第五章 討論
第四節 未來研究方向
緊急醫療照護教育著重在教導如何讓病患「生」，如何照護 OHCA 老人的
「死」，目前尚付之闕如；近十年來大量的研究，奠定在重症照護單位加強緩和 醫療的基礎，先驅研究也證實將緩和醫療觀念融入重症照護情境與實務的可行性 與接受度（Byock, 2006），建議未來研究可著墨於針對OHCA老人臨終照護之 探討，透過了解老年族群在生命尾聲的種種需求，期望使得照護規劃更加適切，
照護品質更加提升。再者，急診單位之目標是搶救生命，但面對擁有多重慢性疾 病之 OHCA 老人是否一定得急救才算達成照護之目的，是值得深思之議題，研 究者瞭解在臨床醫護人員與 OHCA 老人家屬各有不同的觀點，透過急診醫護人 員角度探討 OHCA 老人施行心肺復甦術之經驗，期能以此為基礎，為落實安寧 緩和醫療於OHCA老人之省思。
56
參考文獻
中文部分
衛生福利部統計處（2013，6月）‧民國101年主要死因分析‧取自
http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=2 747[Centers for Minstry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC. (2013, June).
2012 annual statistical report: Analysis of the major causes of death. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_
no=2747 ]
尹莘玲、王崇儀、陳耀昌、方中民 （2009）‧台灣之突然非預期死亡之研究‧
台灣法醫學誌，1（2），43-58。[Yin, H.L., Wang, C. Y., Chen, Y. C., Fong, J.
M. (2013). An Investigation of the Sudden Unexpected Death in Taiwan. The Taiwan Journal of Forensic Medicine, 1(2), 43-58.]
朱育增、吳肖琪（2009）‧國際安寧緩和療護發展及其對我國政策之啟示‧長期 照護雜誌，13（1），95-107。[Chu,Y. T., Wu,S. C. (2009). International Perspective of Hospice Palliative Care Development and Its Inspiration on Policy in Taiwan. The Journal of Long term Care, 13(1), 95-107.]
吳大緯、楊志仁、黃玉雰、蔡忠榮、黃吉志、黃明賢、許超群（2013）‧心跳停 止經急救復甦後的低溫治療‧內科學誌，24 （6），433-445。[Wu, D.W., Yang, C. J., Huang, Y. F., Tsai, J. R., Huang, J. J., Huang, M. S., Sheu, C. C.
(2013). Therapeutic Hypothermia after Resuscitated Cardiac Arrest. Journal of Internal Medicine of Taiwan, 24(6), 433-445.]
吳承學、劉慧玲（2011）‧低溫治療於心跳停止復甦後病人之應用與照護‧榮總 護理，28（4），10-16。[Wu, C. H., Liou, H. L. (2011). Hypothermia Therapy
57
and Nursing Care for Cardiac Arrest Patients after Resuscitation. VGH Nursing, 28(4), 10-16.]
吳春桂、蘇玲華、黃勝堅、林芳如、黃美玲、林亞陵、. . . 林宏茂(2009) ‧“DNR”
知情告知與決策對於重症生命末期照護之重要性‧安寧療護雜誌，14
（2），172-185。[Wu,C. K., Su,L. H., Huang,S. J., Lin,F. R., Huang,M. L., Lin,Y. L., Tsai,W. L., Lin,H. M. (2009). Discussion and Decision Making of DNR Issue is Important in End-of-Life Care for the Critically. Taiwan Journal of Hospice Palliative Care, 14(2), 172-185.]
李建賢（2004）‧急診醫療服務之醫學倫理‧醫學教育，8（3），327-335。[Lee, C. H. (2004). Medical Ethics of the Services in Emergency Departments.
Journal of Medical Education, 8(3), 327-335.]
李建璋（2006）‧到院前呼吸心跳停止的流行病學與預後‧當代醫學，391，
394-399。[Lee, C. C. (2006). Prehospital cardiac arrest, epidemiology and prognosis. Medicine Today, 391, 394-399.]
