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Abstract Reviewing the Literature on Governance in Health System Manvipa Indradat*, Ardyuth Netithanakul*

*College of Social Innovation, Rungsit University, Pathumthani Province

The goal of Thai health system development is to achieve a balanced and sustainable society in which all Thai citizens have the security needed to live a happy life in a healthy and better condition. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review to form a foundation and knowledge base on good gover- nance in the Thai health system, analyze and plan for research mapping.

In this study, good governance in the health system was divided into 10 sectors: rule of law, ethics, transparency, participation, accountability, value for money, human resources development, knowledge or- ganization, management and information technology. These were simultaneously analyzed in macro- and micro-analysis systems that were influenced by economic, social and political conditions as well as the agency’

s role.

The literature review revealed that there were problems in every aspect of health governance. If these problems were solved more effectively, that would generate better and improved services in the health-care system. Consequently, it would create a sustainable society in which all Thai citizens would live a happy life in a healthy condition.

The study found that governance is a function of the health system, that each governance principle should be developed and adapted, and that governance issues should be identified at all levels. The prob- lems encountered in studying health governance were that the issue needs more research, especially that undertaken with a qualitative approach and comparison of the international governance functions.

Key words: health governance, stewardship, public participation

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°‘®°“√∫â“π‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë¥’ æ.». ÚıÙˆ ¡’®ÿ¥¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬‡æ◊ËÕ‡°‘¥

ª√–‚¬™πå ÿ¢µàÕª√–™“™π, ‡°‘¥º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘ϵàÕ¿“√°‘®¢Õß√—∞,

¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–‡°‘¥§«“¡§ÿ⡧à“, ≈¥¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π,

¡’°“√∑∫∑«π¿“√°‘®„Àâ∑—π‡Àµÿ°“√≥å, ª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫°“√

Õ”π«¬§«“¡ –¥«°·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√µÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√

·≈–¡’°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πÕ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ. πÕ°®“°

π—Èπ¬—ß¡’°“√°”À𥫑∏’°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ√—°…“‡°’¬√µ‘§ÿ≥∑’Ë

‡À¡“– ¡°—∫Õ“™’æ ·≈–≈à“ ÿ¥‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë ÚÙ ‡¡…“¬π æ.». Úıı

§◊Õ √à“ß æ.√.∫. °“√ à߇ √‘¡∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π¿“§√—∞ ‚¥¬¡’§≥–

°√√¡°“√∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈·Ààß™“µ‘ ·≈– ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√

∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈·Ààß™“µ‘. ¥—ßπ—Èπ‚¥¬ √ÿªÕߧåª√–°Õ∫À≈—°‡æ◊ËÕ™’È

°“√¡’∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈§◊Õ À≈—°π‘µ‘∏√√¡, À≈—°§ÿ≥∏√√¡, À≈—°

§«“¡‚ª√àß„ , À≈—°§«“¡¡’ à«π√à«¡, À≈—° ”π÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫, À≈—°§«“¡§ÿ⡧à“, À≈—°°“√æ—≤π“∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å, °“√‡ªìπ Õߧå°√·Ààß°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ, °“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ ·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√

 π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√^(Ù).

À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»

À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈ ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–°“√„™â∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π„π

·µà≈–Àπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë𔉪„™â, ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂·∫àߧ«“¡À¡“¬·≈–

Àπâ“∑’ËÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ Ú °≈ÿà¡„À≠à Ê ¥—ßπ’È

Ò. §«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¡ÿà߇πâπÀπâ“∑’Ë∑“߇∑§π‘§¢Õß¿“§√—∞

„π°“√∫√‘À“√ß“ππ—È𠇙àπ ∏𓧓√‚≈° (ÚıÙÛ) ¡Õß∏√√¡“¿‘

∫“≈§◊Õ°“√°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß ‡»√…∞°‘® ·≈– —ߧ¡,

°“√„™âπ‚¬∫“¬, §«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫µàÕ°“√„™â∑√—欓°√ ·≈–°“√

„™âÕ”π“®µ“¡∑’Ë¡’.

