PDF Entomological Society of Iran Research Article pISSN eISSN

(1)

Journal of Entomological Society of Iran

https://jesi.areeo.ac.ir

Entomological Society of Iran Research Article pISSN: 0259-9996

2023,43 (1), 11-21 https://doi.org.10.52547/jesi.43.1.2 eISSN: 2783-3968

This Work is Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International Public License.

هﺮﺸﺣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز تاﺮﺛا ﺶﮐ

يد و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ يور سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ

) Hemiptera: Aphididae (

Aphis gossypii

ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد

يا

ﯽﺒﺟر ﻪﯿﻧﺎﻫ ، 1

ﺳ

ّﯿ ﻠﻋﺪ ﯽ ﻮﻔﺻ ي و 1

ﻢﯾﺮﻣ نازوﺮﻓ 2

1 - هوﺮﮔ ﮔ ﯿ ﮑﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎ ﯽ

، هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد زروﺎﺸﮐ ي

، هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻣورا ﯿ

،ﻪ ﻣورا ﯿ

،ﻪ اﯾ

 [email protected] ناﺮ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2524-8208  [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-6138

2 - ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻘ و شزﻮﻣآ زروﺎﺸﮐ ي و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ نﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﺑرذآ ﯾ نﺎﺠ ﺑﺮﻏ ﯽ

، نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻘ شزﻮﻣآ و وﺮﺗ ﯾﺞ زروﺎﺸﮐ ي

، ﻣورا ﯿ

،ﻪ ناﺮﯾا

 [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-3329

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ )

Hemiptera: Aphididae

(

Aphis gossypii Glover

ﮏﯾ ﺖﻓآ راﻮﺧﺪﻨﭼ )

polyphagous

( ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا رد يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﻢﻬﻣ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻊﯿﺳو ﻒﯿﻃ زا

و عراﺰﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺐﯿﺳ ،وﺪﮐ ،ﻪﺒﻨﭘ ،رﺎﯿﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﯽﺘﻨﯾز نﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ و ﯽﻨﯿﻣز

ﯽﻣ و ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻤﺟ

ر ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ يور ا

)

Dang et al., 2010

؛

Blackman & Eastop, 2006

؛

Blackman & Eastop, 1984

.(

ﻪﺘﺷ هﺮﯿﺷ زا ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،ﯽﻫﺎﯿﮔ

،يدرز و ﯽﮔدﺮﻣﮋﭘ

ﯽﻣ هﺎﯿﮔ ﺪﺷر ﻒﻗﻮﺗ .دﻮﺷ

،ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ ترﺎﺴﺧ رد گﺮﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ يور ﮏﻠﺴﻋ ﺢﺷﺮﺗ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ و هﺪﺷ هﺎﯿﮔ ﺰﺘﻨﺳﻮﺘﻓ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻫد ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ،هﺪﺷ ﺢﺷﺮﺗ ﮏﻠﺴﻋ چرﺎﻗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗو ﺪﺷر ياﺮﺑ ار ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ،ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ هﺎﯿﮔ يور ﺖﯿﻓوﺮﭘﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﮐ

)

Isman, 2000

؛

Hillocks

& Bretell, 1992

ﺖﻓآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺞﯾار شور .(

ﺶﮐ مواﺪﻣ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ

ﺶﮐ ﻪﺘﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷ يرورﺎﺑ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد يدﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ زوﺮﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺖﻓآ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺶﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺮﻣا ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ تﺎﻓآ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ نﺎﯿﻐﻃ و ﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

ﺎﺗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﭽﺨﯾر

ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد : 02 / 11 / 1401

شﺮﯾﺬﭘ : 28 / 12 / 01 14

ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺮﯿﺑد :

ﯽﯾﺎﯿﺿ ﻪﻣﻮﺼﻌﻣ

هﺪﯿﮑﭼ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ: Aphis gossypii Glover ترﺎﺴﺧ و ﻢﻬﻣ تﺎﻓآ زا ﯽﮑﯾ

و عراﺰﻣ رد ﻊﯿﺳو ﯽﻧﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﻨﻣاد و هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ از

ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ هﺮﺸﺣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ عراﺰﻣ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺞﯾار ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ .ﺪﯾآ ﺶﮐ

يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ترﺎﺴﺧ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز و هﺪﻨﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ يد و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﯾز ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا سووﺮﻠﮐ

دروآﺮﺑ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ و ﺪﺷ ) هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

LC10

و LC25

ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ يور ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ( ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ

يور يا

هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺳﺎﻤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﯿﭼ ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ ﺶﮐ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﺷﺎﭘ شور زا ،ﺎﻫ ﺶﮐ

گﺮﺑ يور ﻖﺒﻃ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﺷ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﻎﻟﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ،هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد هﺮﺸﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﺖﺷاد ﯽﺸﻫﺎﮐ ﺪﻧور ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ

) نآ 42 /7 ﺖﻈﻠﻏ رد (زور LC25

هرﻮﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ هدﺎﻣ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد

ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ) ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺗاذ خﺮﻧ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ يراد ﻪﺑ (r

رد ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ) 38 /0 و (زور ﺮﺑ LC25

) ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ 21 /0 ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ .دﻮﺑ (زور ﺮﺑ رد يراد

ﻞﺜﻣﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ خﺮﻧ )

R0

( ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﻫﺎﻨﺘﻣ خﺮﻧ و )

(λ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ رد يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ ) ﻞﺴﻧ ﮏﯾ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ .ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد (T

ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا راد

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ هﺮﺸﺣ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ

يد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺶﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد يﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ و ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ .ﺖﺷاد

هژاو يﺎﻫ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ : هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز و ﯽﮔﺪﻨﺸﮐ ،ﻪﺘﺷ ،ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ ،ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ

Citation: Rajabi, H., Safavi, S. A. & Fourouzan, M. (2023) Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos insecticides on life-table parameters of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under greenhouse conditions. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran 43 (1),11-21.