李建璋、馬惠明、陳文鍾（2008）‧心肺復甦後存活患者腦神經預後之預測因子‧
當代醫學，35（1），23-27。[Lee, C. C. , Matthew, H. M. , Chen, W. J. (2008).
Prognostic factors of neurological status for survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Medicine Today, 35(1), 23-27.]
周希誠（2012）‧失智症末期的安寧緩和醫療照護‧應用心理研究，55，115-153。
[Chou,H. H. (2012). Hospice-palliative Care for Terminal Patients with Dementia. Research in Applied Psychology, 55, 115-153.]
58
周明岳、周上琳、陳亮恭、顏鴻章、薛光傑、 顏良羽, . . . 杜明勳（2007）‧老 年病患之急診醫療使用‧台灣老年醫學雜誌,，2（4），225-233。[Chou, M.
Y., Chou, S. L.,Chen, L. K., Yen, H. T., Hseuh, K. C.,Yen, L.Y.,…Tu, M. S.
(2007). Emergency Department Utilization by Elderly Patients. Journal of Geriatrics of Taiwan, 2(4), 225-233.]
施美秀、桑潁潁、胡勝川（2011）‧2010年版美國心臟學會心肺復甦術準則之 重大改變‧榮總護理，28（2），213-218。[Shih, M. H., Sang, Y. Y. , Hu, S. C.
(2011). Major Changes in the 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR. VGH Nursing, 28(2), 213-218.]
范渚鑫、高偉峰、顏鴻章、王立敏、黃俊一、李建賢（2005）‧急診三日內再回 診病患收住加護病房之探討‧台灣急診醫學會雜誌，7（1），8-19。[Fan, J.S., Kao, W. F., Yen, H. T., Wang, L. M., Huang,C.I., Lee, C.H. (2005). An
Analysis of Intensive Care Unit Admission for Patients Revisiting Emergency Department within 3 Days. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Taiwan, 7(1), 8-19.]
馬惠明、陳文鍾、張維典、林芳郁（2001）‧台北緊急醫療區域到院前心跳停止 之流行病學研究（研究計畫編號 NSC 89-2314-B-002-474）‧台北市：台灣 大學醫學院急診醫學科。[Matthew, H. M., Chen, W. J., Chang, W. T.,＆ Lin, F. Y. (2001). Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry for Taipei Emergency Medical Service System (Research Grant NSC 89-2314-B-002-474). Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Medical College of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University]
59
張維典（2008）‧猝死‧當代醫學，418，612-616。[Chang, W. T. (2008). sudden death.
Medicine Today, 418, 612-616.]
張維典（2007）‧心肺停止經急救復甦後心肌功能損傷之臨床評估及抗氧化劑、
高二氧化碳再灌流治療之系列研究‧博士論文，台北：臺灣大學。[Chang, W. T. (2007). Post-resuscitation Myocardial Dysfunction:Clinical Evaluation and Antioxidant & Hypercarbic Reperfusion Therapy.Doctoral dissertation.
Taipei: National Taiwan University Department .]
陳文鍾（1999）‧台灣地區突發性心跳停止病人之臨床及病理研究（研究計畫編 號 IFM 88-A004）‧台北市：法務部法醫研究所。[Chen, W. J. (1999).
Clinical and pathological study of sudden Cardiac Arrest patients in Taiwan (Research Grant IFM 88-A004). Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Juatice]
陳榮基、蘇宛農（2008）‧ “DNR意願註記健保IC卡登錄”宣導‧安寧療護雜誌，
13（3），343-348。[Chen,R. C., Su,W. N. (2008). Registration of DNR Directive in the National Health Insurance IC Card. Taiwan Journal of Hospice
Palliative Care, 13(3), 343-348.]