Ú. §«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¡ÿà߇πâ𧫓¡‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß√–À«à“ß¿“§√—∞

·≈–¿“§ —ߧ¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ USAID ¡Õß∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈§◊Õ§«“¡

 “¡“√∂¢Õß√—∞∫“≈∑’Ë®–æ—≤π“°√–∫«π°“√·≈–°“√∫√‘À“√¢Õß

¿“§√—∞„Àâ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâª√–™“™π¡’

 à«π√à«¡‡æ◊ËÕ à߇ √‘¡√–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬¢Õß√—∞, À√◊Õ UNDP (ÚıÙ) ¡Õß«à“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈‡ªìπ°√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë´—∫´âÕπ‡æ◊ËÕ ª√–‚¬™πå·°àª√–™“™π.

„π¥â“πµ—«™’È«—¥∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈¢ÕßÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°

(ÚıÙÛ) ¡Õß«à“¡’Õ¬Ÿà Û  à«π¥â«¬°—π§◊Õ

Ò. °√–∫«π°“√°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°À√◊Õ§—¥ÕÕ°ºŸâ¥”√ß µ”·Àπàß„π¿“§√—∞ «—¥®“°‡ ’¬ß¢Õߪ√–™“™π ·≈– ”π÷°√—∫

º‘¥™Õ∫.

Ú. §«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°”Àπ¥·≈–„™âπ‚¬∫“¬¢Õß√—∞

«—¥®“°ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈¢Õß√—∞ ·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß°Æ√–‡∫’¬∫.

Û. ° “ √ ‡ § “ √ æ „ π ª √ – ™ “ ™ π · ≈ – À πà « ¬ ß “ π ∑’Ë √— ∞

‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß «—¥®“°À≈—°π‘µ‘∏√√¡ ·≈–°“√ªÑÕß°—π°“√©âÕ√“…Æ√å

∫—ßÀ≈«ß.

446 United Nation Development Programme (ÚıÙÛ)

¡Õß«à“ À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈ ¡’À≈—° ”§—≠ ı ª√–°“√§◊Õ Ò. À≈—°π‘µ‘∏√√¡ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡ °“√

„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬.

Ú. °“√°”°—∫¥Ÿ·≈ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°“√„™â«‘ —¬∑—»πå

·≈–¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å.

Û. »—°¬¿“æ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°“√µÕ∫ πÕß, ª√– ‘∑∏‘-

¿“æ ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈.

Ù. §«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫

·≈–§«“¡‚ª√àß„ .

ı. §«“¡‡ ¡Õ¿“§ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡

·≈–°“√„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬^(ı-ˆ).

·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â

Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° (ÚıÙÛ) ‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡„™â∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π

√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ ‚¥¬„™â§”«à“ ç·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â (stewardship)é

´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ßÀπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞∑’˵âÕßµÕ∫ πÕß∑—Èß„π¥â“π  «— ¥‘°“√¢Õߪ√–™“™π, §”π÷ß∂÷ߧ«“¡‡™◊ËÕ„® ·≈–°“√„™â

°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‚¥¬°‘®°√√¡‡À≈à“π’È∂Ÿ°µ√«® Õ∫‚¥¬ “¡“√∂·∫àß ÕÕ°‡ªìπ ˆ À¡«¥ §◊Õ

Ò. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√.

Ú. °“√°”°—∫∑‘»∑“ßπ‚¬∫“¬·≈–¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å.

Û. ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√.

Ù.  √â“ߧ«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ.

ı. §«“¡‡¢â“°—π‰¥â√–À«à“ßπ‚¬∫“¬°—∫‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–

«—≤π∏√√¡¢ÕßÕߧå°√.

ˆ. §«“¡ ”π÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫.

·π«§«“¡§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â ‡ªìπ·π«§‘¥¢Õß∑“ß‚≈°µ–«—πµ°∑’Ë

¡’√“°∞“π®“°§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑“ß»“ π“ ‡™àπ æ√–‡®â“‡ªìπºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈‚≈°

·≈–¡πÿ…¬å ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√®—¥‡µ√’¬¡∑√—欓°√µà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ

¡πÿ…¬å¥”√ß™’æ ·≈–¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µµ“¡∑’Ëæ√–‡®â“‡ªìπºŸâ°”À𥉫â.

®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“™à«ß°àÕ𻵫√√…∑’Ë Ò˘ ª√–™“™π„π‚≈°µ–«—πµ°

‡™◊ËÕ«à“∑√—æ¬å ‘π à«πµ—«µà“ßÊ ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ëæ√–‡®â“ª√–∑“π¡“ ·≈–

‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘.

