ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
Chong Kian Tat
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering)
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008/2009
Saya CHONG KIAN TAT
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan () di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: NO.26, TAPAH BAZAAR,
BATU 22, JALAN K-S, Mr. DAVID BONG BOON LIANG
Nama Penyelia 94200 KUCHING, SARAWAK
Tarikh: 15 June 2008 Tarikh: 15 June 2008
This Final Year Project attached here:
Title : ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
Author’s Name : Chong Kian Tat
Matric No : 13885
has been read and approved by:
__________________________ ______________________
Mr. David Bong Boon Liang Date
(Supervisor)
ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
CHONG KIAN TAT
Thesis is submitted to
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Dedicated to My Beloved Family and Love One
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks my supervisor Ir. David Bong Boon Liang for his encouragement and passion to lead to the completion and producing of quality thesis report. Besides that, I also would like to extend a note of appreciation to the final year project I coordinator Dr. Wan Azlan Wan Zainal Abidin and the final year project II coordinator Mr. Norhuzaimin Julai for his patient, comment and guidance throughout this project.
A word of thanks my beloved family, love one and friends for their love, care and supports during four years study in UNIMAS
Last but not least, the author would like to thanks all technicians and all FK staff who give me technical advice and support. The author grateful gratitude also dedicated to anyone who directly or indirectly helps in making this project success.
ABSTRAK
Harga tenaga elektrik semakin meningkat dari semasa ke semasa. Oleh sebab itu, pengguna-pengguna peralatan elektrik semakin mengambil berat tentang kecekapan peralatan elektrik yang digunakan. Cara penyelesaian bagi masalah ini ialah membina sebuah sistem pemantau pengunaan tenaga. Objektif projek ini ialah mereka dan membina satu sistem pemantau pengunaan tenaga berkomputer. Sistem ini dibina daripada kombinasi computer, modul penperolehan data (modul DAQ), pengesan bezaupaya dan pengesan arus. Program komputer yang akan digunakan untuk membina program perantara bagi komputer dan peralatan ialah LabVIEW, yang dihasilkan oleh National Instruments Inc. Sistem ini dapat mengukur frekuensi, bezaupaya, arus, kuasa, faktor kuasa, pemindahan fasa bagi graf bezaupaya dan graf arus, bacaan kilo-Watt-jam, jangka masa operasi bagi peralatan elektrik dan kos operasi bagi peralatan elektrik. Data yang diukur akan dipaparkan dalam bentuk graf dan penomboran. Sistem ini juga mempunyai fungsi untuk mengesan kesilapan (terlebih bezaupaya, terkurang bezaupaya dan terlebih arus) dan dapat memutuskan sumber kuasa apabila kesilapan dikesani.
Pangkalan data bagi sistem ini dapat menyimpan dua jenis data iaitu data ukuran dan laporan kesilapan. Sistem ini juga dapat dicapai secara jarak jauh dengan menggunakan perisian Windows Remote Desktop Connection.
ABSTRACT
Electrical energy price has been increasing over the years. Due to this reason, home users are getting more concern about the efficiency of the electrical appliances.
The solution on this problem is to create an energy usage monitoring system that can monitor the energy used by electrical appliances. The objective of this project is to design and build a computer based energy monitoring system. The system will be consisting of a computer, a data acquisition (DAQ) module, a voltage sensor and a current sensor. The LabVIEW graphical programming software by National Instrument Inc. is used to design and build the computer interfacing software (virtual instrument software). The system is able to measure the source frequency, source voltage, current drown by the monitored device, real power, apparent power, power factor, phase shift between the voltage graph and the current graph (in both radiance and degree), kilo- Watt-hour reading, monitored device operation time (elapsed time) and cost of operation of the monitored device. The measured data is presented in both graphical and numerical form. The system also has error detection capability (over voltage, voltage too low and over current detection) which will cut off the power supply when error is detected. The database of the system is able to store both measurement data and error report. This system can be accessed remotely by using the Windows Remote Desktop Connection software.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Content
Acknowledgement Abstrak
Abstract
Table of content List of Table List of Figure Abbreviation
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background and History 1.3 Project Objectives 1.4 Thesis Overview
