Seven of the 18 inbreds were developed by PhilRice and the rest through PhilRice collaboration with IRRI and UP Los Baños. A more lasting effect is the training of more than 200 rice specialists, who were eventually absorbed by various offices of the Department of Agriculture, local governments, and the private sector when their services to the PhilRice project ceased.
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES TO
BREAK THE LOW RICE YIELD BARRIERS IN RAINFED, UPLAND, & OTHER
ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS
Development of Rice Varieties Adapted to Rainfed, Upland, and Stress Environments
The rainfed ecosystem, which represents about 1.5 million ha of harvested area nationwide, is highly prone to adverse conditions such as drought, flooding and salinity, abiotic stresses which will only worsen with climate change. The mountain ecosystem, which represents about 100 thousand hectares, is also prone to abiotic stresses, mainly lack of moisture.
Evaluation of PhilRice germplasm collection for tolerance to abiotic stresses
This project aimed to develop rice varieties adapted and acceptable to rain-fed, upland and other areas affected by abiotic stress.
Conservation and evaluation of traditional rice varieties in Northwest Luzon
Three mountain TRVs, including their variants, were originally planted in the PhilRice Batac movie house in DS 2011.
Germplasm conservation and evaluation of traditional rice varieties in Northeast Luzon
Enhancing genetic variability for abiotic stress tolerance and other desirable traits through gamma irradiation
In 2011 WS, families were established in the field for selection of putative mutants with improved agronomic traits and grain size and shape. Selections will be evaluated in ON under irrigation and drought stress management conditions in DS 2012.
Genetic analysis of plant adaptation to diverse water-limiting environments
A 1 Mb bin system covering the entire rice genome was built to perform closer genotyping of the 14 founding parents of the RiceNAM population. Three of the six candidate gene markers, i.e. supersensitive to ABA and drought 1 (sad1), drought-induced S-like ribonuclease (srib) and early response to drought 3 (erd3), showed good amplification and were used to identify the entire gene genotyping. DSA192 population.
Contribution of functional stay-green character to drought tolerance during post flowering drought stress
List of genotypes classified under intermediate SPAD range and their SPAD value from adulthood.
Use of thermal image analyzer for root phenotyping of drought-resistant lines in rainfed lowland rice breeding
In hybridization and generation of F1 progeny, 48 breeding materials possessing desirable traits for the rainfed lowland ecosystem were collected and placed in the crossing block in 2011 DS and WS. Sixty-one F1 progeny and corresponding female parents were generated in the field in DS, while 62 were generated in WS.
Development of high-yielding and drought-tolerant hybrid rice and hybrid parent lines for rainfed lowland conditions
The average yield of the three sites identified Mestiso 19 (2726 kgha-1) as the highest yielder, followed by PhilSCAT 3-1H, Mestiso 1, PhilSCAT 6-1H and Mestiso 20.
Improvement of resistance to rice blast in rainfed lowlands and stress-prone environments using conventional
Thirty-seven advanced breeding lines and varieties were sent to IRRI for screening at the outbreak nursery. It is reported that the blast nursery houses about 4-5 blast races, which can evaluate the spectrum of resistance of breeding lines and varieties to blast.
Development of drought-tolerant and high-yielding lines for rainfed ecosystem
Breeding of inbred rice for upland areas and drought adaptation
Yield and agronomic traits of the best performing elite lines and varieties under drought-prone environment of PhilRice Negros Station, 2011 WS. Twenty-four Advanced Yield Trial entries including checks were provided by IRRI for evaluation in 2011 WS under favorable upland (non-stress) and managed stress conditions.
Development of upland rice varieties for Southern Luzon
Introgression of sub1 for submergence tolerance into elite and popular high-yielding rice cultivars for the rainfed areas
Introgression of sub1 for submergence tolerance into elite and popular high-yielding rainfed rice cultivars. Of these, 207 BC2F1 seeds germinated and were evaluated for submergence tolerance, resulting in the survival of 10 BC2F1 plants that were promoted to BC2F2.
Pyramiding salinity and submergence tolerance in high- yielding rice varieties
Inventory of crosses for pyramiding salt and submergence tolerance and number of seeds harvested, 2011 WS. Frequency distribution of salt stress tolerance visual scores for the F2 populations of four crosses for pyramiding salinity and submergence tolerance, 2011 WS.