(2)

۱۲ Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos on A. gossypii

Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 2023  43 (1)

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺶﮐ

زا ار دﻮﺧ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﯽﺗﺪﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ،ﺖﻓآ ﻦﯾا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯾ لﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻨﻫﺪﺑ ﺖﺳد

ﺖﻓآ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ،رﺎﺑ ﺶﮐ

يﺎﻫ Kerns & Gaylor, 1992, 1993 ؛Shafaghi et al., 2022 )ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣﺮﻄﺧﻢﮐ و ﺮﺛﺆﻣ يﺎﻫﺶﮐهﺮﺸﺣ و هﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ تﺎﻓآ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد ﺞﯾار ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ .(

يد و هﺮﺸﺣ زا سووﺮﻠﮐ ﺶﮐ

ﻪﺘﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺞﯾار يﺎﻫ ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ناﺮﯾا رد ﺎﻫ

Shafaghi et al., 2022

هﺮﺸﺣ ﮏﯾ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ .(

ياﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﮏﯿﻤﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺶﮐ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

زا ،ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻣآ ﯽﺴﮐﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﻦﯾﺪﯾﺮﯿﭘ هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ )

Pyridine Carboxamides

( هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ و 29

IRAC

ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﻪﺘﺷ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ هﻮﺤﻧ ﺶﮐ

ﺪﯿﺋﻮﻨﯿﺗﻮﮑﯿﻧﻮﺌﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

)

Neonicotinoids

( ﻪﺘﺷ ﻪﯾﺬﻐﺗ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ و هدﺮﮐ ﺞﻠﻓ ار ﺖﻓآ ﯽﻧﺎﻫد تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ، ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﺛا و دﻮﺷ

تﺎﻓآ يور تﺪﻣ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﯽﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ يﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ

دراﺬﮔ يد.

هﺮﺸﺣ ﮏﯾ سووﺮﻠﮐ هﺮﻔﺴﻓﻮﻧﺎﮔرا هوﺮﮔ زا ﯽﺷراﻮﮔ و ﯽﺳﺎﻤﺗ ﺶﮐ

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ و ﺎﻫ

IRAC 1B

ﺖﺳا .(Binukumar & Gill, 2010؛ IRAC, 2019 ؛Golmohammadi et al., 2021) دﻮﺷﯽﻣ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﯽﺒﺼﻋ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد رد زاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﻟﻮﮐ ﻞﯿﺘﺳا ﻢﯾﺰﻧآ رﺎﻬﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓآ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﮐ

ﯽﻣﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ يد ،ﺪﯾاﺮﭘ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ يور ﻦﯿﺘﺧاﺮﯾدازآ و سووﺮﻠﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ رد ار ﯽﮔرﻮﭘ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﺳ ﺶﮐ

ﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﻓآ ﺎﺑ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد ﺖﻓآ ﻦﯾا تﺎﻔﻠﺗ ﺪﺻرد ﻦ

يد ﺶﮐ ) ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ سووﺮﻠﮐ

Almasi et al., 2016

(.

ترﻮﺻ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

) ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ (2022

Shafaghi et al.

هﺮﺸﺣ ،ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﮐ

يد و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد سووﺮﻠﮐ

يا .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد ﯽﺑﻮﺧ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ

ﺖﻓآ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺶﮐ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،تﺎﻓآ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و تﺎﻔﻠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار فﺪﻫﺮﯿﻏ و فﺪﻫ تﺎﻓآ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و يژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ ،تﺎﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻦﯾا هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ .ﺪﻨﻫد هﺮﺸﺣ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ ﺖﺴﯾز ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ،تاﺮﺸﺣ هرود لﻮﻃ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و يرورﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ترﻮﺻ

) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺪﺷر

Haynes, 1988

(.

هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺶﮐ

نآ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻟوا زا ﺲﭘ ﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻋارز تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

ﻢﺳ تﺎﻌﻓد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ و ﯽﺷﺎﭘ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد دﺎﯾز لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ،هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ عراﺰﻣ رد ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ ) ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ

He et al., 2013

؛

Biondi et al., 2012

ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .(

لوﺪﺟ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا تﺎﻓآ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر يﺎﻫ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ياﺮﺑ ،يرورﺎﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ هﺮﺸﺣ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ .ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ يﺮﻣا ﺎﻫ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ هدﺎﻣ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻞﺜﻣﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ،ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ هﺪﺸﻧ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺎﺑ ار ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﮏﯾ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

) ﺪﻨﮐ

Southwood & Henderson, 2000

؛

Medeiros et al.,

؛2000 Stark & Wennergren, 1995

؛

Carey, 1993

(.

ﻪﺘﺷ يور ﺪﯾاﺮﭘﻮﻠﮐاﺪﯿﻤﯾا و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز تاﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ

هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ

ﺶﮐ رد (. ^Koo^{et al}^.,²⁰¹⁵) ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ^LC³⁰ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﻪﺘﺷ رد ﻞﺜﻣﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ خﺮﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ .ﺪﻧداد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ يرورﺎﺑ و ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ) تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ (2014

Amini Jam et al.

هﺮﺸﺣ ، ﺶﮐ ﻪﺑ برﺎﮑﯿﻤﯾﺮﭘ و ﺪﯾاﺮﭘﻮﻠﮐاﺪﯿﻤﯾا يﺎﻫ لﻮﻃ رد ار ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ

ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ و ﺮﻤﻋ ﺪﺷر يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ يد و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺞﯾار يﺎﻫ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ يور سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﺪﺷر يﺎﻫ

ﯿﺑﻮﻟ يور ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﯿﭼ ﺎ

ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا .

شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ

تاﺮﺸﺣ شروﺮﭘ .

ﯽﺘﯿﭼ ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ هﺎﯿﮔ زا ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد

Khomein Phaseolus vulgaris var.

رﺬﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺘﯿﭼ ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ يﺎﻫ

ناﺪﻠﮔ ﻞﺧاد رد ﯽﮑﯿﺘﺳﻼﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﺎﻫد ﺮﻄﻗ ﺎﺑ 10

عﺎﻔﺗرا و 12 ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮐ ﺮﺘﻣ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يرﺎﯿﺑآ ﻪﻧازور رﻮﻃ

شروﺮﭘ نﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ

3 - 2 شروﺮﭘ و ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮔﺮﺑ

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﻨﻠﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا و شروﺮﭘ ياﺮﺑ

A. gossypii

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ، ﻪﯿﻣورا يﻮﻟزﺎﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ فاﺮﻃا رد وﺪﮐ عراﺰﻣ زا ﺖﻓآ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﯿﭼ ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ نﺎﻫﺎﯿﮔ يور ،ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﺷ يروآ .ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ

ﯽﻨﻠﮐ يﺎﻣد رد ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ يﺎﻫ 5

21± ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﻪﺟرد

ﯽﺒﺴﻧ 10 50± يرﻮﻧ هرود و ﺪﺻرد 8

: 16 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ (ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷور :ﯽﮑﯾرﺎﺗ) ﺮﯿﺜﮑﺗ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺗ و يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺑ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﺎﻫ

مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮ

ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ .ﺪﺷ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﻓآ ﺶﮐ ﺎﻫ . رﺎﻤﯿﺗ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ﯽﮑﭙﺗ) ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺶﮐ

)®

TEPPEKI

، ( 50

% ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ،(WG

يد و ﻦﭘاژISC

) سووﺮﻠﮐ پاودد )®

(DDVP

، 50

% ،(EC

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫUPL

.ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

ﺖﺴﯾز ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ .

ﺖﺴﯾز مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ نﻮﻣزآ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ،ﯽﺠﻨﺳ

هﺪﻨﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ 10

ﺎﺗ 90 ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﺻرد يﺎﻫ

ﺎﺑ ﻂﺳاو ﺪﺣ ﯽﻤﺘﯾرﺎﮕﻟ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

نﺎﺴﮑﯾ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺖﻈﻠﻏ زا ﯽﻠﺻا ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ رد

يﺎﻫ 3/

0 ، 7/

1 ، 5/

8 ، 3/

43 و 220 ﯽﭘ ﯽﭘ ما زا و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ياﺮﺑ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ يﺎﻫ 9 / 17 ، 1/

43 ، 7/

103 ، 4/

249 و 600 ﯽﭘ ﯽﭘ ما يد ياﺮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا سووﺮﻠﮐ .ﺪﺷ

بآ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ گﺮﺑ يﺰﯾﺮﮔ

ﺖﯾوﻮﺘﯿﺳ ﻦﻏور زا ﺎﻫ 2

/0 راﺰﻫ رد

ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا )

Taheri sarhozaki & Safavi, 2014

( . ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﮏﯾ و ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺞﻨﭘ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﻄﻘﻣ بآ )

(ﺖﯾوﻮﺘﯿﺳ هاﺮﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺮﻫ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺶﮐ

.ﺪﺷ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺶﺷﺎﭘ شور زا ﺶﮐ

گﺮﺑ يور ﺎﻫ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا رد ﻪﺘﺷ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ )

Chen, 1990

(.

ﻪﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻄﻗ) ﯽﮔﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ 6

ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ (ﺮﺘﻣ

يوﺎﺣ 10 ﮏﯾ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷ دﺪﻋ هزور

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺖﻓآ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﮐ

ﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺳد شﺎﭙﻤﺳ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و )

6002 -

(RH Ronix®

دوﺪﺣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ زا 20

ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ

يﺮﺘﻣ ﺮﺘﻣﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ عﺎﻔﺗرا و ﺮﺘﻣﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ8 ﺮﻄﻗ ﻪﺑيﺮﺘﭘ فوﺮﻇ نورد و(ﻊﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﺘﻣﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﺳﯽﺳ0 5/ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ رﻮﻃﻪﺑ)ﺪﻧﺪﺷيﺮﭙﺳا شﻮﭘرد .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ

يﺮﺘﭘ ﻬﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷ جوﺮﺧ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ كزﺎﻧ يرﻮﺗ ﻪﭼرﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ و هﺪﺷ خارﻮﺳ ﻪﯾﻮ

نآ شﻮﭘرد ،يﺮﺘﭘ فوﺮﻇ زا ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻢﻠﯿﻓارﺎﭘ راﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

(3)

Rajabi et al. ۱۳

ﺪﺣاو .ﺪﺷ رد ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ يﺎﻫ قﻮﻓ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ

رد ﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ زا ﺲﭘ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ 24

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ تﺎﻔﻠﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ رد ﺎﻫ 3 و ﺪﺷ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺖﺑﻮﻧ

ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ 3 .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد راﺮﮑﺗ

ﯽﮔﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز تاﺮﺛا .

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

LC10

و

LC25

ود هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ هرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ياﺮﺑ ، ﺺﺧﺎﺷ و ﯽﺘﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز

ﺪﺷ . اﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﻫ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻦﺳ

،ﺎﻫ داﺪﻌﺗ 60 - 50 دﺪﻋ ﻪﺘﺷ هدﺎﻣ ﯽﺑ لﺎﺑ هرﻮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاز ﻪﺗﻮﺑ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ يور ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ يﺎﻫ

و يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ

ناﺪﻠﮔ ،ﺎﻫﺪﯿﺋﻮﺘﯾزارﺎﭘ ذﻮﻔﻧ زا ﺎﻫ

ﭼرﺎﭼ ﻞﺧاد ﺎﯿﺑﻮﻟ ي بﻮ

.ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ يرﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ زا ﺲﭘ

24 ﻪﺗﻮﺑ زا ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ،ﺖﻋﺎﺳ هرﻮﭘ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ فﺬﺣ ﺎﻫ

ﮏﯾ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺳ ﺎﺑ هزور

ﻪﺑ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد )

Lashkari et al., 2007

.(

هرﻮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ زا ﺲﭘ ﺎﻫ تاﺮﺸﺣ

ﮏﯾ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ هزور ﻢﻠﻗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ مﺮﻧ يﻮﻣ

يداﺮﻔﻧا ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ

يور 100 ﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يﺮﭙﺳاﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐيد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾزيﺎﻫﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑو ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ يﺮﺘﭘ فﺮﻇ ﺮﻫنورد ﯽﮔﺮﺑ يﺎﻫﻪﺤﻔﺻ رد راﺮﮑﺗ

.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻄﻘﻣ بآ زا ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد

ﻞﯾﺮﺘﺳا و ﺳﯿ وﻮﺘ ﯾ ﺖ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺖﺷﺬﮔ زا ﺪﻌﺑ

