% &
' $(
" ) * +
,-. * /0
1 /2 ) 4 2/56 (
8. 9
QT : ; < QOT
=$>
? ( @
? )A 9 B
( C 9
?
&
* 4 D 9 *2
?
E $
& 2
4
? ) F
G H G$ *: 9 9
G ! " #$ *
$ E
?
? ) F ( F 9 H G$ *: 9 G
G ! " #$ *
?
;
" ? I
? ; : )A K B?(
L& : K K ' MN O ; 4
"P4 L?)( : ; * . N Q ! : R S ? 8?T U. K
F
.
"; 4 >
: ; *" ? 4 4 & '?A K F ?W
"
>
? > : @?=$>
;
*
?W G F
X Y4
Z ?=$>
[4 & " & * ) > ? L
L& \] )A K B?( @?=$>
.
*^ ,T _4
8. K & L
QTc QOTc
`? <
)A K B?( ? N aT ] _4
.
( X : a>
b0 '?A\> " W = % 4 & )A K B?( a A )? ; c
" W : )? " W *%
Y?)A K B?(
) d+
; ( a?O & '?A K : )? " W )
0e
; ( . a>
fg & " W : a ? a?O '?A K a?O ;
)
" W ( a?O (
4 W =
.
( 4 QTc :
" W R F (
+ f
?> >
d / 0+
* i / i QOTc .
" W _?)( ? R
?> > ( E
/ 6e j / +k
C L& . c
F & " W : ; ; K l?(
QTc O R QOTc
) kk+
/ k P<
( . WP4 L?& AN
?> > QTc
d / 0+
n / bE
F 4 \ _4 .
?> > QOTc n
/ 6e e / jg . .
W o?
F ? : : > p
";
8. F ?W
QTC a QOTC
[4 & * ) > ?Z X Y4 : '?A K `( K Oq L r?<
: " C > : S &
s&
) " - & '?A K 4 ?)? ? .
F ? 9 : Wt :
B?(
9 )A A 9 *: ; *
?
< *'
T \ L 4 : / / 6 / 5/
–
?Nv.
: E / / / 56 – X 4w : T \ / / e / 56
$( P L4 4 * G ! " #$ *' a : ? * *
* _- >
fefjeji 1 kii+
x . y : d0d+
/E /
% &
' $(
" ) 2 / 4 2/56
\
.
!"
##
$
% &'!
(
$
) *
+ ,
! - . ' / ) . '
! . 0 12 34
$
' 5!
6 7 8" 9 :&
+ 13
$ 7 : :&
;.< 7 3
% 7 7 > :&
(Chelated)
% '!
.
7 ? @ !"?! ;.< 7 A ! + B - C !
@D 6 ' 7 9
E '! ,F 0
7 G- ! H&
I D .
J 6 ' !"
9 + B ! D C' + K 7 !
% . D E D
L )
N ( .
8 ' ! !5 9 Term)
(
5 ' PQ' +
R
' 6 S .
T 9 (Preterm) D
PQ '
' 5 3 / V 6 S
! . '
W D
* .
X W D E !5 9 7 . !
Y Z 5 A ! 5
W D S 9
[ 7 E )
W D H
\>]! S 95 A ! 5 5!
S .
^ 9 [ I , 0 A ! 7 _D `aF E ) D
7 bc ,F & ! < 5 % Y 7 5 E!
_ ?
%'!
) d ( .
) : !
$ E !5 9 7 . ! W D 5 e
Y 7 9 S
T 9 : +
+ %
f g h E D ! i !5 A 0 & _'<
. 8 ! j : ! 5! !5 9 T 9
% '! W D
. ' ! !5 9 6 ' PQ '
! * k ; ! 9< 0 .
l m ! G
7 8 S
n#
$
! !5 9 )VLBW
. 5
5 (o22 6 S ( W D 7
> ; 9
) d ( .
E p : ! 7 E 0 T 9 ! !5 9 W D
9 :
:)! _ ? F + i
+
+ ! !5 9 G ' 9 F
W D B ! bS
!
k E !5 9 E
) r 1 ( s
7 t S
! 5 9 G
) . 5
VLBW) (
7 i D E j9 S ! % * : . + PQ ' +D
% 'F )PTH )
3 u ( . %
! !5 9 7 . ! W D e 9!
