) @ T ,< & &
$ @ J -& ' ! \; $- 2) -& -
.&4 ; r \;
T- ) ' $ - B ; FR \ q ' '& :0 -& $
' \; ' & / W %- - , '& ?< ' %- & ) gW ' $& B ' -& ! 5% b T - / 1980
$& A ' ' 1990
11y I &
` AJ G A - 4 $' 1 - / -'& -& .&-'T & - A€ <
\;
:$ ) ' & / W \; -& , '& ,)- 2 ) . % < - 1<
' & & , 11y F- i ' Q$ - : , '& : ' ,!
$- 2) -& & Q$ - ( -
% ˆ - 4
)
Danaeefard, et al. 2011: 385-406
(.
-& '& , O&4 ,; 1; 51
i & / W $& )- )l) T 1# ) & ) !T - C& - ' & / W P
-'& 4 B -& ,)R! ' - % ) % $
. % - / T - ! J
h W -& ;'& ' P W … f(J b - 2) @ -& / O&4 ,; 1; ~ $ ) C G / B 4 ; G /B
-& 2$'l# s B c c& . % - 2) -& 4 ;
, '& F i A1 '& , O ;- ) ,;
` # $
& 5 '- 4 O ;- .&4 & Π1) \ 4 & / W :0 , - `$&4 '&
% & ; & O A1 ]'- o( ) ,;
1) $ - %
]'- ' T
Ol ' 4 ) ,; 1<
/02 ' $ ' & ) ' 1# $
1 ;&
& & 4 *;
q W' 1 4 q +' O A1 -& .& % & ; $
- ' R) 1c F s Q - - O - % E ' ' - B ; *
- (O -& $ < )
.& %
E ' O O $„ -& q W' ? % -& &- & - & B [ B P > $ $
&- & # -& O O ' F' - "O d ' ,! -& @ 1 -& ' ! ' \ ) Salehizadeh, Abd al-Hadi 2011: 124 h c O -& ) '& , .(
, '&
-'& -& $ l ' & / W :0 -& O- C $
&- & F-' + &- &
; ; W -& ) C & % ;- - ( & 5 '- '& , O <
`2C ; F (
R; - 4
$ ! ' ; 1; & / W \; `2% '
- ; ; : ]R -& ' 4 . )
O A1 & 5 '- & %
- (O t*; -& &
Ol ' 4 $ & / W :0 -& '& , O $
F- Q A % )
\ @ % ; O& $
* - ,1 ' 4 ; @ \ & k '
:; # ; - -& .`1€ /J ' ; % - ,; 1 ,1 ' - Q :$'l# G $
, '& -& - ;'- '& , O F / 0 :4 p,; P ) `$&4 '& ` # $
O 4 v 0 ; A W `1$
h W -& $ , '& <
p,<1C `$&4 '& ` # $
.B % -'& -& - ;'- 1) &- O $ 1y ' $ C - ;- &- $
4- p 1 )
= 7 ,1 \! P -& - $ ) '& , A€ < z wJ Q 1B $ @ ; -&
$
$ P& O 4 4'- l ' - & ,1
, z F W .,; & ) 1#
- '&
& ! ?; 5 T bW k\ 4 & & W ]4- - $
P& B - 5Q ! & ! 1; % (- ( B)1
) $ J bW ' -& . % 2
;' F B
- & h; & ! 1 O 4 4 `$ f B & ! ,; 5 & %
& !
3h s P - ( B ? ! 5 T ) ' 1#
'& 4' . % 4
rJ ' P J h<) & G-&
' - # Ž' - T 5 T T \ 4 ; %
?B G 4
2 & ) - & ! 4 ;& T &
O )
- ) T 4 ' & r & % f 0 s B 5 -'T ,; )
! J - Q > - & ) & 5 <$
) Bovaird, Tony, & Elke Löffler, 2014:
$& 4 .(28 1980 E ' » '& ,
5« ,\ , - Q & 5 '- & ! Q s
' : & 4 T S ; ) <O ' A! -& - : B *1; - -&
F B ) & 5 ' 20 d - ) & Q & / W P ' O-4 , & ; Q . )
:0 -& -'T ' F JRG P @ Q & 5 '- & F-
) JRG =& '&
»
- +
«
( -
»
- :
« ' & '& :0
2 ?; - - & ! O - 1 B -& , ' - - & O'&)& k $
@ Q & ; 1;
` <1; '- )'- $
?B () ' >1 2
, '& $ ' ( $
]4- ,1$ )r!
- F- W $& - : -& ' % ) >1 ) & $- 2) $
P ,; b ' T …RG - x T ) • '& ' - ; 1;
& '& :0 & ) T- ) & G-& ( $&
) Danaei Fard, 2014: 96 - ( F JRG .(
, '&
1% . -'T '- 1% ' & / W ? '- -& & ) - Q - $ - 2 '& , G - -& ' ! \; $- 2) 4 - 1< -& ) T
fR T 4 ' ,; % 1O ! \; @ J &
1) ' ( $ . )
) Danaei Fard, 2014: 173 4 ; >C ) h W -& - '& , ` AG ˆ # (
1 - Suits 2 - Sharks 3 - Fat cats 4 - Public Servants
5 - New Public Management(NPM)
,
& &4() O G /B ' &4 -M ;
1% -& . & ) … * 4 ;
G /B - 2) > Q$- F - ' 4 ;
]R -& bW ' -& &4
, B&
1 4 P -& F - ' 1 W b+' \ , '&
`1 < , ' ' & / W $
$& B ' -& 5! . $& # 1970
$& A ' ' 1980
] <O #'- 5 T 4
O .,!
