Scholarworks@UAEU Scholarworks@UAEU
Theses Electronic Theses and Dissertations
11-2021
ةعیبطلا ینوناقلا
ة ِ اكرشلل ت ِ
كولمملا ة ِ
لودلل ة ِ
ىلع وض
ءِ
یرشتلا عِ
اكحأو
ِ م اضقلا ءِ
لودب ة ِ اراملإا ت ِ
یبرعلا ة ِ
ةدحتملا
نسح نودعس نسح
ةفلخلا يمیلدلا
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_theses Part of the Law Commons
ةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا تارﺎﻣﻹا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ
نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﯾﻠﻛ
ﻘﻟا نوﻧﺎ مﺎﻌﻟا
ِءﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِمﺎﻛﺣأو ِﻊﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ِءوﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟودﺑ
ﻲﻣﯾﻟدﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺧﻟا نﺳﺣ نودﻌﺳ نﺳﺣ
لﺎﻣﻛﺗﺳﻻ ﺔﻣدﻘﻣ ﺔﺣورطأ مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ رﯾﺗﺳﺟﺎﻣﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ لوﺻﺣﻟا تﺎﺑﻠطﺗﻣ
بﯾﻌﺷ دﯾﻣﺣﻟا دﺑﻋ يدﺟﻣ روﺗﻛدﻟا ذﺎﺗﺳﻷا فارﺷإ
رﺑﻣﻓوﻧ 2021
ِﺔﺣورطﻷا ِﺔﻟﺎﺻأ ُرارﻗإ
ﺎﻧأ ﻲﻣﯾﻟدﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺧﻟا نﺳﺣ نودﻌﺳ نﺳﺣ ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺎﯾﻠﻋ ٍتﺎﺳارد ُبﻟﺎط ،ُهﺎﻧدأ ُﻊﻗوﻣﻟا ،
ِناوﻧﻌﺑ ِﺔﯾﻌﻣﺎﺟﻟا ِﺔﺣورطﻷا ِمدﻘﻣو ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا
"
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا
"ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟودﺑ ِءﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِمﺎﻛﺣأو ِﻊﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ِءوﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ِهذھ َنﺄﺑ ﺎﯾﻣﺳر َرﻗأ ،
ِﺔﺣورطﻷا
َتﺣﺗ ِهدادﻋﺈﺑ ُتﻣﻗ يذﻟا ُﻲﻠﺻﻷا ُﻲﺛﺣﺑﻟا ُلﻣﻌﻟا َﻲھ ِفارﺷإ
د.أ ، ْبﯾﻌﺷ ْدﯾﻣﺣﻟا ِدﺑﻋ يدﺟﻣ ذﺎﺗﺳأ
روﺗﻛد ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﯾﻠﻛ ﻲﻓ ْنﻣ ٍﺔﻠﺛﺎﻣﻣ ٍﺔﯾﻣﻠﻋ ٍﺔﺟرد ِلﯾﻧﻟ ُلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ْمدﻘﺗ ْمﻟ ِﺔﺣورطﻷا ِهذھ َنﺄﺑ ﺎﺿﯾأ َرﻗأو .
دﺎﺻﻣﻟا َلﻛ َنﺄﺑ ﺎﻣﻠﻋ ،ىرﺧأ ٍﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ِيأ ﺎﮭﻘﯾﺛوﺗ َمﺗ ْدﻗ ِثﺣﺑﻟا اذھ ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺑ ُتﻧﻌﺗﺳا ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﻣﻠﻌﻟا ِر
ِﺢﻟﺎﺻﻣ َﻊﻣ ٍلﻣﺗﺣﻣ ٍضرﺎﻌﺗ ِيأ ِدوﺟو ِمدﻌﺑ ﺎﺿﯾأ َرﻗأو .ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ ِﻖﻔﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﻘﯾرطﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﺑ ُدﺎﮭﺷﺗﺳﻻاو ِرﺷﻧ ْوأ /و َﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧ َضرﻋو ِفﯾﻟﺄﺗﻟاو ِتﺎﻧﺎﯾﺑﻟا ِﻊﻣﺟو ِثﺣﺑﻟا ِءارﺟﺈﺑ ُﻖﻠﻌﺗﯾ ﺎﻣﺑ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُلﻣﻋأ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﺳﺳؤﻣﻟا
ِﺔﺣورطﻷا ِهذھ .