) v ( .
! ) " PQ' B 5! 9 7 w !
W D 7 7 % '!
9 "
!5
B ! W D
&
E Functional) (
7 9 x
9<
) R y ( .
& _'<
9 h ! ! : . 7 !5 A 0
i @D
)
^ 5! 9 ) 7
%'! 7 bc (
+ _ ? F +
F
7 . ! W D ! 7 6 ' 9
H& _'< ! !5 9
J )
N4 ( .
@ !" ?! e f g h E D ! i D .
;X E
@D X 7 9
e + D 7 . ! W D A 0! @ !" ?!
! 79 p ! 5! 8 . ! !5 9
S ) (N Nd ( .
Y 7 _ ? !" F S 95 A ! 7 _D
I
Q D
S 7 9! !5 9 z -
i F _ ? E 0 8 g9 +
8 +
5!
W D 8 ! : ! p
[
! !5 9 E )
%'!
) Nr ( . P 7 " W D { D PTH
7 * Q K E j ? < &
e
W D [
E ) .
^ 9 8 ! : p 5!
[
! !5 9 W D E ) t E ! 7 !
B ! W D bS
! B ! W D +E !5 E
E !5 9 7 9 x )
B ! W D : .
E W D
( B ! W D 7 . !
E !5
9 8 ! !5 9 )
Nr ( .
\ ? : ! + 7t 7 7 . ! :&
:&g 7t [
E )
! !5 9 6 ' @D e
9 . B> ! 5! 7 bS +7 $ 0 W D
e ] j ) : _ |K; 7 ) } )
!5 9
!
%'!
+ e - ! 9 ! c e S
.
x!
A ' e - ! 9 (##Z
7 ) )
N1 .(
5 ? ,! c e 6 ' ,! c Z
: : 9
E j. '
5 ,! c E5! 7 S
%'! e - ! 9 QT .
W D +
5 ? Z 9F ] !
7 Q- 7 9 5 ST
9F ] " 9 ! QT .
5 ?
~ 9
/ : :
9 x!T
!bS .
5 k ; ! 7 7 +e - h ! QT
Bazett ,5
5 7; ' K E! . ?
QT
7 9 j g
h %; 9 7 8 P K QT
e - QTC Corrected
%' ! D
) N3 ( .
) (
) (
s RR
s QT = QT
Q + QT 5 Y! 0 12
$
;] :& ' J
/ E! ! 5! 7 ! ; - / ^ R
7 ! ! E R
+ : &g D
) N3 ( .
! 9 W D • ! p 5!
- 9F ] e
QOT 5
%'!
QOT . 5! g€
e - ! 9 5! 7 %'!
Q ^ / E! ! ! T
S . QOT 5
" 9 h ! c e - A ? C ' 7
Bazett,5
%' < 8 P K :&
<
) N3 ( .
5 9F ]
! +QT
E s 9 E p
! E D
+ + W D + ; - J &
M.V.P + + . &.! ,! c + ; - : • 8 _ '!
D ! ) 5!
)
! Y $ )
< h E D
! & ' E D ! (
+
D E D 7 9
@ 5 +
X 9<
6 ' !5 9 9F ] QT
8
) Nu Nv ( .
!
@D ‚ E
D <
7X
<
!
5!
: $! ? QT
7 ƒ „ g ! !5 9 QOTc
D X W +
9 8 < 5! @ f
X
'
€ g % j + D …
X W
!5 9 E
^
X 8 _ '!
.
X 9
E! ! E! L9 J W D ! !5 9 ? %j K
* 7 ! ! !5 9 5! D S 65F +z
H 9!† ! 7 ! 5! + 9 W D 5
.
: ! 5! 8 S !
! !5 9
+% 9 _ t
‚ +%
9
!5 E ' + 6 T _ (RDS)
! !5 9 .
! !5 9 7 . Q ! )
Zn 85 ( 7 8 7 ! +
' E5 9 A '
R
‡ Nrvv
! - '
? S .
! ! 5! 7 9
8 +
#u 5! !5 9
E E! ! 7 W D 5
E D b
9 + S ! .
85! 9! 6 ' ! !
D ] 7 E S
"
85! 9! E! e - ! 9 J S
QT 5 E
!QOT b )
. 5! Y j9
#u . ! 7 + u3
;] E! ! _9
9 ) 8 S Z (
~(
- _9 E! ! 8 9
9 ) 8 S ( ( .