' T < ! 1 1 Œ; $- 2) -& < 4 \ ) -& ( $
G /B P W # E ,! O F- G F - ' 1 W `1i P ' 4 ;
) Shams, 1993:
,; 1; -& .& Q 4 X < (1 - 2) ; - -& .(42 ` # $ , '& ) $
- ~"J ' :$ ) x $ - Q ' F JR*G 4 `$&4 '&
! G & @& \ $
($ -&
0 - 4' P c& < ' 1 A \ 21 1) - $ B % & $
! \ 4 J -& . % & ; ... ' F B ' $M ) 4 B , 1W @ ) @ P $
, .& F' # E ' c $- 2) ? % - 2) ? % ) &
! $&
5
- ) *! 1 ,<1 1; ; ' 1< F 5 & a1 - ) i! 1 Œ; <1 1; ;
# E -& F 5 & ' @ Q1 f(J & `) J ' < ! F 5 & @ Q1 T @ Q1 )
Hughes,
2018: 299 , 4 F' (
, & F' .& - 2) 5! $&
1O $
d
$ -& -& - & / W 20 G /B ) & & - W P 4
\ 4 ;
G / B \W ' .& ) 1# & 4 ;
" P$/ #5 " B 9 @ P1
@ ; -& C ` B , '& f 0 4 a#
1979 q + ; 1 & < -&
G /B $& ' T # 4 ; 1980
G /B P' ' b $ . % ( $ 4 ;
G /B ' ,! 1 # ,1 ! P ' ,1 ! & C $ F <; 4 ;
,; % A Q ,k > 4' '&
…R*G.
» G /B 4 ; « \
: 4 ) T ' % % & - 1<
T - & 1 & O4 \ - T
$
,1 \! @ ) T -& ) ,< & G /B :0 , '& r \ 4 P ; - 2 1;' $
A G /B :0 '& :0
& % )
Ohashi & Roth, 1980
&' - 1< O & .(
,;-& .,;
G /B ) ,;
- 4 ; ) - s , '& , B& :$ )
- 1 -& :$ ) 1 x $ .( 1 -& :$ ) )& ) Q1) bW ' -& F - ' $
)- ( - C 4
Le Grand & Robinson, 1984: 6
G /B .(
1% - C - 4 ;
& ) )
13 : 984 1 Heald,
&
Steel
:(
1 < ,B & # ( ($ `1
F 1 r s 4 1 :1
.&4 & Π- ($ ) & ; 2
& & 1# ( - 5 1# 4 & ; :( - 5 1#)2
1 - Charging 2 - Contracting Out
, '& ?; 1 G /B 3
& ) &4 ( ,1 \! & :$ ) &4 ` J :1
) $- aŒ; ' F <; ]' ! h1 , '&
g ‰' 4 20 &
, '& O-4 1c 4
4 ;& 4T ( , &' % & \ :2
G /B :0 4 W $
'& :0 , W- )
Hughes, 2018: 246 (
1 ' . ) wJ Q ) ,; \ (2019
G /B - ! s & / W F 1 :$ ) :4 - Q \; @ J -& $- 2) -& 4 ;
$ 4
,1 \! & ) =]' ! T-& r s , '& v- 0 4 ; ) ' =, W- ' - 4 $' 1 $
& ! \; $- 2) -& & wJ Q C $ .& / W A) 4 , '& ` ; ' . $& :$ ) `$ - - B ' B & Ž ; '& :0 4 1 ,; 5 'R .&- &
w G /B g 0 G G /B $- / T -& ) ,; $- / < 4 ;
, 1W : (! - & B F- W ,; 5 ~ / ' - 5 F B 4 ; ) ' $
G /B f " :0 , W- h1c ) C . 4 ; 4 - O ) -& .,; 4 ;
‡ , W- - m
- W $ , 1W ' 1 - )
`$ ! - "O O .&4 ;
A O ) ~ / ,; B r * ) F <; % % & & ' , W- )
11\ @ / M , 1W
& & $ B ,;& 4 - & B - 4 )
Hughes,
2018: 150 .(
" $ &$ ) *+
+ J / -&
O A1 4 $ OT ' ,B % '&
&
f 3
r! - '& :0 ) wJ Q 4 5 .,; "#
4 ) ,; &4 ;
5J - B ; '-& -& ) T 4 1 x $ . % b * & B \ ; 1; h c O - & & ' )- ) ' M C O - & - & B [ B ; 1; : O P ) $ )
A5% ; 1; wJ Q 4 & B ; 1; ] b b W' g & G-& P ) $ ) & 1O
) ‡ ) # . <$
(1994 - i & - ) P $ 4 4 ,; F- Q O : O
F- Q O A1 ' z Q - - W P < O x T ! < 4 ,;
&- & B [ B ,! -& - $- O ' $- % & O A1 . 20 - W A1 T & > &( hQ; ~R) ! - & 5 '- 4 :$'l# -& . $&
:$'l#
R) ! -& .,; % & ; , 1) $ %'- & O A1 ~
]'- ; - ) -& ) ,;
! O - 5 $ ! ' F 11y ;- $
& %
)
Fairclough, 2002: 70 ,; \ ' .(
» P& O -&
- G B F- W ? '-
) - ) 4 5 ' ; 2 ,1 ;- - T 20 ,1 ' 2 P
$ OT $&
1 - Denationalization 2 - Liberalization
4 - Critical Discourse Analysis
% % &
« )
Fairclough, 1989: 1 (
A \ T ! A) - % O …R*G 4 ~R) ! .
& ; i -& / ; O ' 4 =,; T 4 20 ? ! ) )
A \ :4 - Q ) & 1O ,! '1
T ! .2
& B 'R A \
1< T ! ' 1 T ! A % - 2 1< T b ' ,;3
S ; . T
A1 ,; - W ' O 1 ) o( A) * - O A1 4 20 (14
.,;
»
`2C 4 Ol ' O A1 4
4 - G $ T ! $ #&- o ; >
j ; ; & 4 ' 1 ! O i -& 1< T ! -& $
& %
« ) Novzari &
et al. 2013: 159 (
- . 1 5 - G A \ ' T $& A152 G ' O
2 . $&
A5%
1 - O * - ; 1#
1# ? % ' .
