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Walsh code Manchester code 3

A Study on Three Dimensional Indoor Visible Light Communication Localization based on Manchester Code using

Walsh Code

2016 2

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: : :

2016 2

(4)

···

Abstract ···

1 ··· 01

2 ··· 04

2.1 ··· 04

2.2 ··· 07

2.3 Manchester code ··· 09

2.4 Walsh code ··· 10

3 ··· 11

3.1 ··· 12

3.2 ··· 13

3.3 ··· 14

3.4 ··· 15

3.5 3 ··· 19

4 ··· 21

4.1 ··· 21

4.2 ··· 24

5 ··· 33

··· 34

(5)

< >

2.1 ··· 4

2.2 ··· 7

3.1 ··· 12

3.2 (1) ··· 17

3.3 (2) ··· 18

4.1  _ ··· 25

4.2 _ ··· 26

4.3  _ ··· 27

4.4 ··· 29

4.5 ··· 30

4.6 3 ··· 31

4.7 3 ··· 32

(6)

< >

4.1 ··· 23

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A Study on Three Dimensional Indoor Visible Light Communication Localization based on Manchester Code using Walsh Code

by Won-Yeol, Kim

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering The Graduate School of Korea Maritime University

Busan, Republic of Korea

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an indoor visible light communi-

cation(VLC) localization using Walsh code which can distinguish

overlapped transmitted-signals as each of transmitted signal with

different LED source at the receiver and using Manchester code which

can eliminate the flicker of LED light. The proposed system can

estimate the relative three dimensional position of the receiver by using

Lambertian radiation properties and trilateration method that are applied

to the location information of fixed LED sources and the received

(8)

signals from them. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed

system, we carried out the simulation in an indoor space with 6×6×3

m

³

installed 16 LED lamps. The simulation result shows that the

proposed method achieves an average positioning error of 0.0536 m and

a maximum positioning error of 0.2977 m.

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1

(LBS: Location based service)

[1-10]. LBS ·

.

GPS(Global Positioning System) .

.

RFID[11], UWB(Ultra-wide band)[12], CSS(Chirp Spread Spectrum), Bluetooth[13], WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)[14]

[15-23]. ,

.

LED

[24-28].

, ,

(10)

,

. AoA(Angle of Arrival),

ToA(Time of Arrival)[29], TDoA(Time Difference of Arrival)[30], RSSI(Received signal strength indication)[31]

. AoA ,

ToA ·

. RSSI LED

. RSSI

Overlapped RSSI[32], DTMF(Dual-tone multi-frequency)[33], OOC(Optical

orthogonal code)[34] .

Overlapped RSSI R-D

RSSI ( , VLC

) . DTMF

ID LED

DFT(discrete-time Fourier transform)

. OOC

. Walsh code

Light emitting diode(LED) LED

Manchester code .

LED

.

(11)

16 LED 6×6×3 m³

. ,

0.2977 m, 0.0536 m

.

(12)

2

2.1

Fig. 2.1 Visible light communication channel model

2.1  VLC LED

, _ PD(Photodiode) . LED PD

(2.1) .

×⊗ (2.1)

 PD

(13)

,  LED ,  (noise) , 

.  .

(2.2) ,

  _ (2.2)

. (channel DC gain) 

(2.3) .

 



_{ ∞}^∞ ^{}











^

 

^_cos  ≤  ≤ _

   _



(2.3)

,  PD , 

,  ,  , _ , 

. _ FOV(Field of view) .

 LED ln lncos_ .

_     .  (2.4)

.

(14)

 









^^sin

_

^

  ≤  ≤ _

  ≥ _

(2.4)

,  . (2.3) LED

,  , cos cos   .

 









^^^^{ }^^^{  }

 ^{  }

  ≤  ≤ _

   _

 (2.5)

(2.5) . _ _ 

_ ×_ (2.6)

(2.6) .

(15)

2.2

Fig. 2.2 Trilateration method

. 3 LED PD PD

, 2.2 LED PD

. LED PD

, 3

. (2.6) 3 LED

______ , ___ .

(16)

  _^   _^ _^

  _^   _^ _^

  _^   _^ _^

(2.6)

(2.6) ,

   

  





^





_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _









^







_^ _^ _^_^ _^ _^



_^ _^ _^_^ _^ _^

  

 







(2.7)

(2.7) ,  ^^{ }^ LSM(Least square

method) (2.6) . LED

PD , PD

.

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2.3 Manchester code

Manchester code NRZ Clock XOR

.

 _{  }



^∞ ^{  }^^    _ (2.8)

 _{  }



^∞



^{  }^^    _  _ 

 _    _ _  (2.9)

 ⊕ (2.10)

, (2.10) ‘⊕’ XOR . _

, _  , High-Low ,

_  , Low-High .

‘0’ ‘1’ ,

flicker . NRZ(Non return to

zero) 2

.

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2.4 Walsh code

Walsh code “Hadamard Matrix” ,

_

 



 

   (2.11)

. _ 1 ,  2 .

Hadamard 4×4

_







^





   

     

     

     









^





_

_

_

_

(2.12)

, _,_,_,_ .

Hadamard

_





^^^^×^^^^{ }



^{  ≠}    (2.13)

. _ Hadamard , _^ _

. 4 Walsh code(_,_,_,_) .

(19)

3.

Walsh code Manchester code . Manchester code

‘0’ ‘1’ flicker

. LED

Walsh code

. Lambertian

LED ,

. ,

.

(20)

3.1

Fig. 3.1 Indoor localization system

3.1 2 m

2 m 4 × 4 3 m VLC

LED 1.5 m (PD)

. LED ,

LED-ID , ID “Hadamard matrix” 16

× 16 (0, 1) _,_,_, ,_ .