رﺷﻧﻟا قوﻘﺣ
© 2021 ﻲﻣﯾﻟدﻟا ﺔﻔﻠﺧﻟا نﺳﺣ نودﻌﺳ نﺳﺣ
ﺔظوﻔﺣﻣ رﺷﻧﻟا قوﻘﺣ
فارﺷﻹا ﺔﻧﺟﻟ
1 ﻲﺳﯾﺋرﻟا فرﺷﻣﻟا ( ( ﺔﻧﺟﻠﻟا سﯾﺋر )
: .أ .د بﯾﻌﺷ دﯾﻣﺣﻟا دﺑﻋ يدﺟﻣ
ﺔﺟردﻟا : ذﺎﺗﺳأ روﺗﻛد
مﺳﻗ مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا
ﺔﯾﻠﻛ نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا
2 وﺿﻋ ( :ﻲﻠﺧادﻟا شﻗﺎﻧﻣ .أ
.د دﻣﺣأ دوﻣﺣﻣ ﻲﻗوﺷ
:ﺔﺟردﻟا ذﺎﺗﺳأ
روﺗﻛد
مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا مﺳﻗ نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﯾﻠﻛ
3 ﻋ( ﺎﯾرﻛز ءﺎﯾﻠﻋ.د : ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ شﻗﺎﻧﻣ وﺿ
ذﺎﺗﺳأ :ﺔﺟردﻟا دﻋﺎﺳﻣ
مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا مﺳﻗ ﯾﺟوﻟوﻧﻛﺗﻟاو موﻠﻌﻠﻟ نﯾﻌﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎ
– ةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا تارﺎﻣﻹا
إ ةزاج ريتسجاملا ةحورطأ
تزيجأ ةحورطأ ةشقانملا ةنجل ءاضعأ لبق نم ريتسجاملا
مهيلإ راشملا أ
:
هاند)1 سيئر( فرشملا ةنجللا
) : .أ د . بيعش يدجم
: ةجردلا ذاتسأ
مسق نوناقلا ماعلا
ةيلك نوناقلا – ماج ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا تاراملإا ةع
:عيقوتلا :خيراتلا
)2 وضع :يلخاد .د.أ
دومحم يقوش دمحأ
: ةجردلا ذاتسأ
مسق نوناقلا ماعلا
ةيلك نوناقلا – ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا تاراملإا ةعماج
:عيقوتلا خيراتلا
:
)3 وضع :يجراخ د
. ايركز ءايلع
ةجردلا :
ذاتسأ دعاسم
ةعماج نيعلا ايجولونكتلاو مولعلل
:عيقوتلا :خيراتلا
16/11/2021
15/11/2021 16/11/2021
تدمتعا لبِق نم ةحورطلأا
:
دﻣﺣﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ نﺳﺣ دﻣﺣﻣ / روﺗﻛدﻟا ذﺎﺗﺳﻷا :نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﯾﻠﻛ دﯾﻣﻋ :عيقوتلا تلا
ا خير :
ﻲﻗوزرﻣﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ /روﺗﻛدﻟا ذﺎﺗﺳﻷا :ﺎﯾﻠﻌﻟا تﺎﺳاردﻟا ﺔﯾﻠﻛ دﯾﻣﻋ :عيقوتلا تلا
ا خير :
ــــــــ نم ــــــ مقر ةخسنلا
14/12/2021
6/4/2022
صﺧﻠﻣﻟا
ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟود ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ﻲﻓ ُثﺣﺑﻟا ِﺔﺳاردﻟا ِهذھ َلوﺎﻧﺗﺗ َكﻠﺗﺑ ِﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ِراوﻏأ ِرﺑﺳ ِلﻼﺧ ْنﻣ ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِفرﻌﺗﻠﻟ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
ُﮫﺑﺗﺷﯾ ﺎﻣ ْنﻋ ﺎھزﯾﻣﯾ ﺎﻣو ﺎﮭﻋاوﻧأ ِدﯾدﺣﺗو ﺎﮭﻟ ٍﻊﻣﺎﺟ ٍفﯾرﻌﺗ ِﻊﺿوو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ ّﻲِﻧوُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا ِموﮭﻔﻣﻟا ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا َﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ ُﺔﺳاردﻟا ْتﻟوﺎﻧﺗ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺎھروطﺗو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ ِةﺄﺷﻧو ﺎﮭﺑ إ ْتﻗرطﺗو ًءﺎﺿﻗو ﺎﮭﻘﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ اذھ ِرﺎﺑﺗﻋا ِنﺄﺷﺑ ِﺔﺑرﺎﺿﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﮭﻘﻔﻟاو ِﺔﯾﺋﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِءارﻵاو ِمﺎﻛﺣﻷا ﻰﻟ