Centralized mass screen for abiotic stress tolerance
The number of surviving plants of PSB Rc82-Sub 1 lines ranged from zero to nine compared to 14 surviving plants of the tolerant check FR13A. Seed from surviving plants was propagated in the screen house to contain the M3 mutant lines and will be subjected to multi-trait evaluation in 2012.
Multi-environment trial of breeding lines
Based on grain yield, phenotypic acceptability, panicle effort and spike fertility, 86 entries were selected for further evaluation in multi-locations. Grain yield (kgha-1) of control varieties and test genotypes in multi-environment trial (MET), 2011 WS.
On-farm adaptability and acceptability evaluation of elite lines in drought-prone rainfed areas
In Ilocos Norte, OFT established in Pias Norte and Pias Sur, Currimao experienced moderate drought stress at an early reproductive stage. List of elite breeding lines acceptable to farmers and selected by researchers from five on-farm trials, 2011 WS.
Multi-environment and adaptability tests of elite breeding lines in upland areas
Development of Rice Integrated Crop Management for the Upland, Rainfed, Saline-
II A. Land preparation and crop establishment for the target areas
Developing tillage techniques for managing water for upland rice
In the trial, available soil moisture stored in topsoil in furrow slices and conventional tillage treatments was higher than in zero soil at the seedling stage. The modern variety NSIC Rc9 gave a relatively higher yield than the traditional Palawan variety in furrow slices and no-till treatments (Table 15).
Evaluation of zero-tillage system for rainfed rice culture
Test and evaluation of no-tillage, zero-tillage
Development of IPM technologies for rainfall-sensitive, highland and other stress-sensitive environments and other stress-sensitive environments. The project aimed to search, identify and develop environmentally friendly pest control strategies applicable in upland, rainfed and stress-prone (drought, submerged and saline areas) environments.
Arthropod community structure and disease assessment in saline- and submergence-prone environments in Mindanao
Component activities focused on assessing, documenting and identifying dominant pests and changing pest status in target environments; weed management; The study aimed to (1) estimate the current population density of major pests in rainy, mountainous, salinity-prone and submerged environments, (2) determine the extent of damage caused by existing populations of major pests in target environments , and (3) profile key pests in target environments in Mindanao.
Arthropod community structure and disease assessment in rainfed, upland, and other stress-prone environments
Leaf blast was observed in SNA, while narrow brown spot was noted in Lake Sebu with 2.0% and 8.0% incidence, respectively. In Guihulngan, the presence of Sitophilus oryzae was observed on panicles of the three traditional varieties.
Rice key pests and its natural enemies and disease assessment in rainfed, upland, and other stress-prone
Severe blast infection with 50% incidence was observed from rice monoculture and rice peanut planting. Moderate infection of 20%-25% incidence was observed from rice grains, sitao rice grains and rice corn.
Ecological-based risk assessment of major diseases for sustainable rice productivity in rainfed lowland
Mass production and release of biological control agents for white stem borer and other emerging pests problems in
Different species of spiders were the most abundant arthropod population in the field in Agusan del Sur. Insect species (Telenomus sp. and Tetrastichus sp.) were brought to the laboratory for mass rearing.
Effects of non-rice food sources on insect pests and natural enemies’ population under upland rice-based agro-
Predators of rice pests such as coccinellid beetles, Micraspis crocea, Minochilus sexmaculatus and long-horned grasshopper were observed. Effects of non-rice food sources on insect pest and natural enemy populations under upland-based agro-.
Higher population count of associated natural enemies was recorded in IPM-based than in organic-based farms. Insect pests and natural enemies in large rainfed upland rice-based cropping systems in Mindanao.
Insect pests and natural enemies in major rainfed upland rice-based cropping systems in Mindanao
A positive relationship was found between insect pests and the population of their natural enemies and the degree of damage at both sites. Insect pests and population dynamics of natural enemies were assessed through regular on-site monitoring using sweep netting and hand-collecting techniques.
Defining pest management strategies for upland, rainfed, and other stress-prone environments of Northwest Luzon
The biophysical characteristics of rainfed areas have favored the development of rice diseases such as BLB, rice blast, bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and ShB at the initiation stage. Catalina and San Vicente, RB caused the highest damage (13%) to rice panicles on 7% of the farmer-partner area.