24 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﺷ يﺎﻫ هرﻮﭘ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ

،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾاز ﻪﻤﻫ

ﻪﺘﺷ يﺎﻫ هرﻮﭘ و ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ فﺬﺣ يﺮﺘﭘ فﺮﻇ ﺮﻫ زا هرﻮﭘ ﮏﯾ ﺰﺟ ﺮﻫ

5 - 4 زور ﮏﯾ گﺮﺑ ،رﺎﺑ گﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﭘ فﺮﻇ ﺮﻫ يﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻦﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ هزﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ يﺎﻣد رد ﺎﻫ 5

21± د

ﻪﺟر ﻦﺳ ﺮﻫتﺎﻔﻠﺗ وﻮﻤﻧ و ﺪﺷر ﻞﻣﺎﺷ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ مﺎﻤﺗ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧاﻪﻧﺎﺨﻠﮔ رد(ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷور :ﯽﮑﯾرﺎﺗ) ﺖﻋﺎﺳ16 :8 يرﻮﻧ هرود و ﺪﺻرد50±10 ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﺑﻮﻃر ،سﻮﯿﺴﻠﺳ ﯽﮔرﻮﭘ ﻪﺑ زا ﺲﭘ .ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﻧازور ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺘﺷ نﺪﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ

ﺎﻫ ، ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ نآ و ﺎﻫ هرﻮﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻪﻤﻫ گﺮﻣ نﺎﻣز ﺎﺗ

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﻧازور رﻮﻃ هرﻮﭘ

ﺎﻫ .(Heidary et al., 2020 )ﺪﻧﺪﺷﯽﻣ فﺬﺣ يﺮﺘﭘ فوﺮﻇ زا شرﺎﻤﺷ زا ﺲﭘ

هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﺎﻫ

. ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ ياﺮﺑ مﺮﻧ و ﺖﯿﺑوﺮﭘ شور زا ،نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا دوﺪﺣ و هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز و هﺪﻨﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ

يرﺎﻣآ راﺰﻓا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاSPSS

ﺪﺷ )

SPSS,

.( 2019

هداد ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺖﻓآ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ ود هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺎﺷ و ﺶﮐ ﻦﺳ ﯽﺴﻨﺟود ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ يرﻮﺌﺗ

- و يﺪﺷر ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ

مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا

Twosex-MsChart

ﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ )

Chi, 2020

؛

Tuan et al., 2014

؛

Chi & Su, 2006

؛

Chi, 1988

؛

Chi & Liu, 1985

.(

يﺎﻄﺧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ،ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ،ﯽﮔرﻮﭘ هرود لﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ و ﻞﺜﻣ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ رد ﯽﺘﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺎﺷ و ﺎﻫ

Bootstrap

ﺎﺑ و 100000 راﺮﮑﺗ رادﻮﻤﻧ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

راﺰﻓا )

ver. 12.3

(

SigmaPlot

.ﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ هرود ﮏﯾ رد ﺖﻓآ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺪﺷر ﺪﻧور

60 .(^{Chi, 1990}) ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧاTiming-MsChart يرﺎﻣآ راﺰﻓامﺮﻧ ﺎﺑ ،هزور

ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺚﺤﺑ و

ﺖﺴﯾز نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ،ﯽﺠﻨﺳ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ هﺮﺸﺣ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز و هﺪﻨﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ يد يﺎﻫ سووﺮﻠﮐ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و يور

ﻎﻟﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ) ﺪﺷ هدز ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ لوﺪﺟ

1 ( ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ

، 24 ﻢﺳ زا ﺲﭘ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﯽﺷﺎﭘ

، هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﺮﻫ هﺪﻨﺸﮐ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ راﺪﻘﻣ .ﺪﻧداد راﺮﻗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﺶﮐ

)

LC50

( .ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳدﻪﺑ (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑهﺮﺛﺆﻣ هدﺎﻣ مﺮﮔﯽﻠﯿﻣ /549 و ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑ هﺮﺛﺆﻣ هدﺎﻣ ﺮﺘﯿﻟوﺮﮑﯿﻣ17/84) ماﯽﭘﯽﭘ10/99 و35/96ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗﻪﺑﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ وسووﺮﻠﮐيد ياﺮﺑ رد راﺪﻘﻣ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد .ﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑ مﺮﮔﯽﻠﯿﻣ /058 ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ^LC⁵⁰ راﺪﻘﻣ ،^Eldesouky( ²⁰¹⁹ )ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

LC50

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ

40 /2 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑ مﺮﮔ )

2015 ., et al

(. Koo

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ دﻮﺟو ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا راد

ﯽﻣ ار ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ناﻮﺗ

ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ

، نﺎﺑﺰﯿﻣ هﺎﯿﮔ عﻮﻧ و

هﺮﺸﺣ صﻮﻠﺧ ﺪﺻرد ﺶﮐ

.ﺖﺴﻧاد ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يد ﺖﯿﻤﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد

ﮏﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﯿﻔﺳ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ يور سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﻪﺒﻨﭘ

Gennadius Bemisia tabaci

، راﺪﻘﻣ

LC50

هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺶﮐ 59 / 269 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑ مﺮﮔ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺪﻫد

يد سﺎﺴﺣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ سووﺮﻠﮐ ﺮﺗ

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻪﺒﻨﭘ ﮏﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﯿﻔﺳ زا )

Jalalizand et al., 2021

( . هﺮﺸﺣ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺶﮐ

يد و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ يﺎﻫ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ يور سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﯽﺑﺮﻏ نﺎﺠﯾﺎﺑرذآ ﻪﺑ ،

ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ 90

و 84 ﻢﺳ زا ﺲﭘ زور ﻪﺳ ار يﺪﺻرد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺷﺎﭘ

)

Shafaghi et al., 2022

( . تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد )

(2021

Golmohammadi et al.

ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ 25 /0 راﺰﻫ رد ) 250 ﯽﭘ ﯽﭘ (ما ﻢﺳ زا ﺲﭘ زور ﺖﻔﻫ ، ﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﺷﺎﭘ

) ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺪﺻرد ﻦﯾﺮ 27

/ 92 ،برﺎﮑﯿﻤﯾﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ار (ﺪﺻرد

ﯽﭘ و ﻦﯾﺰﯿﻟﺎﭘ ،ﻦﯾزوﺮﺘﻣ ﻧﻮﻠﻓ

ﯿ ﻣﺎﮑ ﯿﺪ 2 /0 رد راﺰﻫ ) 200 ﯽﭘ ﯽﭘ (ما

، .داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﺖﻈﻠﻏ- ) هﺪﻨﺸﮐ و ،هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺮﺘﯿﻟوﺮﮑﯿﻣ

) ﯽﭘ ﯽﭘ ما ( ﺎﯾ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ هدﺎﻣ مﺮﮔ (

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ يﺎﻫ يد ﻞﻣﺎﮐ تاﺮﺸﺣ يور ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

Aphis gossypii Table 1. Sublethal and lethal concentrations [µl (ppm) or mg ai/L]of dichlorvos and flonicamid insecticides against Aphis gossypii adults

No.

χ²(df) Slope ± SE

LC50

(95% CL) LC25

(95% CL) LC10

(95% CL) Insecticide

180 3.251 (3)

1.606±0.26 35.96 (17.98 µl ai/L)

(21.838-51.360) 13.67 (6.83 µl ai/L)

(5.770-22.394) 5.72 (2.86 µl ai/L)

(1.648-11.212) Dichlorvos

0.229 (3) 180 0.491±0.11

10.99 (5.49 mg ai/L) (3.847-34.735) 0.46 (0.23 mg ai/L)

(0.033-1.601) 0.02 (0.01 mg ai/L)

(0.000-0.190) Flonicamid

CL: Confidence limit

(4)

۱٤ Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos on A. gossypii

لوﺪﺟ - 2 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ) ﯽﺘﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ (رﺎﯿﻌﻣ يﺎﻄﺧ±

يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

Table 2. Biological characteristics (means ± SE) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid

Parameters Control Dichlorvos Flonicamid

LC10 LC25 LC10 LC25

Nymph 1 (days) 1.38 ±0.05^c 1.45±0.05^bc 1.58+0.07^ab 1.49+0.06^bc 1.74+0.08^a

Nymph 2 (days) 1.32±0.05^c 1.38±0.05^c 1.60+0.06^b 1.46+0.06^bc 1.85+0.08^a

Nymph 3 (days) 1.16±0.04^d 1.28±0.05^cd 1.56+0.08^b 1.37+0.06^c 1.93+0.09^a

Nymph 4 (days) 1.40 ±0.06^b 1.46±0.06^b 1.54+0.07^b 1.52+0.06^b 1.81+0.08^a

Preadult (days) 5.24±0.06^e 5.53±0.07^d 6.18+0.11^b 5.81+0.08^c 7.06+0.12^a

Female adult (days) 11.90±0.18â 11.54±0.19âb 9.52+0.17^c 11.12+0.17^b 7.42+0.22^d Fecundity (nymphs/female) 39.71±0.56â 36.53±0.77^b 20.16+1.05^d 32.63+0.83^c 12.52+0.81ê Total longevity (days) 16.41±0.36â 16.08±0.40â 13.51+0.51^b 15.95+0.40â 12.01+0.48^c Nymphal duration (days) 9.04±0.13â 8.41±0.17^b 5.36+0.24^d 7.70+0.18^c 3.56+0.19ê

TPOP (days) 5.67±0.08^e 5.99±0.09^d 6.72+0.14^b 6.32+0.11^c 7.58+0.15^a

APOP (days) 0.44±0.07â 0.46±0.07â 0.54+0.08â 0.51+0.07â 0.52+0.09â

*Different letters in each row indicate a significant difference between treatments (Paired bootstrap test, P<0.05)

TPOP: Total pre-ovipositional period (from eclosion to first reproduction); APOP: Adult pre-ovipositional period (from eclosion to first reproduction)

يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هرود لﻮﻃ

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر و ﯽﺘﺴﯾز

يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫ

ود ﺮﻫ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز هﺮﺸﺣ

ﺶﮐ

، ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ هرود لﻮﻃ غﻮﻠﺑ زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ يﺪﺷر ﻪﺑ ار

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﺪﻧداد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يراد .

ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ.ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يرادﯽﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐيد يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ يﺪﺷر هرود لﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺷاد يراد

. ﻞﮐ ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد

LC25

يد ﻠﮐ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ

.ﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ يراد يرورﺎﺑ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ود ﺮﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ ﺶﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺎﺷ

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ يراد .دﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ

هﺮﺸﺣ رد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا يد زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺶﮐ

.دﻮﺑ سووﺮﻠﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

هرﻮﭘ هرود لﻮﻃ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﯾاز

) ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ 04

/9 طﻮﺑﺮﻣ نآ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و (زور

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﺑ

LC25

) ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ 56

/3 دﻮﺑ (زور ) لوﺪﺟ 2 .(

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد )

( 2020 . et al Mostafiz

، عﻮﻤﺠﻣ

هرود لﻮﻃ غﻮﻠﺑ زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ

LC30

،تاوﺰﻨﺑ ﻞﯿﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يراد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا

.ﺖﻓﺎﯾ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ

)

15

( 20 . et al

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐKoo

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺪﺷر هرود لﻮﻃ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ راد

LC30

.داد نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ

ﻞﮑﺷ - 1 ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ يﺎﻘﺑ ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو )

lx

( ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

Aphis gossypii

رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

Fig. 1. Age-specific survivorship (lx) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid Age (days)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Age-specific survival rate (

l x)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Age vs Control Age vs dic10 Age vs flo10 Age vs dic25 Age vs flo25

(5)

Rajabi et al. ۱۵

لوﺪﺟ - 3 ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ)

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ (رﺎﯿﻌﻣ يﺎﻄﺧ± يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

Table 3. Comparison of life table parameters (means ± SE) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid

Population parameters Control Dichlorvos Flonicamid

LC10 LC25 LC10 LC25

Intrinsic rate of increase (r) (day^-1) 0.38±0.00â 0.36±0.00^b 0.28+0.00^d 0.34+0.00^c 0.21+0.01ê Finite rate of population increase (λ)(day^-1) 1.46±0.00â 1.44±0.00^b 1.32+0.01^d 1.41+0.00^c 1.24+0.01ê Net reproductive rate (R0) (offspring) 37.37±1.14â 33.44±1.32^b 15.76+1.24^d 29.77+1.27^c 8.68+0.86ê Gross reproductive rate (GRR) (offspring) 42.72±1.05â 38.39±0.99^b 20.94+1.03^c 36.29+1.40^b 13.97+1.20^d Mean generation time (T) (days) 9.40±0.09^b 9.60±0.10âb 9.71+0.14âb 9.80+0.11â 9.93+0.22â

*Different letters in each row indicate a significant difference between treatments (Paired bootstrap test, P<0.05)

) ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ (2007

Gerami et al.