. ّصﺎَﺧْﻟَا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ﺎﺻﺧﺷ ْمأ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ َصﺧﺷ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ َعوﻧﻟا
ﻲﻓ لﺧدﺗ ْتﺣﺑﺻأ ْدﻗ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﱠنَأ ِﺔﺳاردﻟا ِهذھ ﺎﮭﻟ ْتﻠﺻوﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧﻟا ّمَھَأ ْنﻣو ِتﺎﻗﻼﻋ ِمﯾظﻧﺗ ِنوﻧﺎﻗ ِدﻋاوﻗ ِﻖﯾﺑطﺗ ﻰﻟإ ِءﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِهﺎﺟﺗا ْناو ،ﺎھرﯾوطﺗ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُدﯾرﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﻻﺎﺟﻣﻟا ِﻊﯾﻣﺟ ﺿرﻔﯾ ٌرﻣأ َوھ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗﺑ َنﯾﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِلﻣﻌﻟا ّﻲِﻧوُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا ِمﯾظﻧﺗﻟا ِمادﻌﻧاو ّﻲِﻌﯾ ِرْﺷﱠﺗﻟَا ِغارﻔﻟا ُﻊﻗاو ُﮫ
ﺎﮭﻧﻣو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻋورﺷﻣﻟا ِةرﺋاد ِعﺎﺳﺗﻻ ارظﻧو ُﮫﻧأ ﻰﻟإ ُﺔﺳاردﻟا ْتﺻﻠﺧ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ ِدﺣوﻣﻟا ِﻊﺿوﻟا ِﺔﺳاردﺑ ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا َءﺎﮭﻘﻓو َنﯾرﻛﻔﻣﻟا ﱠمَﺗْھِا ْدﻘﻓ ﺎﮭﺗﯾﻣھأ ُدﺎﯾدزاو ُﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ ّﻲِﻧوُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا
ْنﻣ ﺎھرﺑﺗﻋا ْنﻣ َنﯾﺑو ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ﺎھرﺑﺗﻌﯾ ْنﻣ َنﯾﺑ ْمھؤارآ ْتﻧﯾﺎﺑﺗ ْدﻗو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُدوﻌﯾ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ِدﯾدﺣﺗ ﻲﻓ َفﻼﺗﺧﻻا ﱠنِإ َو ّصﺎَﺧْﻟَا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ُﻊﯾرﺷﺗﻟا َبﺎﺷ يذﻟا ِضوﻣﻐﻟا ﻰﻟإ .ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗﻟ ِفارﺗﻋﻻا ﻲﻓ
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِمﯾظﻧﺗﻟ ٍّيدﺎﺣﺗا ٍنوﻧﺎﻗ ِﻊﯾرﺷﺗﺑ ُﺔﯾﺻوﺗﻟا َﻲھ ِﺔﻟﺎﺳرﻟا ِمﺎﺗﺧ ﻲﻓ ْتدرو ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﯾﺻوﺗﻟا ّمَھَأ ْنﻣو وؤﺷ ُمظﻧﯾو ﺎﮭﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا َﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا َدﻋاوﻘﻟاو َﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﯾﻌﺟرﻣ َددﺣﯾﻟ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا َﺔﯾﻠﺧادﻟا ﺎﮭﻧ
ِغارﻔﻟا ِﺔﯾطﻐﺗﻟ ﺎﯾرورﺿ ُنوﻛﯾ ُبﻠطﻣﻟا اذھو ،ّﻲِﻧوُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا ﺎﮭﻠﻛﺷو ﺎھزﻛرﻣ ُددﺣﯾو ِرﯾﻐﻟا َﻊﻣ ﺎﮭﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗو ِدراوﻣﻠﻟ ٍنوﻧﺎﻗ َﻊﯾرﺷﺗ ُمﺗﯾ ّلَﻗَ ْﻷَا ﻰﻠﻋ ْوأ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ ِعوﻧﻟا اذﮭﻟ ّﻲِﻧوُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا ِمﯾظﻧﺗﻟﺎﺑ ّصﺎَﺧْﻟَا ّﻲِﻌﯾ ِرْﺷﱠﺗﻟَا ا ِمﯾظﻧﺗﻟ ِﺔﯾرﺷﺑﻟا ُفارﺗﻋﻻا َمﺗﯾ ْنﺄﺑ َﺔﯾﺻوﺗﻟا ﱠمَﺗ ﺎﻣﻛ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ َنﯾﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ َنﯾﺑ ﺎﻣ ِﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟ
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺎﮭﻟ ُﻊﺑﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ُﺔﯾرادﻹا ُتﺎﮭﺟﻟا) ِلﺻﻷﺎﺑ ًةوﺳأ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ
.ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ ُﻊﺗﻣﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟاو (ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ تﺎﻣﻠﻛ ِﺔﯾﺳﯾﺋرﻟا ِثﺣﺑﻟا :
،ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ُصﺎﺧﺷأ ،ُﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
.ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا َﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟا ، ّصﺎَﺧْﻟَا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ُصﺎﺧﺷأ
ﺔﯾزﯾﻠﺟﻧﻹا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ صﺧﻠﻣﻟاو ناوﻧﻌﻟا
Legal Nature of State-Owned Companies
In Light of Legislation and the Provisions of the Judiciary in the United Arab Emirates
Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the Legal Nature of the state-owned companies in the United Arab Emirates by delving into federal and local regulations related to these companies to identify the legal concept of such companies and put an all-compassing definition of them, detailing their types and what distinguishes them from similar companies, as well as the rise and development of state-owned companies. The study also addresses the issue of the legal nature of state-owned companies jurisprudentially and legally, touching on conflicting judicial rules and opinions on whether to consider these companies as public law or private law corporate bodies. One of the key findings of this study is that state-owned companies are now entering all areas that the state wants to develop, and that the judiciary’s tendency to apply the provisions of the labor relations law on the employees of these companies has become a fact necessitated by the regulatory gap and the absence of a standard regulatory framework for these companies. The study has also concluded that due to the wide scope of public projects, including government companies, and their growing importance, legislators and judiciary thinkers have grown an interest in studying the legal status of these companies. Their views were different, between those who considered these companies public law bodies and those who considered them private law bodies and that the difference in identifying the legal nature of state-owned companies is attributed to the ambiguity of the legislation in acknowledging the public legal personality of such companies.