‡π◊ËÕß®“°»“ π“¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ°“√ª°§√Õߪ√–‡∑»®÷ßπ”

·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â¡“„™â„π°“√∫√‘À“√ª√–‡∑» ‚¥¬¡Õß«à“°“√

∫√‘À“√ª√–‡∑»§◊Õ §«“¡µâÕß°“√∑’Ë¡’ à«π√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫µàÕ°“√

∫√‘À“√∑’Ë¥’‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√¡“°°«à“°“√§«∫§ÿ¡.

·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â®÷ß¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß®“°°“√‡ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ

¢Õß√—∞∑—Ë« Ê ‰ª. Àπ૬ߓπ¢Õß√—∞∑—Ë« Ê ‰ª¡’·π«§‘¥„π‡™‘ß

‡»√…∞»“ µ√å §◊Õ «—¥§«“¡¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈

¢ÕßÀπà«¬ß“π®“°ß∫ª√–¡“≥. ·µà·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â„π·π«§‘¥

∑ “ ß  — ß § ¡ » “   µ √å · ≈ – ®‘ µ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ «— ¥ ª √ –  ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “ æ · ≈ – ª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈®“°§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¢Õߪ√–™“™π ·≈–°“√¡’

®√‘¬∏√√¡§ÿ≥∏√√¡„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬. ¥—ß π—Èπ·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â “¡“√∂¡Õ߉¥â«à“‡ªìπ√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õߧÿ≥∏√√¡

¢Õß∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈, ·π«§‘¥Àπ૬ߓπ∑—Ë«‰ª ·≈–·π«§‘¥ºŸâ√—∫„™â

¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π^(˜).

°“√»÷°…“·≈–«‘®—¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ

ß“π»÷°…“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑»

 “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ Ù À—«¢âÕ„À≠à Ê §◊Õ

Ò. °“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√∑”ß“π ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√

§Õ√—ª™—Ëπ·≈–‰¥â‡π◊ÈÕß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ.

Ú. °“√°√–®“¬Õ”π“® ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¡’‚Õ°“ 

°”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬ ÿ¢¿“æ ·≈–∫√‘À“√ß“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¥â«¬µπ‡Õß

‡æ√“–§π„π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¬àÕ¡∑√“∫∂÷ߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß™ÿ¡™π¢Õß µπ‰¥â¥’°«à“ à«π°≈“ß.

Û. °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™π‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß

§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ °“√‡ªìπµ—«·∑π À√◊Õ°“√‡≈◊Õ°√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß µπ‡Õß.

Ù. ° “ √ °” À π ¥ π ‚ ¬ ∫ “ ¬ ° “ √ °” À π ¥ π ‚ ¬ ∫ “ ¬  “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‚¥¬°“√√—∫øíߧ«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ·≈–§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß ª√–™“™π∑”„Àâπ‚¬∫“¬π—ÈπµÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß ª√–™“™π‰¥â¥’. Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ π‚¬∫“¬ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢π—ÈπµâÕߢ÷Èπ Õ¬Ÿà°—∫‡Àµÿº≈ ·≈–°“√»÷°…“°“√«‘®—¬∑’Ë™—¥‡®π¥â«¬^(¯-Ò).

 ∂“π°“√≥å∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

‡√‘Ë¡¡’§«“¡ π„®√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ„π™à«ß·ºπæ—≤𓇻√…∞°‘®

·≈– —ߧ¡·Ààß™“µ‘ ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û (æ.». ÚıÒı - ÚıÒ˘) ‚¥¬„Àâ

§«“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√≈¥Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¢Õߪ√–™“°√. À≈—ß®“°

π—Èπ‡ªìπ‚§√ß°“√°”®—¥‰¢â¡“≈“‡√’¬·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡√‘Ë¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“°°“√

√—°…“‡ªìπ°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ, ‚§√ß°“√«—≥‚√§·Ààß™“µ‘,

‚§√ß°“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¡Ÿ≈∞“πµ“¡À≈—°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°

‡æ◊ËÕ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ÿ¢¿“楒∂â«πÀπâ“. µàÕ¡“‡√‘Ë¡¡’‚§√ß°“√

≈—°…≥–ª√–™“™π·≈–™ÿ¡™π¥Ÿ·≈°—π‡Õß‚¥¬‡ªìπ°“√ à߇ √‘¡

 ¿“«– ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“π, ®—¥µ—ÈßÕ“ “ ¡—§√„π™ÿ¡™π,

‚§√ß°“√∫—µ√ ÿ¢¿“æ´÷Ëß«‘«—≤π“°“√‡ªìπ°“√„ÀâÀ≈—°ª√–°—π·≈–

§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¥â“π ÿ¢¿“æ°—∫ª√–™“™π, ¡’ ”π—°ß“πÀ≈—°ª√–°—π  ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘‡ªìπÕߧå°√À≈—°„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡ æ.√.∫.

À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘ æ.». ÚıÙı. °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘®–µâÕß

√à«¡°—∫Õߧå°√æ—π∏¡‘µ√ ∑—Èß„π¿“§√“™°“√ ‡Õ°™π ·≈–

¿“§ª√–™“™π. „π™à«ß·ºπæ—≤π“ ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘©∫—∫∑’Ë Ò ‰¥â √â“ßπ«—µ°√√¡„π°“√ à߇ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√√–∫∫ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡

‚¬ß «— ¥‘°“√¢â“√“™°“√. °“√ª√–°—π —ߧ¡ ·≈–°“√ √â“ßÀ≈—°

ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ. „π·ºππ’ȇπâπ°“√ª≈Ÿ°®‘µ ”π÷°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈,

§à“π‘¬¡, «—≤π∏√√¡ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬,  —𵑫‘∏’, °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡

µ—¥ ‘π„® √—∫º‘¥™Õ∫·≈–µ√«® Õ∫, °√–∫«π°“√∫√‘À“√

®—¥°“√ª√–‡∑». „π°√≥’ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¡’Õߧå°√§ÿ⡧√ÕߺŸâ

∫√‘‚¿§∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¥—ß°≈à“« „π√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠ æ.». ÚıÙ ·≈– æ.».

Úıı „À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ ´÷Ëß√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ®–

√«¡∫√‘°“√∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√–∫∫·≈–πÕ°√–∫∫À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ

∂â«πÀπâ“ „π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫¢Õß¿“§√—∞ ‡Õ°™π ·≈–Õߧå°√∑’ˉ¡àÀ«—ß º≈°”‰√^(ÒÒ).

°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ¡’ΩÉ“¬µà“ß Ê ‡¢â“¡“‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß

§◊Õ ¥â“π°“√‡¡◊Õß ºŸâ«“ßπ‚¬∫“¬, ºŸâπ”π‚¬∫“¬‰ªªØ‘∫—µ‘ ·≈–

¿“§ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ ´÷Ëß√«¡∂÷ߪ√–™“™πºŸâ„™â∫√‘°“√.

π‚¬∫“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈ªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ §«“¡µâÕß°“√

 “πµàÕ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡§ÿ≥¿“æ√–∫∫À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∂â«πÀπâ“,

„Àâª√–™“™π‡¢â“∂÷ß∫√‘°“√‰¥â –¥«°, ªØ‘√Ÿª√–∫∫∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√

°“√§≈—ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ¡’∫√‘°“√§√∫«ß®√ ∑—Èß°“√√—°…“ °“√

ªÑÕß°—π‚√§ ·≈–°“√ à߇ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ, ¥—߉¥â¢¬“¬ß“πÕ“ “  ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, „À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫Õߧå°√ª°§√Õß à«π∑âÕß

∂‘Ë𠇵√’¬¡æ√âÕ¡„π°“√¡’ —ߧ¡ºŸâ ŸßÕ“¬ÿ ·≈– √â“ß‚Õ°“ 

¢¬“¬∞“π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–°“√µ≈“¥„π√–¥—∫¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®

∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ·≈–°“√·æ∑¬å´÷Ë߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫°“√«‘®—¬·≈–

æ—≤π“Õÿµ “À°√√¡¥â“π‡«™¿—≥±å.  ”À√—∫π‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ

∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ §◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫√–∫∫

∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈À√◊Õ°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë¥’„π°“√∫√‘À“√√“™°“√

·ºàπ¥‘π. Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡‡¡◊ËÕ‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ßπ‚¬∫“¬°—∫∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈

√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“欗ߢ“¥°“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠¥â“πÀ≈—°°“√§«“¡

‚ª√àß„ , °“√ ”π÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ·≈–°“√„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑».

‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“·ºπæ—≤π“ ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘©∫—∫∑’Ë Ò ´÷Ëß

¬÷¥À≈—°ª√—™≠“¢Õ߇»√…∞°‘®æÕ‡æ’¬ß ·≈–¬÷¥À≈—° ç ÿ¢¿“æ

¥’‡ªìπº≈®“° —ߧ¡¥’é ¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“¬‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå ÿ¢·≈–§«“¡

æ÷ßæÕ„®¢Õߪ√–™“™πºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√·≈–°“√¬÷¥¡—Ëπ„π®√√¬“

∫√√≥µ“¡«‘™“™’æ. „π·ºππ’ȉ¡à‰¥â„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√≈¥

¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π·≈–°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß¿“√°‘®„Àâ∑—πµàÕ

‡Àµÿ°“√≥å.

„π à«π¢Õß æ.√.∫. À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘ ¡’

‡ªÑ“À¡“¬µ“¡À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈§◊Õ ª√–‚¬™πå ÿ¢·≈–§«“¡æ÷ß æÕ„®¢ÕߺŸâ„™â∫√‘°“√. ·µà‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“¥â“πÀ≈—°§«“¡§ÿâ¡§à“¬—ß

§ß¡’ªí≠À“. °“√æ—≤π“∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å, °“√‡ªìπÕߧå°√·Ààß

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ, °“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√·π«„À¡à·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»

‰¡àª√“°Ø„π æ.√.∫.^(ÒÚ).

®“°°“√∑∫∑«π«√√≥°√√¡™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπªí≠À“„π·µà≈–Õß§å ª√–°Õ∫¢ÕßÀ≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ ·µà≈–ªí≠À“¡’

§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ·°âªí≠À“Àπ÷Ëß

®–¡’º≈∫√√‡∑“„πÕ’°ªí≠À“Àπ÷Ëßµ“¡¡“. ∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈º≈‘µ§◊Õ°“√¡’∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ∑’˪√–™“™π  “¡“√∂‡¢â“∂÷ߥ⫬§«“¡ –¥«°, ¡’§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„® ·≈–‡°‘¥º≈

≈—æ∏å§◊Õ°“√∑’˪√–™“™π¡’ ÿ¢¿“æ∑’Ë¥’. °“√®—¥∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ®–

ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ªí®®—¬π”‡¢â“, °√–∫«π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ

‡°‘¥º≈º≈‘µ ·≈–º≈≈—æ∏å ¥—ß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“ ‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ ¿“æ

·«¥≈âÕ¡∑“߇»√…∞°‘®  —ߧ¡ ·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß √«¡∑—ÈߺŸâ¡’

448

∫∑∫“∑·≈–ºŸâ∑’Ë¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’¬ ‡™àπ π—°°“√‡¡◊Õß, ºŸâ«“ß π‚¬∫“¬, ºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π, ¿“§ª√–™“ —ߧ¡ ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂·∫àß ÕÕ°µ“¡°√–∫«π°“√°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√ §◊Õ

ªí®®—¬π”‡¢â“

● ¥â“π𑵑∏√√¡ À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‰¡à  ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õߺ≈‰¥â·≈–º≈‡ ’¬¢Õߪ√–™“™πºŸâ„™â∫√‘°“√°—∫

·æ∑¬åºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√.

● °“√æ—≤π“∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å  ¡√√∂π–¢Õß∫ÿ§≈“°√

∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ¢“¥§«“¡ºŸ°æ—π°—∫Õߧå°√.

● ¥â“πÕߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ ªí≠À“°“√‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡∑“ß

§≈‘π‘°Õ¬à“ßæՇ撬ߠ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å∑’ˇ¢â“√—∫°“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡∑ÿ°

√–¥—∫„π‚√ß欓∫“≈∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√–∫∫ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ.

● °“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√ §◊Õ ¥â“πß∫ª√–¡“≥„π°“√∫√‘À“√

®—¥°“√.

● ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√ §◊Õ °“√‰¡àπ”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë¡’

¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâª√–™“™π  “¡“√∂¥Ÿ·≈µπ‡Õß·≈–‡ªìπ°“√ à߇ √‘¡ ÿ¢¿“æ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¿“√–

¢Õß∫ÿ§≈“°√∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ‡™àπ√–∫∫∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ·≈–°“√„™â

√–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»∑“ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å (GIS).

°√–∫«π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√

● À≈—°§ÿ≥∏√√¡ §◊Õ °“√¡’¿“√–ß“π∑’ËÀπ—°∑”„Àâ°“√

ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π«‘™“™’æ ·≈–®√‘¬∏√√¡«‘™“™’æ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß.

§«“¡‡¡µµ“ ‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√µàÕ°—π√–À«à“ß·æ∑¬å·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬≈¥≈ß.