.داد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ تاﺮﺸﺣ يرورﺎﺑ و ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﺪﯾاﺮﭘﻮﻠﮐاﺪﯿﻤﯾا هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ) ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ يﺎﻫ (2014

. et al Amini Jam

داﺮﻓا ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ

LC25

ار برﺎﮑﯿﻤﯾﺮﭘ و ﺪﯾاﺮﭘﻮﻠﮐاﺪﯿﻤﯾا

) تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ،لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .دﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ (2011

Cho et al.

ﻮﻠﻫ ﺰﺒﺳ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ تاﺮﺸﺣ يرورﺎﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا زا ﯽﮐﺎﺣ

Myzus persicae Sulzer

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

LC10

و

LC30

هﺮﺸﺣ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ فﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﯾا ﻞﯿﻟد .دﻮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ هﺮﺸﺣ عﻮﻧ ﺎﯾ و ﺶﮐ

ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ خﺮﻧ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻘﺑ

) ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو

lx

ﻪﺘﺷ رد ،(

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ و ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ رد ﺪﯿﻣﺎ

ﻞﮑﺷ 1 نﺎﺸﻧ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد يﺎﻘﺑ

ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو نﺪﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻧز لﺎﻤﺘﺣا زا هدﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﮐ يﺎﻤﻧ ﮏﯾ ﻦﺳ ﺎﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﻣ هزﺎﺗ دﺮﻓ ﮏﯾ

ارx

ﻪﺋارا ﯽﻣ ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ .ﺪﻫد يﺎﻘﺑ

ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ دﻮﺑ ﯽﺸﻫﺎﮐ ﺪﻧور ياراد ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

. ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ،ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ تﺪﻣ ﺎﻘﺑ رد رﺎﻤﯿﺗ

LC25

يد ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

17 .ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ زور

) ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو يرورﺎﺑ

mx

( نﺎﺸﻧ هرﻮﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ هﺪﻨﻫد ﻦﺳ رد ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ .ﺖﺳاx

رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا يﺎﻫ ﻞﮑﺷ

2 يرورﺎﺑ ،

هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﺮﻫ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺶﮐ

ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد يرورﺎﺑ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﺸﻫﺎﮐ ﺪﻧور ياراد ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ 12

/5 راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و هدﺎﻣ دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ هرﻮﭘ

رد يرورﺎﺑ

LC25

ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ 48

/2 .ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ هدﺎﻣ دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ هرﻮﭘ

) ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣا

ex

ﯽﻗﺎﺑ يﺎﻫزور داﺪﻌﺗ ( اﺮﻓا ﺮﻤﻋ هﺪﻧﺎﻣ

،ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﮏﯾ هﺪﻧز د ﻦﺳ رد

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ارx

) ﺪﻫد ﻞﮑﺷ 3 ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ .(

نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ زور ﻦﯿﻟوا رد ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد ﻎﻟﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣا 13

/ 13 .دﻮﺑ زور يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا

LC10

يد ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ

06 / 13

و ﺪﻫﺎﺷ و سووﺮﻠﮐيد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣا ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ هﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ زور /948 و10/70 ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗﻪﺑ ﺎﻫنآ^LC²⁵ يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد و ،زور11/93 .ﺖﺳا

ﻞﮑﺷ - 2 هﮋﯾو يرورﺎﺑ ) ﯽﻨﺳ

mx

( ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

Aphis gossypii

Fig. 2. Age-stage fecundity (mx) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid Age (days)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Age-specific fecundity (

m x)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(6)

۱٦ Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos on A. gossypii

ﻞﮑﺷ - 3 هﮋﯾو ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣا ) ﯽﻨﺳ

ex

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ (

Aphis gossypii

Fig. 3. Age-specific life expectancy (ex) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid

ﯽﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ شزرا يﺎﻫ ) ﯽﻨﺳ هﮋﯾو ﻞﺜﻣ

vx

رد ﺖﺳا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﺴﻧ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ رد دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ( ﻞﮑﺷ

4 ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ

ﺶﯿﺑ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ شزرا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ) ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ هدﺎﻣ داﺮﻓا ﯽﻠﺜﻣ

25 / 13 ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ شزرا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و (هرﻮﭘ رد هدﺎﻣ داﺮﻓا ﻞﺜﻣ

LC25

) ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ 91

/9 هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ (هرﻮﭘ

.ﺪﺷ ﻞﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر ﺪﻧور رد ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ

ﻞﮑﺷ 5 نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻤﻧ و ﺪﺷر ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ و ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ

و

LC25

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نآ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﺮﻣا ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ دروآﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺟ .دﻮﺷ ﺖﻓآ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﺰﯿﻟﺎ

ﻞﮑﺷ - 4 ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ شزرا ﻞﺜﻣ

هﮋﯾو ) ﯽﻨﺳ

vx

ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ (

Aphis gossypii

هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

Fig. 4. Reproductive value (vx) of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid Age (days)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Age-specific life expectancy (

e x)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Age (days)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Reproductive value (

V x)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

(7)

Rajabi et al. ۱۷

ﻞﮑﺷ - 5 ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﻞﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر

Aphis gossypii

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

لﻮﻃ رد ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ 60

زور

Fig. 5. Population projection of Aphis gossypii treated with sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and flonicamid during 60 days

ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ رﺎﻤﯿﺗ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر يﺎﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﺶﮐ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