8 S m-!
( +
9 W D ! 8 S
8 S D J W D Y -! % x Y! 7
Z +
j9< W D 7 9 E Q) ! % ! 9 ) A ! A 8 S (
.
:)! 5! E S E! ! ! 6
x<
e - ! 9 W D + . W D 9 W D
85! 9! " 9 ! ' ' !" + ! !5 9 E S
;] ˆ , $
+ ' '
7] !5 9
5!
ib0 7 . Q S
.
8 ; ! ^ 9 D 5! E p g E! { D
79 9 + D pg 5<
' E D
J t E!
7 . . Acid – washed E D
m C ' E <
. 9< !
"
RA N444 Techniocon + S 85! 9!
E
.
! E QT 5
e - ! 9 QOT
5 ‰ 5! ! !5 9 S 8 _ '!
.
5• =QT 5! g€
^ 5! 7 ECG Q
T / ! S
) 7 9 x 7 ( .
5• =QOT 5! g€
^ 5! 7 ECG Q
/ E! ! ! T
S ) 7 9 x 7 ( .
5 7& ! 7 7 QT
e - h ! QOT
c 5 7; ' K E! +
QT 7 QOT
A ? 5! 8 P K e - h
BAZETT
S 8 _ '!
) N3 .(
/6 /
% &
' $(
" ) 2 / 4 2/56
) (
) (
s RR
s QT = QT QTc= Corrected QT=
) (
) (
s RR
s QT = QT QOTc= Corrected QOT=
‹ ! 0 8 ' ! !5 9 ;]QOTc Z
/ 2
‹ ! 0 6 ! !5 9 Z(
/ 2 .
;] ! !5 9
‹ ! 0QTC 13 / 2
%'!
.
7 . Q %- @ !"?! %j +
! " 9 ' 8 S
8 S
Œ € 9! J 9 ;] ! !5 9 5! A
S .
: 7 8 S !
Z#
!5 9
!" S
+
" 9 ) • ;] ' '
7 ? p9 , $ j9<
.
D Y j9
~ j9 5 +8 S QT
e - ! 9 QTO
' !" 7 7 7;' K ! !5 9 j9< 6
+
7 * .
+7 . Q ! + ;9 J !
{ D x!
‰ + W D E ) 7 . ! : B D c
!5 +
! S +
+ ;] ! * 6 ' 7 $ ?
W D 8 ! ! +
!5 9 H + E p <
p c + ! 0 '
) 9F ] !"
QTc f g 5 !" QOTc
( S ' .
( 4
p9 ) i! K9!
( 8 S J E D
) uR / 4 (
uu / u . ' 6 S +
8 S
) 44 / ( ( 21 /
#
' 6 S .
6 ' 8 S )
V1 / 2 (
##
/ n
. ' 6 S .
A ( p9 ) i! K9!
( QTc
! QTOc A ! 8 S
) W D J
(
6 8 S
) 9
J .
(
6 ' 8 S
) 9
;] J .
( g9 D
. 8 S ( + (#
)
~ / u(
$ ( + 8 S Z + 3 ) V / V
$ (
6 ' 8 S
$ _$
QTcE! ! 9F ] 9
) 22(
/
<2 .(P
9F ] !" L9 5!
f 9 8 S 7' " 9QOTC
%' 5
<
. 8 S ( + (1 )
Z / 13
$ ( s
8 S Z + V ) n / (2
$ ( 8 S
~
" 9 _ $
$ S 8 D g )
22(
/
<2 .(P
S‚ % ' 0
@ E! QTc W D
~ / u(
#Z
E! * ! $
e 7 QOTc
13
#3 / n
< %' $ .
7 . ! [
E !5 9 W D E )
+
!5 ‰ +
;] ! * 6 ' 7 $ ? + ! S
+ E
W D 8 !
+
!5 9 H +
' E p <
9F ] !" + ! 0 QTc
E x!QOTc
! 9 +
c { D
b.! \ ? D f g 5 !"
9
" 9 W D 5!
k ; !
g9 ) 5! E !
9 ! 9 ) 43 / P>4 ( .
M,
Y>; - 7 Q9 D
D + S 8 !
e W
9! 5 ,! c
* A ' , h ; E D
.