● °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡ §◊Õ ΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√¢Õß ∂“π∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ µâÕß¡’§«“¡‡µÁ¡„®·≈– √â“ß„À⇰‘¥§«“¡¡’ à«π√à«¡ ¡‘„™à‡©æ“–

¥â“π‡ß‘π∑ÿπ‡∑à“π—Èπ. πÕ°®“°π—ÈπÕߧå°√ª°§√Õß à«π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ µâÕß¡’§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫ ∂“π∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“懡◊ËÕ¡’°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ Õ”π“®.

●  ”π÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ §◊Õ °“√µ√–Àπ—°„π¿“√–Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß

·æ∑¬å‡√‘Ë¡∂÷ߢ’¥®”°—¥∑”„Àâ¡’°“√≈“ÕÕ°®”π«π¡“°·≈–®–

‡ªìπªí≠À“„π√–¬–¬“«°—∫√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ.

● §«“¡§ÿâ¡§à“ §◊Õ §à“„™â®à“¬µàÕÀ—«´÷Ëߧ‘¥µ“¡®”π«π

ª√–™“°√∑’Ë®—¥ √√„Àâ°—∫ ∂“π∫√‘°“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢µË”°«à“µâπ∑ÿπ

∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß ·≈– ”À√—∫ºŸâ„™â∫√‘°“√‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡à‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬∑”„Àâ„™â

∫√‘°“√¡“°‡°‘𧫓¡®”‡ªìπ

● §«“¡‚ª√àß„  §◊Õ °“√‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß°“√‡ß‘π

∑’Ë™—¥‡®π·∫àßµ“¡ª√–‡¿∑ºŸâªÉ«¬ °“√ àßµàÕºŸâªÉ«¬ ‚¥¬‡™◊ËÕ¡

‚¬ß°—∫ ”π—°ß“π°≈“ß “√ π‡∑»∫√‘°“√ ÿ¢¿“æ ( ° ). ‡æ◊ËÕ

∑”„Àâ¿“√–°“√§â“ß™”√–À√◊Õ°“√‡√’¬°‡°Á∫‡ß‘π®“° ”π—°ß“π À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘ ( ª ™). √«¥‡√Á«¢÷Èπ√«¡∑—ÈߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈

∑√—欓°√„π·µà≈– ∂“π∫√‘°“√‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

·≈–·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ°—π„™âÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–°“√µ√«®

 Õ∫‰¥â®“°¿“§ª√–™“™π^(ÒÛ-Ò¯).

«‘®“√≥å

®“°°“√»÷°…“∑∫∑«π«√√≥°√√¡∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ∑—Èß„π·≈–µà“ߪ√–‡∑» æ∫«à“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈‡ªìπªí®®—¬

Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµàÕ√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√§≈—ß, ‡∑§‚π-

‚≈¬’∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å, ∫ÿ§≈“°√ ≈â«π·≈â«·µàÕ“»—¬À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈

„π°“√∫√‘À“√®—¥°“√∑—Èß ‘Èπ. À≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠

Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß. ·µà„π°“√π”¡“„™âµâÕߪ√—∫„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ„π·µà≈–ª√–‡∑» ·≈–§«√„™â„π∑ÿ°√–¥—∫ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ  à«π°≈“ßÀ√◊Õ√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ √«¡∑—Èß “¡“√∂µ√«® Õ∫‰¥â∑ÿ°

√–¥—∫ ·≈–°“√æ—≤π“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ ‰¡à‰¥â¢÷Èπ Õ¬Ÿà°—∫ß∫ª√–¡“≥Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«. ·µà√«¡∑—Èߪؑ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß√—∞

ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√ ·≈–ª√–™“™π ∑—Èß„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫ §«“¡µâÕß°“√

·≈–µÕ∫ πÕß´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß ª√–™“™π ‡ªìπªí®®—¬∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈¡“°¢÷Èπ.