رد ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﻓآ ﮏﯾ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز يﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 3 ) ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺗاذ خﺮﻧ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ،(r

رد دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ خﺮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا تاﺮﺸﺣ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز هرﺎﻣآ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ زور ﺮﻫ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار گﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ هرﺎﻣآ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻫد

و ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ يرورﺎﺑ و ﯽﺘﺴﯾز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺪﺷر هرود لﻮﻃ ،ﺮﯿﻣ .دﺮﯿﮔ

ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد

ﻠﻏ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﻎﻟﺎﺑﺎﻧ داﺮﻓا ﯽﺘﺴﯾز هرود لﻮﻃ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و يرورﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ .ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺗاذ خﺮﻧ راﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﻈ

و ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

يد رﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد دﻮﺧ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺗاذ خﺮﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،سووﺮﻠﮐ

LC25

.ﺪﯿﺳر ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ

) ﺺﻟﺎﺧ خﺮﻧ ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ

R0

) ﺺﻟﺎﺧﺎﻧ و ( ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ (GRR

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﺮﻫ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺶﮐ ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ

.ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ يراد

ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺠﻨﺳاﺮﻓ ود ﻦﯾا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ

LC25

) ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﻫﺎﻨﺘﻣ خﺮﻧ .دﻮﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رد (λ

46 /1 ﻪﺑ زور ﺮﺑ يد يﺎﻫرﺎﻤﯿﺗ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ

) ﻞﺴﻧ ﮏﯾ لﻮﻃ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ يراد ﻪﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ (T

ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ راد ) ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ي لوﺪﺟ

3

.( ﯽﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃﻪﺑ نورﻮﻔﯾداﺮﯿﭘﻮﻠﻓ^LC²⁵ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ^R⁰ و^λ ،^r ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ،^Liang^{et al}^. (²⁰¹⁹) ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يراد

ﮏﯾ نﺎﻣز تﺪﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ،ﯽﻟو ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ) ﻞﺴﻧ

) ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ .دﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا (T

(2020 . et al Mostafiz

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ

LC30

هﺮﺸﺣ ﯽﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺗاذ خﺮﻧ راﺪﻘﻣ تاوﺰﻨﺑ ﻞﯿﺘﻣ ﺶﮐ ) .ﺪﻫد

(2021 . et al Shang

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ

LC20

رﻮﻠﻓﺎﺴﮐﻮﻔﻟﻮﺳ

ﺮﯾدﺎﻘﻣ ﻧ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﻫﺎﻨﺘﻣ و ﯽﺗاذ خﺮ

A. gossypii

و هداد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

.داد ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ار ﻞﺴﻧ ﮏﯾ لﻮﻃ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ

هﺮﺸﺣ تاﺮﺛا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﺶﮐ

يد ﺞﯾار يﺎﻫ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا درﻮﻣ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﻦﯾا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يد هﺪﻨﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ رد ﯽﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ تﺎﻔﻠﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ هﺪﻨﺸﮐﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ ﺶﮐ

هرﺎﻣآ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و ﺎﻘﺑ ،يرورﺎﺑ ،ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷر ﺮﺑ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تاﺮﺛا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺟ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لوﺪ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ

هﺮﺸﺣ ود ﺮﻫ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ يد ﺶﮐ

هﺮﺸﺣ ،ﺰﯿﻟﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺷ يور ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ و سووﺮﻠﮐ يد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﯿﻣﺎﮑﯿﻧﻮﻠﻓ ﺶﮐ

ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ سووﺮﻠﮐ

ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺷاد ﺖﻓآ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا ،دﻮﺟو

ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ هﺮﺸﺣ ﻦﯾا تاﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ

ﺶﮐ ﯽﺘﺴﯾز لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد ﻪﻋرﺰﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ

.ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ يﺮﻣا يا

راﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ي

Time (days)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Total population size

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time vs Control Time vs dic10 Time vs flo10 Time vs dic25 Time vs flo25

(8)

۱۸ Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos on A. gossypii

هﺎﯿﮔ هوﺮﮔ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﯿﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﻣورا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﺮﮑﺸﺗ ﻪﻠﯿﺳو .دﻮﺷ

يﻮﻨﻌﻣ و يدﺎﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ

اﯾ ﻦ حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ يﻮﻨﻌﻣ و يدﺎﻣ ﺖﻧوﺎﻌﻣ

ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻣورا ﯿﻪ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا .

REFERENCES

Almasi, A., Askari Seyahooei, M. & Khajehzadeh, Y. (2016) The toxicity of acetamiprid, dicholorvos and azadirachtin pesticides on melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 47 (1), 163-175.

Amini Jam, N., Kocheili, F., Mossadegh, M. S., Rasekh, A. & Saber, M. (2014) Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid and primicarb on the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Crop Protection 3 (1), 89-98.

Binukumar, B. K. & Gill, K. D. (2010) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dicholorvos neurotoxicity:

cholinergic, nonchlolinergic, cell signaling, gene expression and therapeutic aspects. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 48 (7), 697-709.

Biondi, A., Mommaerts, V., Smagghe, G., Vinuela, E., Zappala, L. & Desneux, N. (2012) The non-target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods. Pest Management Science 68, 1523-1536. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3396 Blackman, R. L. & Eastop, V. F. (1984) Aphids on the World Crops, An Identification Guide. John Wiley and Sons,

New York. 466 pp.

Blackman, R. L. & Eastop, V. F. (2006) Aphids on the World’s Herbaceous plants and Shrubs. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 1439pp.

Carey, J. R. (1993) Applied demography for biologists with special emphasis on insects. Oxford University Press, New York. 206 pp.

Chen, N. C. (1990) Pesticide bioassay technology. Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University Press 95-109.

Chi, H. & Liu, H. (1985) Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 24, 225-240.

Chi, H. & Su, H. Y. (2006) Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology 35, 10–21.

https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-35.1.10

Chi, H. (1990) Timing of control based on the stage structure of pest population: a simulation approach. Journal of Economic Entomology 83 (4), 1143-1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.4.1143

Chi, H. (1988) Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals.