@D 7 9
E b J K +6 '
CNS
@D ,>G • ;*9! , - @ !"?!
. g€
D x! 7 7 G : : 9 5!
x % K W
% + ( 8. * '?A K A4 \ QTc
Y?)A K B?( : ; " W QOTc
" W )? z?)A 9
)
" W E ( a?O z?)A 9 )
" W / (
" W +
" W f
" W d
& '?A K mg/dl
)* un / 2 ( uu / u ) 22 / ( ( 21 /
# )
V1 / 2 (
##
/ n
) QTc ((
/ 2 ( 1#
/ 2 )
23 / 2 (
~#
/ 2 )
21 / 2 (
~V / 2
) QOTc 2n / 2 ( ZZ / 2 )
23 / 2 ( (u / 2 )
2Z / 2 ( (1 / 2
! * )
?a { , (
_?# ? .
! - S +
! > 5 ?
e ' < ,! c 7 %'
QT 5 e - ! 9 QOT
+ W D !b.
5 9F ] 7
! ) \ ? E D S D
) N3 ( .
,F * S 9 \ _ ! 7 e - ‹ ! Y; *
**K
5 9F ]
QT 7 9 QOT
9 ! L9 \ _ ! W D +
!" 7 5 .
k ; ! (correlation) QT 5
W D
%'! 7 ? p9 , $ E 5 , * *K .
X COLLET) (
& D 9 **K . ! @9!
5 5! 8 _ '! 7 7 QT
E! QOT
@
! ! !5 9 W D 9 9 8
) NR .(
j9< 7 . Q +
5 6 ' PQ' k ; !
)QT 1y / r =4 (
. 9 9 j g 9< T '! ! 7 X
85! 9! 5!
E S
QT 5 E p. ˆ %j ! !5 9 W D 7 . !
8 _ '!
.
7 . Q T '!
9 Nelson) (
! & D 9
@ ) Ny (
~(
7Q ! L9 5! !5 9
5 W D
' QT
6 ' PQ ' E ! k ; ! . 9
9 %' QT .
'! „9 : Nekvasil) (
@9! & D )
d4 ( + Zu
!5 9
!
! ! - 7 . Q 9
.
E ! k ; ! 7 . Q !
5 6 ' PQ '
QT QOT
% ! . 9< L9 z;] !b.
85! 9! 5! !
! E S
W D 7 . ! … € g E! e - ! 9 5 9 8 _ '! E !5 9 .
h 0 7 . Q +
5! & 7 A 8 S ? S L9
!5 9
9 !
E p 8 Œ € 9! J
;] ! !5 9 5!
9 J
"S S 8 9! 8
{ D
! !
X
? D ! !5 9 5! 79 9 X W
Ž
;- 8 S 7 * %j +
0! ] ‰
;' •
p€' %j ! x[ 7
D ,!
X W e - ! 9
< D! ? X X
%'! 8 .
h 0 z *K +
9F ] QTc 5
~ / u(
7 * 7 ! I J W D ! 8 S 5! $
A 8 S
)
$ _$
(
! !5 9 8 S )
V / V
$ ( E < L9 5!
%'! ! ) 444N / P4
<4 ( .
! !
E < 7Q ! 7 %' QT )
W D
% ' 0 7 !
u(
%
85! 9! 5! ! m-!
5 E S
!" ! J ! QTc
@ E! e' E p. ˆ
6 ' @D
9 8 _ '!
.
5 S‚ 7 p i ] 5!
E! QT
@ W D
#Z
%
g9 7 7;' K
$ )! 8 D
p ib 0 E! <
! W D , ;x! ,F> ) .
9F ] L9 5!
QOT 5 + Z / 13
! 8 S 5! $
7 * 7 8 D g 5 ! @ !"?! J W D
A 8 S
)
$ _ $
(
! !5 9 8 S { D
) n / (2
$ ( E < L9 5!
! ! % '
) 4444N / P<4 ( .
5 % ' 0 7
QOT
W D … € g 13
%
< S‚ 7 3
/ n#
%
% '!
. 7 & ! 8 > !b .
!" ! J ! !
9 8 _ '! < 5! E p. ˆ +
S‚ E! ! Y $ )
W D … € g , ;x! 7 5 BF .
