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1
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officer
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ibid 969
.(
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=%+ %"_
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# .
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pu 2002
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5
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1-Franks, M, R. 2007,Your rights if arrested in England www.franks.org/pptr in England.
2-Feldman David. 2009, Civil liberties and human rights in England and Wales, oxford university press.
3-Garner’s.brayan, A., 2009, Black’s law dictionary eighth edition, Thomson west.
4-Holtman, J., 2002, Criminal litigation, London: 2002.
5-Herschel, David, Wakefield William, sasse Scott. 2008. Criminal justice in England and United States, Jones and Berlet publishers.
6-Murphy, Peter. 2002, Blackstone’s criminal practice, oxford university press.
7-Sanders, Andrew 8 Richard young. 2000,Criminal justice third Edition, Oxford University press.
8-Shepherd, Evic. 1998, police station skills for legal advisers, London,oxford university press.