陳信如、盧映潔（2012）‧撤除心肺復甦術與病人生命權保障之爭議‧臺灣醫界，
55（3），29-35。[Chen,S. R., Lu,Y. C. (2012). Debate on withdrawal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus quarantee of right of patient’s life.
Taiwan Medical Journal, 55(3), 29-35.]
黃建華、陳文鍾（2009）‧心跳停止及復甦急救後症候群之治療新觀念‧會訊，
2，1-8。
60
黃彥璋、林宏榮、郭浩然、嚴元隆、蔡明哲、吳政龍 . . . 符凌斌（2007）‧專 責救護隊是否能改善到院前心跳停止病患的預後‧中華民國急救加護醫 學會雜誌，18（1），1-11。 [Huang, Y. C., Lin, H. J.,Guo, H. R., Yen, Y. L., Tsai, M. C.,Wu, C.L.,…Foo, N. P. (2007). Can a Designated Ambulance Crew Improve the Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, 18(1),1-11.]
黃馨葆、林晏群、邱泰源（2012）‧應否撤除氣管內插管？－《安寧緩和醫療條 例》修正前後之倫理與法律議題探討‧生命教育研究，4（1），109-126。
[Huang, S. B., Lin, Y. C. , Chiu, T. Y. (2012). To Extubate or Not to Extubate?
-Ethical and Legal Issues Around the Amendment of Hospice Palliative Care Act of Taiwan in Jan 2011. Journal of Life Education, 4(1), 109-126.]
楊勝雄、王玠仁、彭明仁、吳健樑（2013）‧治療性低溫療法應用於到院前心跳 停止的病人‧台北市醫師公會會刊，57（1），47-50。
葉宏明、林為森、蔡惠美、張淑媛、郭舒儀、吳宛倩 . . . 曹凱甯（2003）‧65 歲 以上老年人急診就醫行為調查－以某區域教學醫院為例. 秀傳醫學雜誌, 4(3&4), 113-119. [Yeh, H. M., Lin, W. S., Tsai, H. M., Chang, S. Y., Kuo, S.
Y.,Wu, W.C.,…Tsao, K. N. (2003). The Use of Emergency Service in
Elderly-An Example for a Regional Teaching Hospital. Show Chwan Medical Journal, 4(3&4),113-119.]
蔡甫昌、潘恆嘉、吳澤玫、邱泰源、黃天祥（2006）‧預立醫療計畫之倫理與法 律議題‧臺灣醫學，10（4），517-536。[Tsai,F. C., Pan,H. C., Wu,T. M., Chiu,T.
Y., Huang,T. S. (2006). The Ethical-legal Issues in Advance Care Planning . Formosan Journal of Medicine, 10(4), 517-536.]
61
蔡翊新、林亞陵、黃勝堅（2007）‧重症病患之生命末期照護‧安寧療護雜誌，
12（3），312-320。[Tsai,Y. S., Lin,Y. L., Huang, S. J. (2007). End-of-Life Care in Critical Illness. Taiwan Journal of Hospice Palliative Care, 12(3),312-320.]
羅玉岱、潘輝民、張士琨、劉立凡（2008）‧能不能救命？心肺復甦術對老年病 患之成效與相關因素探討‧台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌，3（4），248-261。
[Lo, Y. T., Pan, H. M., Chang, S. K., Liu, L.F. (2008). Futile or Life-saving?
Outcome of CPR in the Elderly and Its Associated Factors. The Journal of Gerontology, 3(4), 248-261.]
62
外文部分
American Heart Association (2010). American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science ( Part 5：Adult Basic Life Support ). Retrieved from
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/122/18_suppl_3/S685
Akahane, M., Tanabe, S., Koike, S., Ogawa, T., Horiguchi, H., Yasunaga, H., &
Imamura, T. (2012). Elderly out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has worse outcomes with a family bystander than a non-family bystander. Int J Emerg Med, 5(1), 41. doi: 10.1186/1865-1380-5-41
Byock, I. (2006). Improving palliative care in intensive care units: Identifying strategies and interventions that work. Critical Care Medicine, 34(11), S302-S305. doi: 10.1097/01.Ccm.0000237347.94229.23
Chien, D. K., Chang, W. H., Tsai, S. H., Chang, C. K., Lin, M. R., Sun, F. J., & Liu, T.