- ) O Q ; S 1W -&
1 O A1 - J Q ; ~R) ! (
(1 `$ 4 &
: $&
1 g1G ( 2
' 1< ( 3
11Q ( )
Fairclough, 1992: 90 .(
5 F+ = 7
`1 < - s ) 2$'l# % P $ < &' -&
O A1 q +
1) Q 4 & O A1 & 5 '- 4 & ; & / W :0 -& '& , :$'l# 4 5 . 2 ,! &4 & Π' 1 :$'l# ,; ! P 1 4 -& ) $
- 5 $ ) , (2012
» R; fR $& ; -& , '& 4 ,1$ \ * € - '
-& T T- ) «
, '& 4 & ,1\+' ;- :$'l# P ]'- .,;
' ' & > ' & B t*; ' ~R) ! O A1 $& 5 '- $& ; -&
1 - Interaction 2 - Social Context 3 - Interpretation 4 - Text Analysis
2 :$'l# ˆ .,; ( &) O QB 4 ; i Q , '& 4 T- ) $&
4 ,1$
$& ; -& , '&
' ,; > &( ; )'- 4 (& ,1\+')
, '& 4 T- ) , ; ' & 1 G ! 4 1 C : ' B 4 (f * ,1\+')
, {& G ) 4 = ) 1# { ; >1 )'- ! 4 ,)- 2 4 ;
` 5 0; #
' % )
.,; - ]4- ' ~ % - , b!
» A1
51 ' 5 , 5J - " ; 1; -& WRB = O «
:$'l# & 4 ,; $
- 5 $ ' B 1;' ) )
A1 & 5 '- :$'l# -& .,; ! P (2013
5J ' W -& {RB q + & O ]R ' % B & # ,
:; # )
- # 4 -& C 51 ' 5 , 5J ;- {RB ) $& j; # & ' & %
Q C ;- :$'l# G :; # bW ' -& p&- & Q< C O 4 $
.,; 51 ' 5 , 5J # -& ;- {RB @ G ' {RB % \
- 5 $ ' & ?; & ! P :$'l#
) , (2017
» < ' \ *
4 & ; R; fR 4 a# - ,; - -'& - C -& , '& 0; #
& O A1 «
~R) ! & O A1 @ 4 & ; T .,; ! "# P
' 1 > - m q Q% 1O ]'- Q q ) & ) 1O
q ; %
O & B & / W & 5 @ QW -& 0; # , '& $ & 5 '- % \ * $ ,; F' ,1$ 4 -'& T -& `) J ,! ' ; 1; ,1\+'
'- q -& ' $ ' % & & B F W ˆ 4 , J -& - B 5 ,Q<
, '& & 5 ,Q<
:$'l# .,; B & # T & B & 5 < 121# $
) c QG ' ?; 4 J -& ! P &
, (2018
» O A1
& '& , ]-' # ' ]4 T :0 -
« ! P & O A1 4 & ;
,1 ) J -'& ; -& '& , O F / 0 1% ) :$'l# -& T .,;
s O& T ' Q s …RG - (O- ) 24
4 @ ; 1368 @ ; # 1391
& ) ;- -
5 &( ' -'& (1 ' . $& - W A1 &- - '& , $ ` & - # T
`c- ) $& 2 :$'l# ˆ ' & ~R) ! & O A1 :$'l# ]'- Q & - ) , $ ` & - # $ 1y ' `1$ 4 '& & 4 @ \ ;
-& ' % & $ ‰ ' - G r s 4 ,1 % & @ 4 $ 4 4 & ; A
O&4- \% P& A \ -& //0 - 1\ 4 @ \ ; ' >1 )'- W 1) t*; ) ;- &- \ -& '& , O F / 0 4 1 # \ @ % '
(]-' # ' ]4 T :0 4 J -& ! P $ :$'l# & 4 . %
) ( - :$'l#
, (2020
» :0 -& $ , '& 0; # O ;-
& O A1 4 & ; - & P i «
;- -& :$'l# -& .& ) - %
`$& $ , '& A1 $ , '& 0; # O \ 4 - & P i , - `$&4 '
' & ~R) ! ' > & ' A1 @ 4 & ; :$'l# ]'- .,; % B & # 1) b+ \ > E € $' 1 ' ' $ ! ,1\+' ; 1; k! & )
(O Rs \ . ) .02 - , '& '& : ) ' C '
- ;'- 0;
) ,; - 2 M 1X) $ 4'- -& % 2 - & P i - -& g 0 -'& '& -&
5
$ @ ; s 1388
- 1396
% f 0 ! $ 1O ]'- Q '
($ :$ ) \; $ =`$& , '& O ) & & 2 :$'l# ˆ .,;
$
h; 4 ; < =`$&4 , '& O ' 4-' 2) \; ' 1 m< - ( B - &
.,; @ ' O W ,1! % 0; #
! 9 =I
:$'l# 4 -& + J :$'l#
-& .,; & O A1 @ Q & ' & 1) $
O A1 :$'l#
*; ; @ 4 & / W :0 -& '& ,
,; % & ; ~R) ! 11Q ' 1< g1G Aghagolzadeh, 2013: 59).
i 4 .(
@ ; & r s 4 ' $ ,B ; ' - ;& OE ' *1J ; -& g1G t*; -& ~R) !