A key recommendation at the conclusion of the study is the recommendation to enact a federal law to regulate state-owned companies, defining their legal point of reference and the legal rules that govern them and regulating their internal affairs and their dealings with third parties as well as identifying their legal position and form. This prerequisite is necessary to bridge the legislative gap in terms of the legal regulation
of this kind of companies. At least a human resources law should be enacted to regulate the relationship between these companies and their employees. It was also recommended to acknowledge the public corporate personality of these companies, just as the origin (the administrative bodies to whom these companies report), which is enjoys the public legal personality.
Keywords: State-Owned Companies, Government Companies, Public Law Persons.
Private Law Persons, Public Legal Personality.
رﯾدﻘﺗو رـﻛﺷ
ْلﻼﺟﻟ ﻲﻐﺑﻧﯾ ﺎﻣﻛ ُدﻣﺣﻟا َكﻟ ْبرﺎﯾ ،ُتﺎﺣﻟﺎﺻﻟا ُمﺗﺗ ِﮫﻟﻼﺟو ِﮫﺗزﻌﺑ يذﻟا ِ� دﻣﺣﻟا ٍمﯾظﻌﻟو َكﮭﺟو
ِلﻣﻌﻟا اذھ ِزﺎﺟﻧإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﻧﺎﻋأ يذﻟا ِ� ُدﻣﺣﻟا ،َكﻧﺎطﻠﺳ .
ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻓ َنﯾﯾرادﻹاو لﺿﺎﻓﻷا ِةذﺗﺎﺳﻷا ﻰﻟإ ِنﺎﻓرﻌﻟاو ِرﯾدﻘﺗﻟاو ِرﻛﺷﻟا ٌلﯾزﺟ َﮫﺟوأ ْنأ ُدوأ ﻋدو ْمھدوﮭﺟﻟ ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ُصﺧأو رﯾﺗﺳﺟﺎﻣﻟا ِﺞﻣﺎﻧرﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﺳارد َلﻼﺧ ُلﺻاوﺗﻣﻟا ْمﮭﻣ
ِرﻛذﻟﺎﺑ
ِدادﻋإ ِةرﺗﻓ َلﻼﺧ ﻲﻧدﻧﺎﺳ ْنﻣ ٌلﻛ ُرﻛﺷأ َكﻟذﻛ ، ْبﯾﻌﺷ ْدﯾﻣﺣﻟا ِدﺑﻋ يدﺟﻣ / روﺳﻓورﺑﻟا ِﺔﻟﺎﺳرﻟا َفرﺷﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺣﺎﺟﻧو يدﮭﺟ َةرﻣﺛ َيدھأ ﺎﻌﯾﻣﺟ ْمﮭﯾﻟإ ،ِﺔﺳاردﻟا ِﺔﻠﺣر ﻲﻓ ٍنﯾﻌﻣ ُرﯾﺧ ﻲﻟ َنﺎﻛو ِﺔﺣورطﻷا ِهذھ رﯾﺗﺳﺟﺎﻣﻟا ِﺞﻣﺎﻧرﺑ .