LED .

.

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3.2

LED _ (2.8) “Hadamard matrix”

(0, 1) Walsh code XOR .

_ _{  }



^∞







 

  _   _

_ _mod

 

 _    _

_ _mod_

 

(3.1)

_ ×⊕_ (3.2)

,  , _  ,

 LED Walsh code ,  , _ Walsh code

. “Hadamard matrix” 16×16

_ ‘16’ . ‘ mod ’ ÷ . ‘⊕’

XOR . , _ 

‘_ ’ , High-Low , ‘_ ’ , Low-High .

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3.3

PD _{} (3.3) ,

_{} ^_{  }



^^{ }^^^^^{⊗}^^{ }^^ ^(3.3)

LED  _ _, _

. ‘⊗’ Convolution , _ LED

. LED _^

_^ _×_^ _

 _





_^^^^^^^{}^×^^×^^^^{}

(3.4)

. (3.4) _^  , _ 

LED Channel DC gain, _ _

. , _^ (3.5) (3.6) . Walsh code

_{} LED

_^ “Hadamard matrix”

.

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 _{  }



^∞ ^{  }^^    _    _ (3.5)

_^ _{  }



^∞







 

  _    _

 _ _mod

 

   _   _

_ _mod

 

(3.6)



_^ LED ID (1, -1) Walsh code

.

3.4

LED PD

(2.6) , (2.5)

_^ _{ }

^^^{  }

 ^{  }

×_^  ≤  ≤ _ (3.7)

(3.7) .  .

(24)

 



^^_



^^{ ×}^^^^^{× ×}^ ^^

 





  



 ^  ≤  ≤ _ (3.8)

(3.8) LED  . 

(3.8) .

3.2 LED

, 3.3 LED

.

(25)

3.2 (1) Fig. 3.2 The block diagram of proposed indoor localization (1)

(26)

3.3 (2) Fig. 3.3 The block diagram of proposed indoor localization (2)

(27)

3.5 3

3 4

.

 _^   _^  ^ _^

 _^   _^  ^ _^

  _^   _^  ^ _^

 _^   _^  ^ _^

(3.9)

(3.9) 3 LED PD

. (3.10) _ ,

_     (3.14) .

_



^



^^_^

×^×_^

 ^  ≤  ≤ _ (3.10)

,

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   

 







^





 __   _ _



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^ ^



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^

 __   _ _



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^ ^



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^

 __   _ _



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^ ^



^^^^ ^{× }^^_^^

(3.11)









^





 _^ _^ _^ _^

 _^ _^ _^ _^

 _^ _^ _^ _^

 ^^{ }^

(3.11) ,  ^^{ }^ LSM(Least square

method) . LED

PD , PD 3

.

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4

4.1

, 3

. VLC _ shot noise, thermal noise,

inter-symbol interference .

_ _^  _{}^  ^_^ (4.1)

(4.1) . (4.2) (4.4) .

_ _{ }

_





_

_

∞

_{} (4.2)

_^  __ __ (4.3)

_{}^  

_

_^_{ }

_

^_

^^_^ (4.4)

(4.3) shot noise ,  ,  , _

. (4.4) thermal noise feedback-resistor

noise FET channel noise ,  , _

,  ,  PD , 

(30)

FET , _ FET , _ = 0.0868 .

2 LED

 _{_},

_{_}_ _{_}_

, .

2 1.5 m LED

 _{_},

_{_} _

. 3.1 3

.

4.1 .

(31)

4.1

Table 4.1 parameters of simulation

 deg

deg

^



^









(32)

4.1

4.1, 4.2 ,

4.1(a) _{_} , 4.1(b)

AWGN(Adiitve White Gaussian Noise) OOK

_{_} , 4.1(c) _

. _{_}_

OOK _{_}

_{_}

.

OOK

4.2(a) .

4.2(b)

.

(a)

(33)

(b)

(c)

4.1  _ : (a) _{_}_

, (b) _{_} , (c) _

Fig. 4.1 Received power _ distribution for horizontal distance : (a) _{_}

characteristic curve, (b) _{_} characteristic curve, (c) _ characteristic curve

(34)

(a)

(b)

4.2 _ :(a) _{_}

, (b) _{_}_

Fig. 4.2 Received power _ distribution for external light:(a) _{_}

characteristic curve, (b) _ characteristic curve

(35)

(c) (d)

4.3  _ : (a)

_{_} , (b) _ , (c)

_

 , (d) _



Fig. 4.3 Received power _ distribution for horizontal distance : (a)

_{_} characteristic curve, (b) _ characteristic curve, (c)

_{_}^ _ characteristic curve, (d) _{_}^ _ characteristic curve

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4.3 4.3(a)

_{_} , 4.3(b)

_ , 4.3(c) _

, 4.3(d) _ .

4.4

. LED 1 _





, LED 2 _ 



LED 3 _

 . LED

 2 m 2 m

.

(37)

4.4

Fig. 4.4 Estimated horizaontal distance for real horizontal distance

(38)

, 4.5 . 0.2977 m,

0.0536 m . LED

.

4.5

Fig. 4.5 Result of proposed indoor localization error

(39)

3

4.6 .

(2, 2, 1.5) , (2.0263, 2.5094, 1.5018) .

MSE(Mean Squared Error) 0.0279 m .

4.6 3

Fig. 4.6 Result of proposed three dimensional indoor localization error

(40)

4.7 3

Fig. 4.7 Result of proposed three dimensional indoor localization error

(41)

5

Walsh code Manchester code

. LED

, LED

.

Flicker, Dimming Manchester code

. , Walsh code LED

LED .

. 0.2977

m, 0.0536 m .

3 .

, LED

LBS (Location based

service) .

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