Development of weed management strategies in rainfed rice
At the start, the pests were controlled by spraying chemical insecticides with the yellow and blue labels one to three times during the season. The farmers transplanted inbred and hybrid varieties and practiced synchronized planting, harvesting in October-November.
Evaluation of potential microorganisms as bioherbicides of rice in the upland and rainfed areas
Using an old seedbed in combination with two weedings resulted in similar weed density and biomass (weight) of all observed major weeds and rice grain yield with the application of Butachor or Oxadiazon, followed by one weeding each (Figure 20 ). An old seedbed reduces the number of viable weed seeds near the soil surface after sowing or transplanting.
Development of rice disease diagnostic kit for farmers in rainfed, upland and saline environments
In WS, where water salinity level is lower than in DS, PSB Rc82, Rc34 and NSIC Rc216 and glutinous (green grain) tolerated low salinity of EC=2mS/cm, while Salinas 1 and 2 stood well at mid level of EC=4.85 mS/cm. Development of rice insect pest diagnostic kit for farmers in rainfed, upland, and saline environments.
Development of rice insect pest diagnostic kit for farmers in rainfed, upland, and saline environments
II C. Development and Optimization of Management Options for Soils, Water and Nutrient (Swan)
Nutrient management for rainfed, upland, and adverse ecosystem
In WS, however, penetration depth was not significantly different between irrigated and rainfed structures. Yield response of NSIC Rc160 to nutrient management treatments under irrigated and rainfed lowland conditions, Los Baños, 2011.
Assessment of MOET (Minus-One Element Technique) for major upland soil series in Region 02
Soil samples were taken per location and per soil series and submitted for chemical (laboratory) analyses. Nutrient content, based on laboratory analysis, of soil sampled from two soil series for MOET upland testing, PhilRice Isabela, 2011 WS.
Adaptation of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) for rice in upland and rainfed areas
Initial testing with soil series from San Juan showed deficiency symptoms for -N, -P, and -K pots in all replicates for the upland setup. For the highland trial, the experiment started in December and the experiment is still running.
Development of nutrient management protocol for unfavorable rainfed rice ecosystem
Grain yield (mtha-1) of direct-sown (top) and transplanted rice plants (bottom) of cultivar PSB Rc82 under different fertilizer management schemes under simulated rainfed conditions, 2011 WS, Maligaya clay soil series. N uptake efficiency of direct-sown (top) and transplanted (bottom) PSB Rc82 rice plants with different fertilizer management schemes under simulated rainfed conditions, 2011 WS, Maligaya clay soil series.
Nitrogen management for submergence-prone rice areas
PSB Rc18-Sub1 was still in the final launch stage, while PSB Rc68 was in the early boom stage when the typhoon and submersion occurred. PSB Rc18-Sub1 did not survive, while most of PSB Rc68 survived presumably because it is longer than PSB Rc18-Sub1.
Identification and amelioration of soil acidity in upland rice soils
In Arakan, community seed collection is carried out by storing their seeds in sealed bags, bottles and cans or hanging them in a safe and shaded place. This practice was carried out in order to preserve the purified seeds for use in the next cropping season.
Development of nutrient management
The variation obtained in the grain yield of NSIC Rc194 grown under different duration of partial submergence was not significant (Figure 26). Grain yield (mtha-1) of NSIC Rc194 as affected by different submergence duration and crop management, July – December 2011 crop season, PhilRice Agusan.
Assessment of IMO technologies in enhancing rice yield in the rainfed and upland
Developing IMO-based technologies using local biological materials for enhancing growth, mitigating drought effect,
The IMOs in the fermented products were isolated, and pure cultures of two bacterial and two fungal microbes were produced for identification and characterization. The use of the concoction to promote growth and development of rice will be investigated.
Increasing fertility and productivity of upland rice soils through nutrient recycling and crop rotation
Soil moisture in the critical stages (PI and flowering) of the crop and visual symptoms such as leaf roll indicate the imposition of drought stress. With limited available soil moisture, the inorganic fertilizer application effect in the growth and yield of the rice crop was not manifested.