!" 7 E i> )!
9F ] QT
QOT
A 8 S
) 8 S
;] ! !5 9
X 9
Ž
! !5 9 8 S 9
X Ž ( 7L0>
5! + S
< L9 E 9 !
. 7 „9
! p e .
W D 5! 9 f g 6 7 %'!
9F ] !" E x " 9 QT
! 9QOT .
8 ! + ,F * '
!" D c x! 7 E!
5 9F ]
QT 8 p9QOT
. 7 . Q
…€g h 0
9 B D c 7 )
7 . ! [
E )
W D +
!5 ‰ +
! S +
!"
;] ! * 6 ' 7 $ ?
! E – 8
W D
< +
!5 9 &
+
E 0 ' H
(
9F ] !"
QT 9 ! 9 E x!QOT
.
E \ ? 7 9 Y j9 (Z3
A J W D !5 9
5 5! 8 _ '! J 9
QTc QOTc
@
7 ! !5 9 W D
S‚ % ' 0
e' .
/0 /
% &
' $(
" ) 2 / 4 2/56
References:
1. Root AW. Parathyroid glands, calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D metabolites. In: Hung W (ed): Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology. St. Louis.
Mosby Year Book,1992, 89-128.
2. Venkatamaran PS, Tsang RC, Steichen JJ, et al. Early neonatal hypocalcemia in the first week of life in premature and full term infants. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48:255-70.
3. Tsang RC, Light IJ, Sutherland JM, et al.
Possible pathogenetic factors in neonatal hypocalcemia of prematurity; The role of gestation, hyper phosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, urinary calcium loss and parathormon responsiveness. J Pediater 1973;82:423-7.
4. Romagnoli C, Zecca E, Tortorolo G, et al.
Plasma thyrocalcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations in early neonatal hypocalcemia.
Arch Dis Child 1987;62:580-8.
5. Rubin LP, Posillico JT, Anast CS, et al.
Circulating levels of biologically activated immunoreactive intact parathyroid hormone in human newborns. Pediatr Res 1991;29:201-8.
6. Koo WW, Gupta JM, Nayanar VV, et al.
Skeletal changes in very low birth weight infants.
Rch Dis Child 1982;57:447-80.
7. Tsang RC, Kleinman LI, Sutherland JM,et al.
Hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers:
studies in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism and in parathormone responsiveness. J Pediatr 1972;80:384-9.
8. Noguchi A, Eren M, Tsang RC. Parathyroid hormone in hypocalcemic and normocalcemic infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1980;97:112- 18.
9. Tsang RC, Chen I, Hayes W, et al. Neonatal magnesium disturbances. Am J Dis Child 1972;124:282-93.
10. Tsang RC, Chen I, Hayes W, et al. Neonata hypocalcemia in infants with birth asphyxia. J Pediatr 1974;84:428-32.
11. Venkataraman PS, Tsang RC, Chen IW, et al.
Pathogenesis of early neonatal hypocalcemia:
studies of serum calcitonin, gastrin and plasma glucagons. J Pediatr 1987;110:599-607.
12. Hahn TJ. Drug induced disorders of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;9:107-19.
13. Gardner LI, MacLachlan EA, Pick W, et al.
Etiologic factors in tetany of newly born infants.
Pediatrics 1958;5:228-34.
14. Carter EP, Andrus EC. QT interval in human electrocardiogram in absence of cardiac disease.
JAMA 1922;78:342-64.
15. Bazett HC. An analysis of time relations of ECG . Heart 1920;7:353-64.
16. Garson A, Dick M, Fournier A, et al. The long QT syndrome in children. An international study of 287 patients. Circulation 1993;87:1866-72.
17. Surawicz B, Knoebe SB, Long QT , good, bad or indifferent? J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;4:138-45.
18. Colletti RB, Pan MW, Smith EW, et al.
Detection of hypocalcemia in susceptible neonates.
New Engl J Med 1974;290:931-8.
19. Nelson N. The QOTc and QTc interval and ionized calcium in newborns. Clin Physiol 1989;;9:39-45.
20. Nekvasil R, Stejskal J, Tuma A. Detection of early onset neonatal hypocalcemia in low birth weight infants by QTc and QOTc interval measurement. Acta Pediatr Acad Sci Hung 1980;21:203-10.