' \ @ % \ `$ $ ]4- 1#
P 0 '- $ A1
& "#
)
Fairclough, 2000: 169
M 1< .(
$ <1C 11Q . 11Q ' g1G 1 ,;
q -& 11y ' …RG C ' ~ / ' 1 $ C $ C ' O A ' C ' \ & -& 5 h1W- $
' & : & o - &
... $ OT
&4 & # ) Aghagolzadeh, 2013: 60 4 .(
-& % f 0 '-
F- Q x $ + i 4 + J :$'l#
\ & k ; O& s ! $
* - ,1 ' \ @ % 4 ; @ &- 1 ,1 ' '
. ! O - W A1
0 ) ]'- 4 & ; :$'l# ' i 121# z F Rs b
-'T
# ' //0 FR h ) A % %
! P4M F Rs ' FM $
:; # j; # F < ' F Rs 4 & ; 1% 1 ]'- > ) :$'l# $
b
` T 4 ' F Rs ($ `) ; ;& *; ' 4 = % -'T 4- 5
-'& s ;- &- q + '- %"O F \ * -& ) i $
,1 $ (€ J - 1<
4 1 &- F Rs 1 ) ; ;& P ) ,; )„ % .,; % f 0 1% &
:$'l#
, '& 4 4
! 4 , &' `$&4 '& ` # $
b 4 & & -'T b - ( .&
& & -'T QJ / v 0 ; :$'l# -& $
$
0;
.,; 4'- 4 - 2) & / W P i A€ < * - -& - ;'- $
4 5 4 .,; :$'l# ]'- # ' '- ;- :$'l# -& G $
'-
& 1) ' 1< ) C $ & % 1 5 [ /B -& ,; P4M Ol '
&- & & / $ )
Salehizadeh, 2011: 124
# ' '- [ /B -& .(
O A1 , O :$'l#
& & ' & 1< < > - $ &
-& ) $
b A1 @ s Q :$'l# -& ) ,; ` .` - 52 % -'T
! ' # ' '- ]'- w < ' T $
.&- & & ' A1 -& ) ,; * $
* F- W ,1 1) O A1 - Q h; ]'- Q .,; < ' 1 ' r
]'- F' ' - B ; wJ Q -& A) o( 4 O& <O ' O $
,; O A1 $ ) >Q; > 4 A) -& $ ,;
) Aghagolzadeh, 2006: 39
& & ,1 1) 4- 11\ 5 + .(
A1 -& % \; $
& &
& & A1 ' 1 2$'l# > F i 4 ' & % q + < $ € - ' $
0; ' ‡- ' & ; - :$'l# F Rs \ . % & ; (1 ' ˆ ;'- $
-'& -& R; - A152 `$&4 '& ` # $
. $&
:$'l# -
4'- 1%-T ' F <
A1 & .,; - ;'- O z -'& $ $
-'& :$'l# 4 b*
]'- -& .,; - ,; - `$&4 '& ` # $ Q $
& ; \ * ' f 0 & \ C ) & ) .02 AQW 4
# & % i
1 !)& % ; % A ) - s 1) :$'l# -&
1380 4 .(
q Q% * 1;- '-
b B & # F Rs -'T |- 4 > - m q Q% .& %
) & & & ) $&
< P ' & 2 &- ' :$'l# ) > ) Qs > F 1G /B g \ i $
{
% & ! )
Aghagolzadeh, 2006: 53 ,; & A1 & I ! G -'& - C f 0 .(
4 ; - & 1 -& ' - 2) & / W - & [ /B -& h c O ) ?Q '& $
) `2% ' ` # , '& ) T 4 .& % .02 & / W P i :0 1376
- 1368 (
) ` 2$ ' ` $ , '& - (O- ) f(J 1384
- 1376 , '& F JRG f(J (
) `$& ' ` 1392
- 1384 ) `$&4 '& ' `$&4 , '& ' O& T f(J ( 1400
- 1392 (
$ h c O ; % Q ,; ( 1 ' 1 ) \; ' @ f(J
# -& .,; -'&
1 4 :$'l 60
& \ QJ / 25
0; 4 ;'- $
ˆ # ' ,<1 :$'l# ) C ,; ! O - W A1 ' ( &- , '& - C -& - 0; 4 f 0 . 1;- q Q% * 0;
r s 4 $ ! $ 1O
.,; & ( J 1c)
\ QJ / f 0 - 1 , $
$&
:$'l#
- i - ! $ f 0
s : & h<) :$'l# $ J ' R
,; F q .
4 & @ Q & 1O
,<1 ˆ `1 \ ' "# 11y ' , d 1 W 1 4 -& # $ ,B % -& \; 5
&- & [ B )
Ranjbar & et al., 2012: 238 (
.,<1 X < T 4 (1 :$'l# )
$4 ,
-& '& , O A1 ' ;- Q + J \ * & 5 '-
:; # j; # 1) Q 4 & / W :0 , q ' ,1$ 1 4 -& :$'l# $
- O t*; -& '&
, '& -& - ;' T 1 F' ' `$&4 '& ` # $
;& q + ,;
O , '& -& ? < ' h c $ t*; ; -& - ( $
.& % < ' ;- ~R) ! 11Q ' 1< g1G
[ a^ 0 [ !^
, '& -& - ;'- '& , O F / 0
# $ p,; P ) `$&4 '& `
F- Q ,; P4M - ( :; # j; # & k \ @ % ; O& s ! $
* - ,1 ' 4 ; @ \
- W ;- &- @' h W -& - 1 ,1 ' '
.`1$&
6 D,
# !] ;` !"
F- Q O& s ! $
\ `$ I Q F ) 4 & 4 - % @ \ & - ) ;
1 - FR ' F - Q -&
Q 1% $& 2 # . ) ,; ,1\W ' 4
2 ,; 5 ) 4- Q w G q + ) % O
,; > E €
) Fairclough, 2000: 176 @' .(
1 + q - O -& % … * - F Q * ' F
O z ! A5% ) - - ;'- 4 ' ,; ! O - W 1) &-
@ ; s -& h1 $
1400 - 1368 2 . $&
@' 1 - F- Q -'& >15 ; O& s ! $
;- &- $
;- &- -'&
- Q
F
; O& / s ! $
1368-1376
% $ WT , '&) ( <!- ; ;& -& A1 < (1 T , < >1 Π& F Q; \; ' &4 :
-' ! W 5Q% M \! A \ 4 O ' , 4 J -& l $ & /
& / W A \ ' ,1QX ,; 1; & / W & ) W- - # \; ' %-
- ; & / W $
F - & G ˆ ' & / W & ) W- & / W 4 ;& 4T , '& ` J :$ ) B >
"# h1;T - 2W 4 , J ,; 1; & / W 4 ;& 4T -' ! ' ; f" 4- & ) h1;T 4 &4 1 `15 \ -& - & / W \; $ ' )& B $
:$ ) ' 1c F - & G r 2 4-' 2) ' ,\ G 4 , J r s 4 & / W @R ; , < ' ,1! ‰ 4 - &
; -& - B $
>< ' - B - "O
,; 1;
/ W 4 $-& $ . &
1376-1384
( B WT , '&)
l \ G F 1 15 / > & / W 4 v' B ' & / W 4 ; q
; r s 4 1%' # ' 4 O b G ] <O W- F &- ' :$ ) - B - "O
-& - "O ; ' , < ' :$ ) & / W %- : (! & / W & ) -
- B ? '- & Q ' ; 1; k! `1 1< 4 & / W ? % …RG 4 - , '& & ) >C ) > , '& T-& - B ; …RG 1 ` <1; 4
~ $ \ -& - 4- & ) B - "O
: (! ' & / W h; $
> -& 4- B„ ` J . ()
1384-1392
WT , '&)
(& l J 1) W , 1) R; & / W Q & / W $ &-'T ' & /
; ; ,
… s P& $ A5% & / W @ $
1O &'4 $
A5% &4 - 4 ; ! $ … s 5< 1O B $
-& , '& FR
,; 1;
' - 2) -& T r -( ' @ - T A Q ' 4- A1/ # $ ,1
&4
. \ T r -( 5! ' $ T-& : (! '
1392-1400
( J'- WT , '&)
! & ) `) $- B B F- W : (! r s 4 P& & / W b+' % G
T-&
>$&
> ) T M& b 4 ' F' d 1 1€ # ' M $ ' `1 < $
- 1 b 4 T-& `) $ 2W `1 < 1c ' @ ) $
: (! P-
< & Q W P- - -& , F &- ' :$ ) & / W %- ?1
$ 4 ; - ) ' h<)
; f" - ;& & / W 4 (1$ # & / W - "O
/ - B
G /B & / W M \! 1;' & / W - O >C ) ' 4 ;
W- 4-' 2) ' ,\ G :0 -& 1 r '- , < ' :$ ) , '& & )
C- 4 & ) @ \! & / W & ) - 51 A52 AJ 4 $
P r s 4 '
$ J
& @ # r -( \ s <Q F W P P 1 \ G -
,) J r '
- ! $ '- 4- & ) B > , ; ; 4 (1$ # $
> 4 Ž
) & / W r '- … s () 4- ,2O4 ' \ -& - F
] .@ -
2 P- C ' P'& @' -'& ; <
F + ) $&
» > , '& & ) >C )
; f" , < ' :$ ) \ -& - 4- & ) B - "O
& / W %- : (! ' & / W & ) W- F &- ' :$ ) - B «
-& ) <$ &-
- ( -'& ; $ -'& ; $ - ;'- ' ,; & & / W :0 -& , '& m<
B & # O T 1#
O ,; F' , '& O q P ; -'& -& ' .