C. (2012). Cause Analysis of Injury-Related Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Elderly. International Journal of Gerontology, 6(3), 211-214. doi:
10.1016/j.ijge.2011.09.028
Chien, D. K., Chang, W. H., Tsai, S. H., Lin, M. R., Chang, K. S., & Su, Y. J. (2009).
Cause Analysis of Non-Traumatic out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Elderly. International Journal of Gerontology, 3(1), 47-52.
Chien, D. K., Chang, W. H., Tsai, S. H., Chang, K. S., Chen, C. C., & Su, Y. J. (2008).
Outcome of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the elderly.
International Journal of Gerontology, 2(2), 60-66. doi:
63
10.1016/S1873-9598(08)70012-7
Chiu,C.C., Bullard, M.J., Liaw, H.C., Liaw, S. J., Chen, J.C. (1995). Dead-on-Arrival Patients: A Seven Month Analysis at Keelung. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, 6(4), 143-149.
Chuang, H. L., Lin, W. C., Huang, H. H., Hung, C. L., & Lin, C. H. (2012). Analysis of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in A Pediatric Emergency Department:
Report from A Regional Teaching Hospital. Tungs’ Medical Journal, 6(2), 49-55.
Corrada, E., Mennuni, M. G., Grieco, N., Sesana, G., Beretta, G., & Presbitero, P.
(2013). Neurological recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: hospital admission predictors and one-year survival in an urban cardiac network experience. Minerva Cardioangiologica, 61(4), 451-460.
Deasy, C., Bray, J. E., Smith, K., Harriss, L. R., Bernard, S. A., Davidson, P. M., &
Cameron, P. (2012). Resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in residential aged care facilities in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation, 83(1), 58-62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.030
Ewy, G. A. (2012). The cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for treatment of out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine, 20, 65. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-20-65
64
Ewy, G. A. (2007). New concepts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the lay public - Continuous-chest-compression CPR. Circulation, 116(25), E566-E568. doi:
10.1161/Circulationaha.107.740779
Hashimoto, Y., Moriya, F., & Furumiya, J. (2007). Forensic aspects of complications resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Leg Med (Tokyo), 9(2), 94-99.
doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2006.11.008
Herlitz, J., Bang, A., Gunnarsson, J., Engdahl, J., Karlson, B. W., Lindqvist, J., &
Waagstein, L. (2003). Factors associated with survival to hospital discharge among patients hospitalised alive after out of hospital cardiac arrest: change in outcome over 20 years in the community of Goteborg, Sweden. Heart, 89(1), 25-30. doi: DOI 10.1136/heart.89.1.25
Herlitz, J., Svensson, L., Engdahl, J., Gelberg, J., Silfverstolpe, J., Wisten, A., . . . Holmberg, S. (2007). Characteristics of cardiac arrest and resuscitation by age group: an analysis from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Am J Emerg Med, 25(9), 1025-1031. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.03.008
Hiltunen, P., Kuisma, M., Silfvast, T., Rutanen, J., Vaahersalo, J., Kurola, J., &
Finnresusci Prehospital Study, Group. (2012). Regional variation and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (ohca) in Finland - the Finnresusci study.
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation & Emergency Medicine, 20, 80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-20-80
Hollenberg, J., Svensson, L., & Rosenqvist, M. (2013). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest:
10 years of progress in research and treatment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 273(6), 572-583. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.12064
65
Ho, S. H., Hung, W. S. (2013). The Impacts of Widowhood, Chronic Disease, and Physical Function on Mortality among Older People. The Journal of Nursing Research, 21(2), 110-119. doi:10.1097/JNR.0b013e3182921ff6
Hu, S. C. (1994). Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in an Oriental Metropolitan City.
