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Amat, A.M., Arques, A., Miranda, M.A. and Lo´pez, F. (2005a) Use of ozone and/or UV in the treatment of effluents from board paper industry, Chemosphere, 60: 1111-1117.
Amat, A.M., Arques, A., Lo'pez, F. and Miranda, M.A. (2005b) Solar photo-catalysis to remove paper mill wastewater pollutants, Solar Energy, 79: 393-401.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF) (1995) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 19th ed. Washington, DC.
٢٨٨
Chiang, L., Chang, J. and Tseng, S. (1997) Electrochemical oxidation pre-treatment of refractory organic pollutants, Wat. Sci. Tech., 36(2): 123-30.
Konduru, R. and Viraraghavan, T. (1997) Dye removal using low cost adsorbents, Wat. Sci.
Tech., 36(2): 189-96.
Nataraj, S.K., Sridhar, S., Shaikha, I.N., Reddy, D.S. and Aminabhavi, T.M. (2007) Membrane-based microfiltration/electrodialysis hybrid process for the treatment of paper industry wastewater, Separation and Purification Technology, 57: 185-192.
Pizzichini, M., Russo, C. and DiMeo, C. (2005) "Purification of pulp and paper wastewater, with membrane technology, for water reuse in closed loop, Desalination, 178: 351-359.
Rodrigues, A.C., Boroski, M., Shimada, N.S., Garcia, J.C., Nozaki, J. and Hioka, N. (2008) Treatment of paper pulp and paper mill wastewater by coagulation–flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A:
Chemistry, 194: 1-10.
Savant, D.V., Rahman, R. and Ranade, D.R. (2006) Anaerobic degradation of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from pulp and paper industry wastewater, Biores. Technol., 97:
1092-1104.
Tarlan, E., Dilek, F.B. and Yetis, U. (2002) Effectiveness of algae in the treatment of a wood- based pulp and paper industry wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 84: 1-5.
Temmink, H. and Grolle, K. (2005) Tertiary activated carbon treatment of paper and board industry wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 96(15): 1683-9.
Thompson, G., Swain, J., Kay, M. and Forster, C.F. (2001) The treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent : A review, Bioresource Technology, 77: 275-286.
Vieira, M., Tavares, C.R., Bergamasc, R. and Petrus, J.C.C. (2001) Application of ultrafiltration-complexation process for metal removel from pulp and paper industry wastewater, Journal of Membrane Science, 194: 273-276.
White, P.A., Rasmussen, J.B. and Blaise, C. (1996) Comparing the presence, potence and potential hazard of genotoxins extracted from a boroad range of industrial effluents, Environ. Mol. Mutagen, 27: 116-139.
٢٨٩
Study on Wastewater in Paper Recycling Plants Case Study
Mohamed H. M. Ramadan and Riyadh F. A. Halawani Faculty of Meteorology, Envieonment, and Arid Land Agriculture
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract. Paper recycling industry is considered one of the important investment industries, included in the industrial zone south of Jeddah.
This industry generates wastewater that causes a lot of damage when disposed in a non-secure method. The current study aims to study the characteristics of wastewater resulting from the different stages of production and the management methods used at one of the paper- recycling industries in the Industrial Zone City, south of Jeddah, KSA.
The results of the field survey showed that the sources of water include the treated effluent from Al-Khumra wastewater treatment plant and the treated effluent emerging from the industrial wastewater treatment plant.
Results of analysis showed that most of the locations discharged wastewater with low pH, high concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and presence of a significant difference between concentrations of chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. The results also showed that most of the measured parameters for most of the sites wastewater exceeded PME (Presidency of Meteorology and Environment) standards for direct discharge, for central treatment facilities, or both.
The plant follows the various wastewater management options, where it used the treatment strategy with the wastewater of the 1st site before disposal, pollution minimization with the 2nd to 6th sites by recycling, recycling and treatment strategies with the wastewater of the 7th site (wastewater of floating solids removal basin), and disposal strategy with the wastewater of 8th site (wastewater of the aeration basin) by transferring it to be treated by Al-Khumra plant.
Some recommendations were suggested. Of these, following pollution prevention with some units that leak pulp, using one of the various ways of waste minimization before wastewater discharge from aeration basin to the central treatment plant, studying the feasibility of discharging the wastewater into the industrial wastewater treatment plant located in south Jeddah, and taking the advantage of using the wastewater emerging from aeration basin rather than its disposal.