h1;T - 2W ' % & 5 E € S ; ' # ) 4 ,; & & - W ~ $ - "#
E ' 1O- 5
! $ x $ s
» - 4 ; ! $ @ # &-'T \ @ # r -( $
P& $ ; ; «
2 -'& -& , '& O & F- Q .& ) - % ) $&
& -'& & / W , ' r -( 4 ; ! $ `1$ ' F + 4 AQW $ , '&
4 .
F + 4 B & ; F- G -& ' 2 P- C ' P'& @' $ -'& -&
4 . % .W % 1G ) & ) - % &-
> $
! \ % & h W -& 4 \; @ J -& $- 2) -&
@ ) @ P $
, 1W - ~"J $ € - $
0 - 4' & \ :$ ) ' 4 ; G /B @& \ &
$
,;
) Shams, 1993: 47 { ! F + [ /B -& .(
A \ … s h;
G / B ' & / W
G /B 4 ;
4 ; A1 & \ & ! T-&
B & 1 & Q ) =`2% ' ` # , '& -& & / W \;
\ & ! T-&
-& & / W -& \ G 1 ' -' ! & ) & -& ; 1; \; A1 &
P =` 2$ ' ` $ , '& -& @& \ & € - -& , & < ' b*W
& P'& @ ; - C -& l - 2) & / W @ ) -&
A1 & \ & ! T-&
$ \;
F B ' $M ) 4 B -& P- 21 ,Qd $ ! ' ; 1; & / W Q
-& 51 .& ) - % `$&4 '& ' `$&4 , '& -& 4- % F ; ' & / W F Qd P ' , '& 4 F' ,1\+' `$& ' ` , '& [ /B
& $ .,; P- C ' P'& @' -'
\; ! O i -& ' $ ! \; &-'T '- 1$ , #&- ) M $ T-& & ' `c 1 - 2) & / W @ ) -& P ; 1; ' & / W
A5% j - @ s -&
R; - 1O
2 - A€ <
A1 & & / W
<$ & Q21#
2# ' S 5; V C \ -& M & / W $& <! q' %
;'- ?; F ) ' F - Q 4 B g k - 5 ' 1) bW ' -& .,; iJR A W -'& -& - ,Q< F + 4 B , ' ' ,1 $ O O- C $ F +
&
. %
; E 0 $ ) \ * -& ) > \ T -& ) ,; &- \ @ % &
&- &
) Fairclough, 2000: 177 -'& ;- \ @ % i 4 .(
4 2 O- C $
-'& $ -& C $ ) &- & T - 4 $
'& , $&-'T - ;'- 0; -&
` 5 ,!
- &- B \ @ % 4 &- X) -& O i 4 5
# ) C <1 ' '-& P < ' 5 ' 4 + F J' 4 T O $
W O&4- \% J -& s B 1 $ ' & Q ' 1 -'& -& @ X .,;
$
- @' ~ J & / W & ) W- q + P- C ' P'& @' q + P ; -'& -& ' 4
,1 ' @ \ ; - a1€- 4 -& F ) &4 & Q 1 C A -& ' & %
T 4 PR) ' † t*; -& , '& - C $ O 2 ) ' ,;
&
' 4 .
,1 ' ' & / W & ) Q W- q + [ /B -& ) , O O &4
b+' 4 $
. - & G ! f * ' h;
; E g & ) ) > \ & F- Q .,; \ - O4 ; $ \ & k
,; - O4 ; )
Fairclough, 2000: 178
\ & k 21 -'& - C $ i 4 .(
: F + `2% ' ` # , '& -& @ X .,;
: & k -& &4 4
, <
, < & k -& & (1 T A \ P & k -& A \ & Q (1 T
` $ , '& -& = ... ' & k -& $ T-& < ' :$ ) F + ` 2$ '
,; 1; >< $ T-& < ' : (!