American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(4), 491-494. doi:
10.1016/0735-6757(94)90071-X
Huang, H. W., Chou, C. C., Hwang, K. L., & Chang, C. F. (2008). Outcome of
Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Preschool Children. J Emerg Crit Care Med, 19(1), 1-7.
Huang, J. A., Weng, R. H., Tsai, W. C., Hu, W. H., & Yang, D. Y. (2003). Analysis of emergency department utilization by elderly patients under National Health Insurance. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 19(3), 113-120. doi:
10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70458-9.
Jacobs, I., Nadkarni, V., Bahr, J., Berg, R. A., Billi, J. E., Bossaert, L., . . . Zideman, D.
(2004). Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports:
update and simplification of the utstein templates for resuscitation registries. A statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the international liaison committee on resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa). Resuscitation, 63(3), 233-249. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.09.008.
66
Johnson, M. A., Haukoos, J. S., Larabee, T. M., Daugherty, S., Chan, P. S., McNally, B., & Sasson, C. (2013). Females of childbearing age have a survival benefit after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 84(5), 639-644. doi:
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.011
Khalafi, K., Ravakhah, K., & West, B. C. (2001). Avoiding the futility of resuscitation.
Resuscitation, 50(2), 161-166.
Kim, C., Becker, L., & Eisenberg, M. S. (2000). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in octogenarians and nonagenarians. Arch Intern Med, 160(22), 3439-3443.
Kim, J., Kim, K., Lee, J. H., Jo, Y. H., Kim, T., Rhee, J. E., & Kang, K. W. (2013).
Prognostic implication of initial coagulopathy in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Resuscitation, 84(1), 48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.003
Lai, S. C., Li, C. J., Hsiao, M. H., Chou, C. C., Chang, C. F., Liu, T. A., & Lin, Y. R.
(2009). Demographic and Outcome Analysis in Adult Patients with
Non-Traumatic out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Central Taiwan. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Taiwan, 11(1), 1-9.
Lee, Y. T., Lin, R. S., Sung, F. C., Yang, C. Y., Chien, K. L., Chen, W. J., . . . Huang, Y.
C. (2000). Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort in Taiwan-baseline data and five-year follow-up morbidity and mortality. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(8), 838-846. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00198-0
Li, C. J., Lee, W. H., Liu, B. M., Chou, C. C., Chang, C. F., Liu, T. A., & Lin, Y. R.
(2008). Predictors of Sustained Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Children Who Suffer Non-Traumatic out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Central and
67
Southern Taiwan. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Taiwan, 10(4), 107-114.
Lin, C. Y., Huang, C. H., Tsai, M. S., Chang, W. T., Hsu, C. Y., Chen, S. C., & Chen, W. J. (2010). The Effect of Steroid on Post-Resuscitation Outcome in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, 21(4), 187-195.
Lin, J. N., Lin, T. J., Kuo, M. C., Chou, J. J., Lin, C. K., & Tsai, M. S. (2002).
Analysis of Factors Associated with Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Non-Traumatic Dead-on Arrival Patients in Emergency Department. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(2), 84-90.
Lin, Y. R., Wu, H. P., Huang, C. Y., & Chang, C. F. (2006). Predictors of successful resuscitation in non-trauma dead-on-arrival children. Acta Paediatr Taiwan, 47(6), 278-283.
Liu, H. L., Lai, S. C., Li, C. J., Liu, T. A., Wu, Y. F., Chou, C. C., . . . Lin, Y. R. (2009).
Factors Determining the Clinical Outcome in Patients Suffering Cardiac or Non-Cardiac out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Who Have Achieved Sustained ROSC in the Emergency Department. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Taiwan, 11(3), 77-85.
