本章針對研究結果做總結,並在護理應用中,於護理實務、護理教育與護 理研究三方面提出具體建議。
第一節 結論
本研究旨在瞭解不同類型急性心肌梗塞病患其延遲就醫相關因素。茲綜合 前述研究結果,依研究假設提出下列結論:
H1:不同類型急性心肌梗塞病患之延遲就醫症狀反應與延遲就醫有相關,包含:
一、 研究對象平均年齡65.1歲,從症狀開始到決定就醫時間,佔總就醫時間
85.9%。若將考量治療時效性,意即自症狀發生開始至接受治療時間大於
12小時者,其S-T段上升之心肌梗塞(ST elevation myocardial infarction,
STEMI)病患延遲比例為44.0%。NSTEMI比STEMI病患有更長時間之延
遲(p .03);STEMI病患其選擇就醫方式自行開車時間大於選擇緊急救護
(p .05)。
二、 急性心肌梗塞病患平均合併1.64種慢性疾病,若將細分NSTEMI約1.96
種;STEMI約1.44種。NSTEMI病患中,罹患糖尿病者較未罹病者有較長
時間之延長(p .05);未罹患慢性阻塞性肺疾病之病患較罹病者有較長時間
之延長(p .003);STEMI病患則以罹患高血壓者較未罹病者有較長時間之
延長(p .02)。
三、 初始症狀表現部分,急性心肌梗塞病患若以胸悶(p .03)以及輻射痛(p
< .001)表現者較不容易產生就醫延遲行為,尤其在STEMI病患間更為顯
著。
四、 症狀反應問卷部分,自行決定就醫(p .05)以及自覺問題來自於心臟問題
(p < .001)者,其延遲時間短;症狀表現嚴重程度(p < .001)、焦慮程度
(p < .03)以及疼痛感(p < .001)與延遲就醫呈現負相關;相關之認知延 遲就醫因素,NSTEMI病患以擔心就醫後會發生的事(p .02)以及症狀斷
續發生(p .04),呈現顯著之相關;STEMI病患則以沒有意識症狀的重要性
(p .05),呈現相關。
H2:急性心肌梗塞病患其延遲就醫與疾病相關之預後包含:心肌受損程度與心 臟功能,無顯著統計差異。
第二節 護理上的應用
綜合本研究過程中所獲得之經驗及成果,擬針對護理的建議包含:護理實 務、護理教育以及護理研究三方面進行敘述,以作為對此主題有興趣之研究人員 或臨床護理師之參考。
一、 臨床護理實務應用
不同類型之急性心肌梗塞病患,其疾病機轉、臨床表現、診斷治療以及預 後不盡相同,惟國內外缺乏相關之文獻進行比較,尤其以NSTEMI相關資訊更 為缺乏。盼藉以研究結果,提供臨床護理師針對此類病患之辨識敏感度,其高危 險群包含:男性(好發率高)、不論其年齡、患有高血壓、糖尿病等之慢性疾病 患者,當出現胸痛(悶)、盜汗、輻射痛時,其照護上應更留心觀察病情變化之 即刻性。此外,面對易忽略族群,包含:女性、年紀大、糖尿病、高血壓、慢性 阻塞性肺疾病等之病患,建議遠距監測系統進行收案,藉以雲端監控,提供臨床 相關之警訊訊息,已避免因醫療訊息落差以及為等待重要之他人,進而錯失治療 之黃金時間。
二、 研究方面的應用
為其不同類型急性心肌梗塞病患延遲就醫做一簡略、概括式之陳述,提供 未來相關前瞻性或介入性研究之前趨性探討,建議未來仍可深入針對NSTEMI、 女性及其可能影響之重要他人,進行延遲就醫相關因素之探討。
三、 護理教育方面
藉以本次研究結果,嘗試應用至Leventhal等人提出之「自我調節模式」
(self-regulation model),提供護理教育者,加強宣導疾病發生之原因、看法,其
強化急性心肌梗塞早期就醫之重要性,並藉由相關之疾病標記包含:典型(胸痛、
盜汗、輻射痛);非典型(喘、暈厥、噁心嘔吐等)之症狀辨識,愈加完整詮釋 疾病之判斷。此外,面對特殊族群可能包含:男性(好發率高)、女性(易忽略 族群)、不論其年齡、合併患有高血壓、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等之慢性疾 病時,在面對症狀之表現時,務必保守小心,切莫因為習慣慢性病長期帶來之不 適,因而忽略就醫治療之即刻性。最後,急性心肌梗塞預後隨著積極治療已經有 了顯著性的改善,那麼儘速重新獲得冠狀動脈血流,得以減少梗塞範圍、保存心 室功能、降低死亡率應視為努力的方向(Zegrean, Fox-Wasylyshyn, & El-Masri,
2009)。因此,在護理教育的宣導下,仍應強化此部分之可控制性以及可治癒性,
解除病患及其重要之他人對於疾病以及治療的疑慮,避免因缺乏正確訊息而錯失 治療的契機。
第三節 研究限制與建議
本研究限制將依照研究方法、研究樣本、研究工具逐一敘述並且給予建議,
期許可作為未來相關研究之參考。
一、 研究方法
受限於本研究採橫斷式設計(cross section design),以致研究結果僅能做相 關性敘述,較無法推論變項間的因果關係,尤其以急性心肌梗塞病患其延遲就醫 與疾病相關之預後探討,未來若能以前瞻性的長期追蹤,並納入相關之過去疾病 共病性等之影響因素,將更為正確地進行因果關係之推論。
二、 研究樣本
本研究對象受限於北市某醫學中心、時間(以秋冬為主)、意識清醒之病患,
其取樣上受限於同一場所、特定季節以及清醒之病患,其因延遲就醫所導致之昏 迷或死亡病患因而未將以納入,其視為本研究之限制,因故推論性不足。建議未 來若能以跨中心、不同層級之醫院以及發展出客觀評估量表或為運用遠距提供之 相關訊息,以增加研究樣本的推論性以及驗證結果的普遍性。此外,家庭、群體 觀念,是影響台灣人延遲就醫的相關因素之一,未來可增加相關重要他人之研 究,探討其在延遲就醫過程中,重要他人對疾病的影響性。
三、 研究工具
本研究工具擬為參考國外之症狀反應問卷,其由於國情不同,無法概括全 台灣之文化特異性,因此建議未來可先用質性訪談方式,發展出適合本土之症狀 反應問卷。
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