& k -& & / W 4 $-& $
`$& ' ` , '& -& = ... ' 1C ' 1;'- & / W ` <1; - 2) & / W &-'T '-
… s F +
& k -& & / W @ $
… s \W ' P
@ $
; ; , &-'T & / W
; & ) >C ) & k -& P& $ -& P& $
,; 1; -& , '& FRB F -& , '& FRB P & k -& # $
,; 1;
' % F + `$&4 '& ' `$&4 , '& -& = ... ' 5 ' # $ b+
$ T-& G ! % `) P& & / W ,1\+' 1;- ,)R! & k -& P& & / W
>$&
\ ! Qs b ?; ' g1\+ Qs !- 1 4 & k -& 1 # ' M $ A52 AJ P'& @ ; - C -& l & <O t*; -& P- % $- & k -& P- @ )
- 51 .,; … * ... ' Ay% - & & ! % - 51 ' 01<O P - 51 & k -&
0 bR - .02 - 2 ) ' ,1QQ; - Q 1 C ' ,; % ~"J 2 ) @ FR -&
% & P & # -& W 1 C 4 ,1 ' ~ $ ,; 5 h1 .&- "O 2 ) ' ,1QQ;
% ) Fairclough, 2000: 191
@ i 4 .(
- C $ -& I Q 4 ;
& - ;'- ,1 ' - O -& P 4 <5 , '&
-& ) \ .& %
, '&
@ t*; 4 ) @' @ ; - C -& l ' $ ) ' - &- B 4 ;
P& & P ,\ G - 0;
& 2O 0; h 21 ,1! % ' 51
,%"O 3 4
@ (1 -'& $ 4 @' @ ; & ( '- @ ' - O -& 4 ;
h1 .,;
2 ,1! % P ' % & P $ -& , O ]R 4
;'- ,1 % & 0 4 ' & P& 1Qs 0 % r \ ' -
Ol ' - y ) ,; & - ;'- $ ) .,; '& , $&-'T
…RG )P'& -'& ' ( - (O- ))@' -'& -& 4 ; @ t*;
-'& -& 21 ' ( Q s
( 1 ' 1 )P- C -'& ' ( O& T)P ; t*; & F- Q .,; $ 2 A W
@ .,; 4- A W 21 I Q P- C ' P ; -'& ' ) I Q P'& ' @' -'& 4 ;
@ t*; ) -& & @ X ' , '& / ` J :$ ) 1kW 4 ;
@ t*; 21 -& ' , '& & ) >C ) 1) 1kW 4 ;
&-'T ' & / W ,
; ; , B F- W : (! r s 4 P& & / W b+' % ' P& $
4 ' - ;'- -'& - C $ -& ) - s .,; $- B '- $
-
& 5 € - ' % - & ; A W ' ~ % j; # u1$ *; C R) 4 '
Ol ' '& , …'- ) ,; - ;'- P -& ; )'- $
.&- & F y P -& ; )'- ,1 ) J -'& - C $ -& ) & ) 1
$ 2 ' % 4 4 & ; -&
,1\+' & 4 G ! ' & % h;
.&- & f * ' 2&bA -& 1) 2 4 5 - W m< ) - G -& .&- & - )' ; O - W ,1 '
* - ,1 ' 4 % … * & * - 0; ( 1 - W )
`1€ O ) Fairclough,
2000: 193
* - ,1 ' @' -'& -& .(
& -'& -& M
* - ,1 ' P' -& ?;
* - ,1 ' P ; -'&
* - ,1 ' P- C -'& -& ' M - s .,; & ?;
:& iJR A W 4 F- G 1 - W ( O 4 ;)@' -'& -&
» - 2)
; ! 5% ' %- J
« » - 2) & / W & & ; ' ; J ;
$
& 1O - W , '&
« » ,1! ‰
% & / W ‘-( FM ; - -& - 2) 4 ;
«
»
`i
& "# F- G - 2) & / W $&
« »
; &
' B & F <1; - "O
O' 1 ’ J J ; $ ; ' $
0 - 4' 4 $
$
% //0
«
»
; -T 4 q !& !& b G -& - "O
& "# P fR $
« » ; %- )
% @ \! & / W FR52 AJ -&
« » 4 F ' - 51 4 ,\
$
% , '& G .«
… * F- G 1 - W ( O& T)P ; -'& -&
:&
» O 1;-
4 & ! -'& ' P' rs
% G $
« » ,B ; ~ / ,
& "# P
« »
& "# P ;'- ' $ % -'& J 4 O 5Q% b1;' \;
«
» ,1 ' 4 &4
% ; G $
« » -& , % W
- 4 ; ! $ -& $
& % ) - 2) R) $ .«
h1
-'& 4 > u1$ ) & ) 1 ' a) - W @ q 4 & ; z Q - -& O- C $
T , ; Q ) - ) Q$- /0% „ Q ; $
( W Q ' >1 (
F- W 4 ' )
Rangriz, 2019: 57 t*; 4 @' -'& 1 -& . - - W t*; > -& (
t*; 4 P'& -'& -& t*; M -& F- W 4 4 & ; ' >1 ( - ) O- W
& ?; t*; -& F- W 4 4 & ; ' W Q O- W t*; 4 P ; -'& -
, ; O- W 4 P- C -'& -& ' t*; M -& F- W 4 4 & ; ' ; $
.,; - &- B ?; t*;-& F- W 4 4 & ; ' W Q O- W t*;
S ; G ! ‡ -'& - C $ ) , O
) -& `$ ,Q<
: s Q - $
& - W ' F- W O 4 & B , -& - & B , '& - ; & ; 4 '
$&
- W 4 . ! O - 5 $ 4
; & 2&bA ,1 ' % … * ,1\W ' 4 { G @ J * - -& O - W m< O
)' ; 1 q + > { G 4 O 4- ,1 ' \ .` - & -
) Fairclough, 2000:
- s . 1 - W ,; … * + - W 1 ,1 ' -& & F- Q .(193
@' , '& -& 4 F - Q :& ) - % ( O 4 ;)
» G /B \; 4 ;
; r 2 ' F - & G ,; 1; -& - G - B - "O
% , '& & / W $ .«
P'& , '& -&
…RG ) ( Q s :& - % 4 F- Q
» 1 P i …RG
,; 1; J ;
% , '& & / W $ .«
P ; , '& -&
4 F- Q 4 ( O& T)
: %
» ) , P ; b 4 -& g1\+ F Qs & ) `1 ; ' b 4 4 - )'4 ;
B- ) P ;
; QJ G T A Q ' .02 $
& % & &' C $ $ .«
( 1 ' 1 )P- C , '& -&
:& 4 F- Q
» - ,B & # * - -&
$
& ~ / & ! ) & % \;
% r 2 Q s' .«
* - )
» « F - Q -&
&- B hs 0 O- W ' ,1 J Q 4 ' ,; - &- B 1 ]4- 4 . )
-'& -& M J -& + - W 1 ,1 ' @' -'& -& ) &- & T 4 2 F \ * J -& P ; -'& -& ?; J -& P'&
& ?; J -& P- C -'& -& ' M .& %
[ a^ 3 [ !^
O 4 v 0 ; A W `1$
, '& < h W -& $ `$&4 '& ` # $
) A1 p,<1C @' … % - `1$
2 - O ' 0; -&
-'& 4 > $ -& - ;'- .& ) $ 2 O- C $
@' 2 - O 4 v 0 ; A W `1$
$
;- &- -'&
`1$
1368-1376
WT , '&)
( <!- % $
A1 < & / W \; , Ž- \ ' : , - # \; A \ O
G /B 4 ;& 4T h1;T 4 ;
B ; &4 ,1! ‰ - '& @ ) &4 () 4 ; ,
~ % ,
,1 m< 4 ; ' ,1 ' 2 0; # "#
& Q$ - ( -
1376-1384
WT , '&)
( B
F -
: ,; 1; ; 1; \; , - # I Q< %- &4
&4
t G 4 ;&
Q C O
O
; 1; ,)- 2 ,
,1 \! ] <O 4 ; $
,1 Q & P& $
,1 ' 2 O
O
. 5J ; ) & ' 4 ; ; ) & ,1! % <1; ,
1384-1392
WT , '&) J (& l
@ G ,)- 2 1$ ,
, O
\; , -
$ !