Mularski, R. A., Heine, C. E., Osborne, M. L., Ganzini, L., & Curtis, J. R. (2005).
Quality of dying in the ICU: ratings by family members. Chest, 128(1), 280-287. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.1.280
Nakanishi, N., Nishizawa, S., Kitamura, Y., Nakamura, T., Matsumuro, A., Sawada, T.,
& Matsubara, H. (2011). The increased mortality from witnessed
68
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the home. Prehospital Emergency Care, 15(2), 271-277. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2010.545475
Nishiyama, C., Iwami, T., Kawamura, T., Kitamura, T., Tanigawa, K., Sakai, T., . . . Hiraide, A. (2013). Prodromal symptoms of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a report from a large-scale population-based cohort study. Resuscitation, 84(5), 558-563. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.006
Nurnberger, A., Sterz, F., Malzer, R., Warenits, A., Girsa, M., Stockl, M., . . . Kaff, A.
(2013). Out of hospital cardiac arrest in Vienna: incidence and outcome.
Resuscitation, 84(1), 42-47.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.002
Perkins, G. D., Brace, S. J., Smythe, M., Ong, G., & Gates, S. (2012). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: recent advances in resuscitation and effects on outcome. Heart, 98(7), 529-535. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300802
Pleskot, M., Hazukova, R., Stritecka, H., & Cermakova, E. (2011). Five-year survival of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest depending on age. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 53(2), e88-92. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.06.021
Sagalyn, E., Band, R. A., Gaieski, D. F., & Abella, B. S. (2009). Therapeutic
hypothermia after cardiac arrest in clinical practice: Review and compilation of recent experiences. Critical Care Medicine, 37(7), S223-S226. doi: Doi 10.1097/Ccm.0b013e3181aa5c7c
Shah, M. N., Fairbanks, R. J., & Lerner, E. B. (2007). Cardiac arrests in skilled
69
nursing facilities: continuing room for improvement? J Am Med Dir Assoc, 8(3 Suppl 2), e27-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2006.12.005
Stromsoe, A., Svensson, L., Claesson, A., Lindkvist, J., Lundstrom, A., & Herlitz, J.
(2011). Association between population density and reported incidence, characteristics and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden.
Resuscitation, 82(10), 1307-1313. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.04.025
Stub, D., Smith, K., Bray, J. E., Bernard, S., Duffy, S. J., & Kaye, D. M. (2011).
Hospital characteristics are associated with patient outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart, 97(18), 1489-1494. doi:
10.1136/hrt.2011.226431
Su, S. Y., & Chao, C. M. (2013). Pneumoperitoneum after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Emerg Crit Care Med, 24(1), 11-14.
Su, Y. J., Lai, Y. C., Chen, C. C., & Chang, W. H. (2008). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the elderly. International Journal of Gerontology, 2(2), 67-71. doi:
Doi 10.1016/S1873-9598(08)70013-9
Tanigawa-Sugihara, K., Iwami, T., Nishiyama, C., Kitamura, T., Goto, M., Ando, M., . . . Kawamura, T. (2013). Association between atmospheric conditions and occurrence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest- 10-year population-based survey in Osaka. Circ J, 77(8), 2073-2078.
van de Glind, E. M., van Munster, B. C., van de Wetering, F. T., van Delden, J. J., Scholten, R. J., & Hooft, L. (2013). Pre-arrest predictors of survival after
70
resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the elderly a systematic review. BMC Geriatr, 13, 68. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-68
Wallace, S. K., Abella, B. S., Shofer, F. S., Leary, M., Agarwal, A. K., Mechem, C.
C., . . . Band, R. A. (2013). Effect of time of day on prehospital care and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation, 127(15), 1591-1596.
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002058
Wang, J. S., Cheng, S.H., Leu, L. J., Hsu, P. I., Ker, C. G., Huang, C. Y., . . . Lin, J. M.
(1995). Dead on Arrival Study in Kaohsiung Area. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(1), 21-26.