Environmental Entomology 17, 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/17.1.26

Chi, H. (2020) TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for age stage, two-sex life table analysis. National Chung Hsing Univesity, Taichung, Taiwan; available from http://140. 120.197.173/ Ecology/ Downloud/ TWOSEX- MSChart.rar.

Cho, S. R., Koo, H. N., Yoon, C. & Kim, G. H. (2011) Sublethal effects of flonicamid and thiamethoxam on green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and feeding behavior analysis. Journal of Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 54 (6), 889-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jksabc.2011.135

Dang, Q. L., Lee, G. Y., Choi, Y. H., Choi, G. J., Jang, K. S., Park, M. S., Soh, H. S., Han, Y. H., Lim, C. H. &

Kim, J. C. (2010) Insecticidal activities of crude extracts and phospholipids from Chenopodium ficifolium against melon and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. Crop Protection 29 (10), 1124-1129.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.06.009

Eldesouky, S. E. (2019) Effectiveness of certain insecticides against cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and their adverse impacts on two natural enemies. Egyptian Scientific Journal of Pesticides 5 (3), 7-13.

Gerami, S., Jahromi, K. T., Heidari, A., Ashoori, A. & Rasoulian, G. R. (2007) Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on the life table parameters of Aphis gossypii. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 75, 67-79.

(9)

Rajabi et al. ۱۹

Golmohammadi, GH. R., Jafari Nodooshan, A. & Bani Ameri, V. A. (2021) Efficacy of the insecticides flonicamid (WG, %50), primicarb (WP, %50), palizin and pymetrozine (WG, %50) on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, under greenhouse conditions. Pesticides in Plant Protection Sciences 9 (2), 87-96. [In Persian].

https://doi.org/10.22092/jppps.2021.126232

Haynes, K. F. (1988) Sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticide on insect behavior. Annual Review Entomology 33 (1), 149-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.33.010188.001053

Heidary, M., Jafari, Sh., Karimzadeh, J., Negahban, M. & Shakarami, J. (2020) The effects of pure and nanocapsulated formulations of Thymus daenensis Celak. (Lamiaceae) essential oil on life-table parameters of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Hem: Aphididae). Plant Pest Research 10 (2), 15-32. [In Persian].

https://doi.org/10.22124/iprj.2020.4289

He, Y., Zhao, J., Zheng, Y., Weng, Q., Biondi, A., Desneux, N. & Wu, K. (2013) Assessment of potential sublethal effects of various insecticides on key biological traits of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. International Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 246-255. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.5762

Hillocks, R. J. & Bretell, J. H. (1992) The association between honeydew and growth of Cladosporium herbarum and other fungi on cotton lint. Tropical Science (33), 121-129.

IRAC. (2019) Mode of action classification scheme, Version 9.3. www.irac-online.org

Isman, M. B. (2000) Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection 19, 603-608.

Jalalizand, A. R., Hadad, E. & Soleymani, R. (2021) Comparison of efficacy of insecticides, dichlorvos, imidacloprid, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole on Bemisia tabaci in vitro. Journal of Entomological Research 13 (2), 111-121. [In Persian].

Kerns, D. L. & Gaylor, M. J. (1993) Induction of cotton aphid outbreaks by insecticide in cotton. Crop Protection 12 (5), 387-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90083-U

Kerns, D. L. & Gaylor, M. J. (1992) Sublethal effects of insecticides on cotton aphid reproduction and color morph development. Southwestern Entomologist 17 (3), 245-250.

Koo, H. N., Lee, S. W., Yun, S. H., Kim, H. K. & Kim, G. H. (2015) Feeding response of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, to sublethal rates of flonicamid and imidacloprid. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 154 (2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12260

Lashkari, M. R., Sahragard, A. & Ghadamyari, M. (2007) Sublethal effects of imidacloprid and pymetrozine on population growth parameters of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae on rapeseed, Brussica napus L. Insect Science 14, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00145.x

Liang, P. Z., Ma, K. S., Chen, X. W., Tang, C. Y., Xia, J., chi, H. & Gao, X. W. (2019) Toxicity and sublethal effects of flupyradifuron, a novel butenolide insecticide, on the development and fecundity of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 112 (2), 852-858. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy381 Medeiros, R. S., Ramalho, F. S., Lemos, W. P. & Zanuncio, J. C. (2000) Age-dependent fecundity and life-fertility tables for Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 124, 319-324.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00482.x

Mostafiz, M. M., Alam, M. B., Chi, H., Hassan, E., Shim, J. K. & Lee, K. Y. (2020) Effects of sublethal doses of methyl benzoate on the life history traits and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of Aphis gossypii. Agronomy 10 (9), 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091313

Shafaghi, F., Foruzan, M., Morowati, M., Khosravi, M., Namvar, P. & Sheikhi Garjan, A. (2022) The Efficacy of different insecticides against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the determination of emamectin benzoate and acetamiprid residue levels on greenhouse cucumber. Plant Protection 45 (2), 109-120. [In Persian].

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppr.2022.17578

Shang, J., Yao, Y. S., Zhu, X. Z., Wang, L., Wang, L., Li, D, Y., Zhang, K. X., Gao, X. K., Wu, C. C., Niu, L., Ji, J. C., Luo, J. Y. & Cui, J. J. (2021) Evaluation of sublethal and transgenerational effects of sulfoxaflor on Aphis gossypii via life table parameters and 16S rRNA sequencing. Pest Management Science 77 (7), 3406-3418.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6385

SPSS, Inc. (2019) IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 26.0 (Vol. 440). IBM Corporation.

Southwood, R. & Henderson, P. A. (2000) Ecological Methods. 3 rd. edition. Blackwell Science. 592 pp.

(10)

۲۰ Sublethal effects of flonicamid and dichlorvos on A. gossypii

Stark, Y. D. & Wennergren, U. (1995) Can population effects of pesticides be predicted from demographic toxicological studies? Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (5), 1089-1096.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/88.5.1089

Taheri-Sarhozaki, M. & Safavi, S. A. (2014) Sublethal effects of tiametoxam on life table parameters of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47, 508-515. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.813145

Tuan, S. J., Lee, C. C. & Chi, H. (2014) Population and damage projection of Spodoptera litura (F.) on peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) under different conditions using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table. Pest Management Science 70, 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3618