,1 \! :$ ) 4 ; $
z F - ' 1 W -& 4 & P& $ `15
E € () O- B ; & B ) P 0 ; -& O
F
' O
`1 / 1O r B $ . T ' <
1392-1400
WT , '&)
( J'-
1 W { J ' % { J
F- G $ ! ' ; 1; & / W \; ,
Q - k W ,
A \ $ , R; 1 \
E €
< % Q W ' Ž- \ ' : , , P 0 ; -& -M ;
. O-
@' 2 2 4 $&
`1$
\; , O 4 ; , '& -&
…RG , '& -& =Ž- \ ' : , ' & / W
, ' ; 1; \; , Q s
, '& -& ' 1$ , ' $ ! \; , O& T , '& -& = ; 1; ,)- 2 .& ) - % , ' k W , \; ' ,
a^ 3 [ !^
[
.B % -'& -& - ;'- 1) &- O $ 1y ' $ - ;- &- $
4- C -'& -& '& , 4 O ,1\+' < - i p 1 )
$
.B % ,; P4M ;- &- 5J q O q h W -& O $ 1y ' $
4 q &- , q ' & / W ‚ $ ! q \; 1< b! - B ; q
` ) & % /J 1) @' -& T
3 .,; $ 2 A W
@' 3 - O $ 1y ' $ .B %
-'&
q
O 5J q
q 4 q - B ;
b!
1<
\;
‚ $ ! q
/ W
&
q ,
@' , O
* ‡
$
>1 )'- G B \;
& / W ~ /
O
P'&
W O Q < ;
$
>1 )'- G B \;
; 1;
~ /
O <1;
P ;
@ G O - ;&
F- W
>1 )'- \;
$ ! , W
&
1$
- C P
O ' %
5Q%
$
>1 ) $&
G B \;
1 ~ /
O k W
@' ) $
3 2 - B ; 5J 4 5J q O q $&
' 5J & / W ‚ $ ! q 5J >< \; 1< 5J b! 5J
5J , q
.02 - & B O C ' G C <) C )
:1# \ -& - 2 ' $& 4 > -
Ol ' ) $ '& , $
.&& O .02 ,; rQ*
F $
& & A1 4 a#
j; # -& ~R) ! A1 @ S ; T ,; $ @' :; #
F- Q h W-& P- C ' P'& @' -'& ; < :$'l#
2 ; O& s ! $
F + ) & &
» :$ ) \ -& - 4- & ) B > , '& & ) >C )
: (! ' & / W & ) W- F &- ' :$ ) - B - "O ; f" , < ' %-
& / W « O z ! A5%
P ; -'& -& 51 ,; ! O - W 1) &-
h1;T - 2W 5 E € O A1 E ' ' & & - W ~ $ - "#
`$ s ! $ C
» - 4 ; ! $
; ; @ # &-'T ' \ @ # r -( $ P& $
« % 1
.,;
-'& ;- \ @ % [ /B -&
$ -& C $ ) & & 2 O- C $
-'&
- 4 $ - ;'- 0; -& '& , $&-'T 5 ,!
i 4 1 C `$ . <1 - &- B \ @ % 4 &- X) -& O i 4 5 ` & k
@ i 4 . & \ & k 21 -'& - C $ \ I Q 4 ;
& - ;'- ,1 ' - O -& P 4 <5 -'& - C $ -&
& %
, '& )
@ t*; 4 $ 51 ,; & ( '- -'& -& ' ) 4 ;
)
@ t*;
@ t*; 21 P'& ' @' -'& -& - 4 ; -'& -& - 4 ;
* - ,1 ' [ /B -& .& ) < P- C ' P ; ,1 ' @' -'& -& ) a
* - .,; & ?; P- C -'& -& ' M P ; -'& ?; P'& -'& -& M
' [ /B -& BM ,1 ' @' -'& -& ) % AG J 1 + - W 1 ,1
J -& P- C -'& -& ' M P ; -'& -& ?; J -& P'& -'& -& M J -& 1 & ?;
4 :$'l# P'& :; # j; # -& .& % A W `1$
O 4 v 0 ; ;'- $
- ' : , & / W \; ,
,)- 2 , ; 1; \; , = O 4 ; , '& -& , ' Ž- \
…RG , '& -& <1; , ' ; 1;
1$ , ' $ ! \; , = Q s
, ' , 1 , = O& T , '& -&
' , , '& -& € k W
-'& -& - ;'- O q C $ :$'l# P ; :; # j; # -& .& ) - % \;
, @' W P'& -'& -& O
@ G P ; -'& -& O P- C -'& -& ' O
.B % q 51 ,% & F' `$ ' & O ' % O $ 1y ' $
-'& -&
$
1 .&- & & ' - & \ F' P ; -'& -& 51 & <5 I Q P- C ' P'& @' , '& -& :$'l#
- 5 $ ' 1 F \ * % & $ )
- 5 $ ' & (2012
) - 5 $ ' (2017 )
( - ' (2017 )
2020 .&- & 0 $ (
@ +
$9 9
& 21#
W O 4 & '& ) & % 5Q% 5J @ G Q O
>1 ) $& - B ; ' F- W 4 $ 4 Q < ; 5J
`1 / -& b! >1 )'- - B ; 1O
?B ' $ 2 - "O $
& ) ~ / ,;-& ; > \; 1 \; G B b!