ªí≠À“∑’Ëæ∫„π°“√∑∫∑«π°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π

√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õ߉∑¬§◊Õ ¬—ߢ“¥ß“π«‘®—¬Õ¬à“ß¡“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–

„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√∫√‘À“√·≈–°“√®—¥°“√¢Õß√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ √«¡

∑—ÈßÀ≈—°π‘µ‘∏√√¡·≈–§ÿ≥∏√√¡ ¢≥–∑’Ë„π√–¥—∫ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√¡’

ß“π«‘®—¬¡“°æÕ ¡§«√ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕߧ«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡ °“√

„™â∫√‘°“√ °“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√ ‡ªìπµâπ. ß“π«‘®—¬∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ à«π„À≠à∑’Ëæ∫®–‡ªìπß“π‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥ ‚¥¬„™â§–·ππ

¥—™π’‡ªìπµ—«™’È«—¥√–¥—∫¢ÕßÀ≈—°∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈, ¬—ߢ“¥„π à«π

ß“π«‘®—¬‡™‘ߧÿ≥¿“æ ∑’ˇªìπß“π«‘®—¬‡™‘ß≈÷° ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂®–™’È„Àâ

‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß “‡Àµÿ¢Õߪí≠À“ ·≈–°“√·°âªí≠À“π—Èπ‚¥¬ß“π‡™‘ß ª√‘¡“≥Õ“®‰¡à “¡“√∂µÕ∫ªí≠À“π’ȉ¥â.

Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈‰¡à„™à∑ÿ° ‘Ëß∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß„π√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ ¬—ß¡’ªí®®—¬Õ◊Ëπ Ê ∑’˵âÕßæ—≤𓧫∫§Ÿà°—π‰ª¥â«¬ ‰¡à«à“

®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å, ∫ÿ§≈“°√, √–∫∫ “√ π‡∑»

‡ªìπµâπ. Õ’°∑—Èß°“√æ—≤π“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈µâÕß∑”√à«¡°—π„π∑ÿ°

¿“§ à«π∑—Èß¿“§√—∞·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡æ√“–„π·µà≈– à«πµà“ß¡’§«“¡

 —¡æ—π∏å°—π. ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√æ—≤π“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈‡©æ“–„π√–∫∫

 ÿ¢¿“æ·µà‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«Õ“®‰¡à™à«¬„ÀâÕ–‰√¥’¢÷Èπ µâÕß¡’°“√

æ—≤π“√à«¡‰ª°—∫√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡¥â«¬.

πÕ°®“°π’È°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈„π√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ §«√

∑”°“√»÷°…“‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ¥—ß∑’Ë°≈à“«„π¢â“ßµâπ

°“√„™â∏√√¡“¿‘∫“≈µâÕß∑”°“√ª√—∫„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ ¿“æ¢Õß ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ Ê. °“√»÷°…“·≈–°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ª√–‡∑»Õ◊Ëπ

¬àÕ¡∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂¡Õ߇ÀÁπ®ÿ¥‡¥àπ·≈–®ÿ¥¥âÕ¬„π°“√„™â

∏ √ √ ¡ “ ¿‘ ∫ “ ≈ ‡ æ◊Ë Õ ª √— ∫ ¡ “ „ ™â °— ∫ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ ‰ ¥â Õ ¬à “ ß ¡’

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ.

°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»

ß“π»÷°…“π’ȉ¥â√—∫∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ®“° ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬√–∫∫

 “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ( «√ .)

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

Ò.  ¿“√à“ß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠ √à“ß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠·Ààß√“™Õ“≥“®—°√‰∑¬ æ.».

ÚııÒ ©∫—∫≈ߪ√–™“¡µ‘. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æåµ”√«®; Úıı.

Ú.  ”π—°‡≈¢“∏‘°“√§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’. §”·∂≈ßπ‚¬∫“¬¢Õߧ≥–√—∞¡πµ√’

°√ÿ߇∑æ :  ”π—°æ‘¡æå§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’·≈–√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“; ÚııÒ.

Û. Õ”æ≈ ®‘𥓫—≤π–. °“√ —߇§√“–Àå°≈‰°„π√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘

·≈–∫∑∫“∑Àπâ“∑’Ë‚§√ß √â“ß °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. «“√ “√√–∫∫

 “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ Úıı;Ò:Ú-Òˆ.

Ù.  ∂“∫—πæ√–ª°‡°≈â“. ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“¥—™π’«—¥º≈ °“√∫√‘À“√°‘®°“√

∫â“π‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë¥’„π ”π—°ß“πª≈—¥°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢. √“¬ß“π«‘®—¬

©∫—∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å. ππ∑∫ÿ√’:  ∂“∫—πæ√–ª°‡°≈â“; ÚıÙˆ.

ı. Dodgson R, Lee K, Drager N. Global health governance: A Con- ceptual Ceview. Geneva: World Health Organization and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2002.

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