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
2.2 AC Related Issues
2.3 Hardware and Component 2.3.1 DAQ Module
Page Number II III IV V X XI XIV
1 3 3 4
6 6 8 8
2.3.1.1 Analog Input
2.3.1.2 Choices of DAQ Module 2.3.1.2.1 Labjack U3 2.3.1.2.2 NI USB-6008 2.3.2 Sensor
2.3.2.1 Voltage Sensor 2.3.2.2 Current Sensor 2.3.3 Relay
2.4 Software
2.4.1 Programming Software 2.4.1.1 LabVIEW
2.4.2 Remote Access Software 2.5 Other People’s Researches or Works 2.6 History of Energy Usage Monitoring
2.6.1 Wattmeter
2.6.1.1 Analog Wattmeter 2.6.1.2 Digital Wattmeter 2.6.2 Kilo-watt-houre meter
2.6.3 Special purpose energy usage monitoring meter
2.7 Summary
10 13 14 18 20 21 23 32 32 33 33 34 37 37 38 39 40 42
44 46
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction
3.2 System Overview 3.3 Hardware
3.3.1 Sensor
3.3.1.1 Sensor Circuit 3.3.2 Relay Circuit 3.4 Software
3.4.1 Virtual Instrument (VI) Software
3.4.1.1 Communication between the USB-6008 DAQ Module and the VI Software (for Acquiring Measurement Data and Relay Circuit Control)
3.4.1.2 Error Detection 3.4.1.3 Database System
3.4.2 Remote Access Software (Windows Remote Desktop Connection)
3.5 Calibration of the System
3.5.1 Calibration of Voltage Sensor and Current Sensor
3.6 Summary
47 47 47 49 49 50 55 57 58
58 59 61
63 64
66 70
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction
4.2 System Overview 4.3 Hardware
4.3.1 PCB Circuits 4.3.2 Power Supply 4.4 Software
4.4.1 Energy Usage Monitoring System Software 4.4.2 Remote Access Software (Windows Remote
Desktop Connection) 4.5 Analysis of Accuracy
4.6 Summary
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations and Future Improvement
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A:THE ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM SOFTWARE BLOCK DIAGRAM AND LAYOUT
72 72 72 74 75 77 78 78
82 85 91
92 92 93
97
100
APPENDIX B: PICTURE OF ENERGY USAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
APPENDIX C: SETTING UP REMOTE DESKTOP CONNECTION
APPENDIX D: METHOD TO CHECK FOR IP ADDRESS
APPENDIX E: PROJECT POSTER
102
105
116
119
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 8 Bits ADC Output Representation 12
2 8 Bits ADC Output Representation With Output Value 12
3 Comparison between Remote Desktop Software 35
4 Component List for the Sensor Circuit 51
5 Component List for the Relay Circuit 56
6 Voltage Sensor Calibration 68
7 Current Sensor Calibration 69
8 Voltage Measurement Result 86
9 Current Measurement Result 89
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
1 Comparator Circuit and Its Output Profile With Respect To Its Input 11
2 LabJack U3 14
3 NI USB-6008 18
4 Voltage Divider Circuit 21
5 Shunt Resistor Connection for Current Measurement 24
6 Hall Effect 25
7 Hall Effect Measurement and Calculation 26
8 Hall Effect Current Transducer 27
9 Output Waveform of Hall Effect Current Transducer When Measuring AC Current
28
10 Wire and Hall Effect Current Transducer Connection for Current Measurement
29
11 kValue Calculation Circuit 30
12 Effect of Increasing the Number Of Turns On The Hall Effect Current Sensor
31
13 Analog Wattmeter 39
14 Digital Wattmeter 40
15 AC Power Graph 41
16 (a) Analog kilowatt-hour Meter And (b) The Digital kilowatt-hour 42
Meter
17 Kill-a-Watt Energy Usage Meter 44
18 SENTRON PAC3200 Power Meter 45
19 Interconnection of the Energy Usage Monitoring System 48
20 CSLA2CD Hall Effect Sensor 49
21 Sensor Circuit 50
22 13 Amp Plug 51
23 13 Amp Socket 52
24 (a) Voltage Sensor, (b) Current Sensor 52
25 Output Waveform Induced By a Sine Wave Input for the Hall Effect Sensor
53
26 Connection of Hall Effect Sensors Output To the DAQ Module 54
27 Relay Circuit 55
28 Digital Output from USB-6008 57
29 DAQ Assistant Express VI 59
30 Comparison Express VI 60
31 Play Sound Express VI 61
32 Write To Measurement File Express VI 62
33 Energy Utilization Experiment System (GTU103) 65
34 DL1013T1 Source Manipulation Tool 66
35 Calibration Setup 67
36 Source Voltage VS Sensor Output Voltage Graph 68
38 System Overview 73
39 Finished Hardware Photos 74
40 PCB Circuit for the Sensor Circuit 75
41 PCB Circuit for Sensor Circuit 76
42 PCB Circuit Outcome 77
43 Energy Usage Monitoring System Software Print Screen 78 44 Energy Usage Monitoring System Software Flowchart 81 45 Example of Network the Host Computer Is Connected To 83
46 Voltage Measurement Result 86
47 Current Measurement Result 90
48 WLS-9211 94
49 Connection between the WLS-9211 with the Host Computer 95
ABBREVIATION
A
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analog to Digital Converter C
CSLA2CD Honeywell Hall Effect Transducer D
DAQ Data Acquisition
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
DC Direct Current
G
GND Ground
GUI Graphic User Interface H
HET Hall Effect Transducer
Hz Hertz
I
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IC Integrated Circuit
