This certifies that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that I own the original work except as specified in the references and acknowledgments, and that the original work contained herein has not been performed or carried out by unspecified sources or persons. The effect of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial dye concentration, initial pH, adsorbent dose and adsorbent particle size were investigated by following a batch adsorption technique. The percentage of dye removal increased with the decrease of the initial dye concentration, the adsorbent particle size and the increase of the contact time, the pH of the dye solution and the adsorbent dose.
An initial pH in the range of 5.0-7.0 was effective for dye removal from the adsorbent. I would also like to thank the Chemical Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for allocating this project title to me. Biological treatment processes have been found to be efficient in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) while being largely ineffective in removing color from wastewater.
Until now, the most common commercially used adsorbent is activated carbon for color removal by adsorption technique, but this is relatively expensive. In an ongoing search for the adsorbents, various lignocellulosic materials or agricultural wastes such as coconut shells, rice husks, sawdust and wheat straw were used.
Problem Statement
This research study is expected to prove that sawdust can be used as a
Objectives and Scope of Study
- Adsorption Characteristics of New Coccine Dye on to Sludge Ash
- Fly ash based low cost method for COD removal from domestic
- Removal of Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solutions by Sawdust
- The Use of Eucalyptus Barks for the Adsorption of Heavy Metal
- Removal ofTwo Reactive Dyes by Quaternized Sawdust
Based on the feasibility study, the research project is assessed to be feasible in relation to the availability of material, technology and allocated time. Values of first-layer adsorption energy, G\ ranged from -6.86 to -7.45 kcal/mol, suggesting that the adsorption could be considered a physical process simultaneously enhanced by the electrostatic effect. The multilayer adsorption energy, G°2, ranged from -4.33 to -4.51 kcal/mol, suggesting that the adsorption was of the typical physical type.
The influence of the treatment time, the adsorbent dose, the pH of the medium, the initial COD concentration, the stirring speed and the particle size of the adsorbent on the speed of. In the present study, several parameters influenced the adsorption, such as the contact time between the wastewater and the adsorbent, the dose of adsorbent, the pH of the sample, the initial COD concentration, the stirring speed and the size of the adsorbent particles. Locally available sawdust, a byproduct of global industry, was found to be a cheap and promising adsorbent for the removal of copper(II) from wastewater.
The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of solution pH, contact time and sorbate concentration. Eucalyptus bark harvested in Lebanon has been used for the adsorption of pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes. Eucalyptus bark is also very effective for the adsorption of dyes (Acid Blue 25, Erichrome Blue Black Band Calmagite) due to.
Adsorption phenomena are operative in most natural physical, biological, and chemical systems, and adsorption operations using solids such as activated carbon and synthetic resins are widely used in industrial applications and for water and wastewater treatment. The process of adsorption involves the separation of a substance. from one phase associated with its accumulation or concentration on the surface of another. In general, the amount of material adsorbed is determined as a function of concentration at a constant temperature, and the resulting function is called the adsorption isotherm. The Freundlich isotherm is most commonly used to describe the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon used in water and wastewater treatment.
Different amounts of the concentrated C0 dye solution were added to 5 different volumetric flasks and each was filled with distilled water. The experimental procedure is the same for all studies except for the variation of the difference parameters keeping constant The peak or absorbance of 7 different concentrations of methylene blue was analyzed using UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
The raw data from the calibration curve, as shown in Table 4.1 below, was then used to plot the calibration curve, as illustrated in Figure 4.1 below. Since the linearity for the Freundlich isotherm is higher compared to the Langmuir model, it must be concluded that the adsorption of organic dye fits the Freundlich.
5.0 DISCUSSION
External diffusion or film transport controls the transfer of solute from the bulk solution through the boundary layer of fluid immediately adjacent to the outer surface of the adsorbent particle. The smooth and independent nature of the curve indicates the formation of a monolayer covering of the adsorbate on the outside of the adsorbent. Weber (1972) stated that the degree of adsorption is also related to certain properties of the adsorbate relative to the solution phase, especially those of surface tension and .
The higher the solubility (lower metal concentration of the dye) of the compound, the stronger the bond. The surface area of all commercially important adsorbents is contained within an internal pore structure of the adsorbent particles. The size and distribution of pores within sawdust particles are related to the available surface area simply because a surface drug may be inaccessible to adsorb larger sized molecules.
The effect of the pH of organic dye solution was studied by varying the pH values from 3.0 to 8.0. The results indicate that at all pH levels below 5.0; the sawdust has consistently higher adsorption capacity for dye. In general, the effect of pH on the adsorption of dye on sawdust can be explained on the basis of an aqua-complex formation due to the charge that develops on the surface.
The pH at which maximum adsorption of In single-layer adsorption (type I isotherm), all adsorbed molecules are in contact with the surface layer of the adsorbent. In multilayer adsorption, the adsorption space accommodates more than one layer of molecules, so that not all adsorbed molecules are in direct contact with the surface layer of the adsorbent. The data obtained from the adsorption isotherm depends on the measurement of the residual adsorbate in the organic dye solution. In this way, the volume of macro- and meso-pores and the skeletal density of the solid are measured. Nitrogen adsorption (or desorption) at 77 K can be used to characterize the pore size distribution between 10 and 150 A with the occurrence of capillary condensation based on the Kelvin equation.