Enhancing soil water productivity of upland rice through CRH application
Adaptation of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) for rice-based crops in upland areas
The amount of water applied was based on daily evapotranspiration estimates and the water balance concept. Higher volume of water was applied in conventional furrow irrigation practice than RDI treatments (Table 26).
Mulching and planting distance management to mitigate adverse effect of drought stress at reproductive stage
Despite frequent and heavy rains during the early growth stage, the 24 consecutive days without rain at 48 to 69 days after transplanting, the plants experienced periods of water deficit with the water table depth dropping to 80cm below soil surface. Improving water-holding capacity and productivity of the soil in rain-fed drought-prone ecosystem.
Improvement of water holding capacity and productivity of the soil in rainfed drought-prone ecosystem
Water Harvesting, Conservation, and Management
Develop a decision tool for optimally locating and sizing water retention ponds while minimizing soil erosion and water runoff in small watersheds. Estimation of water yield and soil erosion and optimal location of water collection ponds in a small watershed.
Estimation of water yield and soil erosion and optimal location of water harvesting ponds in a small watershed
Minimizing losses to improve the storage efficiency of water harvesting structures
Water-lifting devices using renewable energy
Development of appropriate water harvesting systems for small farms
Subsurface water run-off harvesting
The design and fabrication of the water catchment structure and underground runoff flow rate measurement system has been completed. The water collection structure and underground runoff flow rate measurement system (Figure 33) will be installed along the Quiaoit River, and the underground runoff rate will be characterized.
Improvement of low-cost drip irrigation system (LDIS) for fertigation (fertilizer application and irrigation)
In Batac, Ilocos Norte, there is a need to exploit this resource by tapping the underground runoff along the dried-up beds of the Quiaoit River during the summer. Therefore, this study was designed to ensure a reliable supply of irrigation water, even during the driest period of the year.
Optimizing crop-livestock-fish mixes for upland farms under limited water supply
Development of sustainable farming systems in the uplands of Abra
The results of the workshop were consolidated and the best practices identified were packaged for verification and demonstration at the station. Among the best soil and water conservation practices identified include mulching with rice straw and other biological materials, spreading animal manure in blocks, planting legumes for green manure, planting cover crops, planting trees and the decomposition of crops in the field.
Community-based integration of water harvesting, conservation and management technologies
The difference in soil texture under different tillage practices can explain such variation in soil MC. No grain yield was obtained from Rep 1 and thus was not included in the statistical analysis.
Evaluation of low-cost drip irrigation system for rice-based high value crops in the uplands
Development of Systems/Technologies for Crop Intensification and Diversification
In addition, appropriate technologies need to be developed to support crop diversification in mono-cropped rice areas due to the limited amount of available water. Crop patterns, planting calendars and other relevant integrated production technologies for integrated crop management will also be used to enhance and sustain crop diversification.
Prospects of rice intensification and crop diversification in community-based forestry management (CBFM) sites
Technologies that efficiently use limited water will be explored and validated for growing alternative crops in target areas. The need for technological interventions to intensify rice production in the target areas is vital.
Improving and intensifying sustainable rice and alternative crop production in the uplands
Higher sources of income were from non-agricultural sources (60%), such as employment of household members and remittances from OFW family members. The 90 cm bases for terracing were constructed starting four months after planting the grass in the upper part of the fences.
Key Check development for rainfed rice PalayCheck® system
The majority of farmers practice direct wet seeding to cut costs, with 3-8 bags per ha seeding rate to compensate for potential losses due to rats, birds and snails. The farmers' nutrient management practice has no scientific basis and depends on the availability of cash.
Development of crop management options for a PalayCheck® system for upland environment
Most farmers plant upland rice during the wet season, and corn, sweet potato and vegetables during the dry season. The crop is immediately sold to traders by 90% of farmers due to a lack of drying facilities, a lower NFA price on top of some requirements and the need for cash to pay for seeds and field labor costs.
Development of crop management options
Idiay Baay, Batac, nailumlom ti apit iti 150-200 cm a kauneg ti danum iti pito nga aldaw ti tunggal maysa iti panicle initiation to budding, flowering ken grain filling stages. Bio-pisikal a pakabigbigan dagiti submergence prone sites iti Baligat ken Baay, Batac, Ilocos Norte, 2011 WS.