~ /
, W ' O
, & ) , € k W ' & ) 5! <1; ' O
< % E € & '& 5 ,; 2 ' & ; 1$
P -M ;
\ ' -'
. $& - W - 2) , J ; - & A ' & ) 5!
`$&4 '& ` # , '& ;'- O ;-& ' , G @ Q & 2$'l# :$'l# -&
& Q
& & G-& 5 ,;
O 4 ,B % ) 5 ) C - )" ;'- $
T ,1 ! , -& '& :0 .& ) $ B & / W :0 -&
References:
1 - Aghagolzadeh, Ferdous (2006). Critical Discourse Analysis: Development of Discourse Analysis in Linguistics, Tehran: Scientific & Cultural Publications [in Persian].
2 - Aghagolzadeh, Ferdous (2013). Descriptive culture of discourse analysis & pragmatics, Tehran:
Scientific & Cultural Publications [in Persian].
3 - Alvani, Syed Mehdi, Sabbaghi, Mehrdad (2018). Discourse analysis of Iran's public management in the education sector, Journal of Government Organizations Management, Volume 6, Number 3, 99-114 [in Persian].
4 - Auwalin, I. (2019). Privatization in Developing Countries: A Promising Development Strategy? Knowledge Social Sciences, 3(13): 1266-1269.
5 - Bovaird, Tony, & Elke Löffler, eds. Public management & governance. (2014). Translated by: Alireza Shirvani, Seyed Mehdi Alwani, Alireza Zaker Esfahani, Tehran: Negin-e Iran Press [in Persian].
6 - Danaeefard, H. et al. (2011). “A Strategic Management in the Public Sector: Reflections on its Applicability to Iranian Public Organization”, Public Organizational Review, 11(4): 385-406.
7 - Danaei Fard, Hassan (2014). Challenges of public Management in Iran, 8th edition, Tehran: SAMT Press [in Persian].
8 - Fairclough, N (2002).Critical Discourse Analysis & the Marketization ofPublic Discourse, in Toolan, M(ed.) Critical Discourse Analysis, Vol.2, London: Routledge.
9 - Fairclough, N. (1989). Language & power, London: Longman.
10- Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse & social change, Language in Society, Cambridge: Polity, 22(3), 421-464.
11 - Fairclough, Norman (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Translated by: Fatemeh Shayeste Piran, Tehran: Center for Media Studies & Research Publications [in Persian].
12 - Faqihi, Abulhasan (2001). Accountability systems in the state sector: a comparative perspective.
Quarterly of Management Studies, Volume 8, Number 29-30, pp. 53-70 [in Persian].
13 - Hughes. O. E. (2018). Public Management & Administration, 5th ed., London: Palgrave.
14 - Hughes. Owen E. (1998). Modern public management. Translated by: Seyed Mehdi Alwani, Sohrab Khalili Shurini & Gholamreza Memarzadeh. Tehran: Morvarid Press [in Persian].
15 - Khaleghi, Amir Hossein, Pourezat, Ali Asghar, Rahbar, Farhad, Ghazi Nouri, Seydspahr (2013).
Discourse analysis of ethical issues in Iran's e-government policymaking, Public Management Quarterly, Volume 5, Number 4, 79-100 [in Persian].
16- Le Grand, J. & Robinson, R. (1984). Privatization & the Welfare State, London: George Allen & Unwin.
17 - Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad, Ziaei, Mohammad Sadeq, Ameli, Saeed Reza, Nargesian, Abbas (2012). Studying the nature of government language in three decades of the Islamic revolution & presenting efficient model in Iran, Public Management Quarterly, Volume 4, Number 4, pp. 113-128 [in Persian].
18 - Moradi, Mohammad, Nargesian, Abbas, Tavassoli, Haniyeh (2016). Studying & comparing the financial accountability of the government in four presidential terms after the Islamic revolution using critical discourse analysis, Public Management Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 2, pp. 212-193 [in Persian].
19 - Novzari, Hamzeh, Jamshidiha, Gholamreza, Gholamipour, Ismail, Irani, Yousef (2013). The usefulness of Fairclough's critical discourse in the analysis of concrete texts: looking at texts produced by media with emphasis on the recent economic & social crisis in Europe & America, Quarterly Journal of Social Research Studies in Iran, volume 2, number 1, pp. 153-176 [in Persian].
20 - Ohashi, T. M. & Roth, T. (1980). Privatization: Theory & Practice, Vancouver: Fraser Institute.
21 - Pennycook, A. (1994). Incommensurable discourses?Applied linguistics, 15(2), 115-138.
22 - Rangriz, Hassan (2020). Investigation of the government accountability discourse in Iran's administrative system using critical discourse analysis, Public Policy Quarterly, Volume 6, Number 1, 203- 222 [in Persian].
23 - Rangriz, Hassan (2020). Theory of organization, first edition, Tehran: Mehraban Publishing House [in Persian].
24 - Salehizadeh, Abd al-Hadi (2011). An introduction to Michel Foucault's discourse analysis; Qualitative research methods, Journal of Cultural & Social Knowledge, Vol. 2, number 3, pp. 131-141 [in Persian].
25 - Sarmad, Zohreh; Bazargan, Abbas; Hijazi, Elaha (2006). Research methods in behavioral sciences, 11th edition, Tehran: Aghah Publications [in Persian].
26 - Shams, Abd al-Hamid (1993). The Effects of Privatization & Deregulation, Management Knowledge Quarterly, No. 22, Fall, pp. 42-49 [in Persian].
27 - Steel, D. & Heald, D. (1984). ‘The New Agenda’, in David Steel & David Heald (eds), Privatization public Enterprises, London: Royal Institute of Public Administration.