IDE integrated development environment
IP Internet Protocol L
LAN Local Area Network
LED Light Emitting Diode
LV LabVIEW
N
NI National Instruments
P
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PIC Programmable Interface Controller R
RDO Remote Data Objects
U
USB Universal Serial Bus
USB-6008 NI DAQ unit
U3 LabJack DAQ unit
V
VB Visual Basic
VBA Visual Basic Advance
VI Virtual Instrument
Vcc Supply Voltage
Vdd Supply Voltage
W
Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Network
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The cost of electrical energy has been increasing over the years. This creates a concern among home users regarding the energy usage efficiency of the electrical appliances that they are using. Thus there is a need to design and build an energy usage monitoring system to monitor and measure the energy usage of electrical appliances.
The purpose of this project is to design and build a computer based Energy Usage Monitoring System for home electrical appliances. The system consists of sensors (voltage sensor and current sensor), relay circuit (electronic circuit breaker), DAQ module and a computer. The main function of the system is to measure the energy usage of electrical appliances. Besides that, additional function has been added to enhance the system including safety function (error detection with alarm and electronic circuit breaker), database system (store measurement data and error report) and remote accessibility.
The system has two sensors (voltage sensor and current sensor). Hall Effect sensor has been used for both voltage sensing and current sensing. The two signals (voltage and current) from the sensors is inputted to the DAQ module and sent to the computer trough USB connection. The DAQ software (Energy Usage Monitoring System software) will use this signals to compute other data (power, source frequency, device efficiency and cost of device operation. All the acquired and computed data is presented in both numerical and graphical form by the Energy Usage Monitoring software.
The Energy Usage Monitoring software will have the capability of error detection (over voltage, voltage too low and over current). When error is detected, the Energy Usage Monitoring software will activate an alarm sound to alert the user and error report will be generated. Besides that, the supply will also be cut off automatically by the relay circuit to prevent any damage to the monitored device.
The DAQ software database system is able to store both error report and the measurement values.
To achieve remote accessing of the system, the host computer (computer connected to sensing hardware) need to be connected to a network (LAN or internet).
Other computer within the same network can be used to access the remote system
1.2 Background and History
The energy usage monitoring system has been design and builds since the early of 19th century where rapid progress in electrical science had started. It started from simple analog meter to today’s high-end computer based energy monitoring system that provides high accuracy measurement [1].
The computer based energy monitoring system usually uses a DAQ module as an interfacing device between the sensors and the computer system [1]. Scientific Solution invented the computer based DAQ system in 1981 with the introduction of the LabMaster, BaseBoard, DADIO, LabTender, IEEE-488 hardware and LabPac software. Since then, a rapid progress has been seen in the DAQ arena with more company producing DAQ module and its programming software. Today’s, DAQ module has become relatively smaller and lower in cost when compare to what was produced by Scientific Solution in the year 1981. More powerful and easy to use programming tool like LabVIEW has been produce that provide a very good environment for development of virtual instrument [2].
1.3 Project Objectives
The main objectives of this project are to design and build a computer based Energy Usage Monitoring System for home electrical appliances. In order to achieve this, the following must be achieved:
Study and understand DAQ module and computer integration techniques.
Study and understand LabVIEW graphical programming software.
Study and understand how Hall Effect sensor work and how to implement it into this Energy Usage Monitoring System.
Study and understand how relay work and how to implement it into the Energy Usage Monitoring System as a circuit breaker.
Testing of remote desktop software to find the most suitable and compatible choice for the Energy Usage Monitoring System.
1.3 Thesis Overview
Chapter 1 provides overview of this project and discuss about building block of the Energy Usage Monitoring System and their respective function. The function of the overall system has also been discussed.
Chapter 2 is the literature review which reviews all the related theories,