ھﻹا ءاد
ھأ ـ ــــــــــ ـ ﻌﻟا اذھ يد ــــ
ﻣ ـــــ ﺿاوﺗﻣﻟا ِل ـــــــــــ
ِﻊ
ﻰﻟإ ُﷲ ﺎﻣﮭﻣﺣر ..َيادﻟاو ...َلﺟو ﱠزَﻋ ِئرﺎﺑﻟا ِﺔﻣﺣر ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻣﮭﺣور ْتﻌﻓر ْنﻣ
ُﺔﻧﺟﻟا ﺎﻣﮭﻗزرأو ﺎﻣﮭﻟزﻧ ْمرﻛأو ارﯾﻐﺻ ﻲﻧﺎﯾﺑر ﺎﻣﻛ ﺎﻣﮭﻣﺣرا ّبَر
ﻲﺗوﺧإ ْمﮭﻧﻣو َرارﺑﻷا َءادﮭﺷﻟا ﺎﻌﯾﻣﺟ ﺎﻧﻣ مَرْﻛَ ْﻷَا ِحاورأ ﻰﻟإ نﯾدﯾﮭﺷﻟا
نﺳﺣﻣ دﻧﺳو ﻲﺧأ ِحور ﻰﻟإو
ِموﺣرﻣﻟا ِرﯾﺑﻛﻟا نودﻌﺳ فﯾﺿ
ﻠﺧﻟا ﺎﻌﯾﻣﺟ ُﷲ ْمﮭﻣﺣر ﺔﻔ
ـﺗوﺧإو يدﻻوأو ﻲـﺗﺟوز . . ِداؤﻔﻟاو ِبﻠﻘﻟا ْنﻣ َنﯾﺑﯾرﻘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻌﯾﻣﺟ ُﷲ ْمﮭظﻔﺣ ﻲـــ
ِﺔﻓرﻌﻣﻟاو ِمﻠﻌﻟا ْنﻋ َنﯾﺛﺣﺎﺑﻟا ِﻊﯾﻣﺟ ﻰﻟإ .
تﺎﯾوﺗﺣﻣﻟا ﺔﻣﺋﺎﻗ
ناوﻧﻌﻟا ...
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i
ﺔﺣورطﻷا ﺔﻟﺎﺻأ رارﻗإ ...
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ii.
رﺷﻧﻟاو ﺔﯾﻛﻠﻣﻟا قوﻘﺣ ...
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iii
فارﺷﻹا ﺔﻧﺟﻟ ...
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iv
رﯾﺗﺳﺟﺎﻣﻟا ﺔﺣورطأ ةزﺎﺟإ ...
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v
صﺧﻠﻣﻟا ...
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vii
ﺔﯾزﯾﻠﺟﻧﻹا ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ صﺧﻠﻣﻟاو ناوﻧﻌﻟا ...
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ix
رﯾدﻘﺗو رـــــــﻛﺷ ...
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xi
ھﻹا ـ ءاد ...
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. xii
تﺎﯾوﺗﺣﻣﻟا ﺔﻣﺋﺎﻗ ...
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xiii
دﻘﻣﻟا ﻣ ﺔ ...
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1
ثﺣﺑﻟا ﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ ...
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3
ثﺣﺑﻟا ﺔﯾﻣھأ ...
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4
ثﺣﺑﻟا فادھأ ...
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5
ثﺣﺑﻟا ﺞﮭﻧﻣ ...
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6
لوﻷا لﺻﻔﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺄﺷﻧو ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا رﺎطﻹا :
...
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7
لوﻷا ثﺣﺑﻣﻟا :
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا موﮭﻔﻣﻟا ...
8
لوﻷا بﻠطﻣﻟا فﯾرﻌﺗ :
تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا
...
....
8
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا :
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا عاوﻧأ ...
...
21
لوﻷا عرﻔﻟا :
ثﯾﺣ نﻣ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا عاوﻧأ
.ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ﺔﻟودﻟا كﻠﻣﺗ ﺔﺑﺳﻧ ...
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22
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا عرﻔﻟا :
ثﯾﺣ نﻣ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا عاوﻧأ
ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ﺔﮭﺟ ...
...
..
26
ثﻟﺎﺛﻟا عرﻔﻟا ثﯾﺣ نﻣ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا عاوﻧأ :
ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﻠﻛﺷ ...
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28
ثﻟﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا :
زﯾﯾﻣﺗ ﺎﮭﺑ ﮫﺑﺗﺷﯾ ﺎﻣ نﻋ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ...
29
لوﻷا عرﻔﻟا :
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا نﯾﺑ زﯾﯾﻣﺗﻟا
ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺳﺳؤﻣﻟاو ...
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30
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا عرﻔﻟا :
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا نﯾﺑ زﯾﯾﻣﺗﻟا
و ﻟا ﺔﻣھﺎﺳﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷ ...
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32
ثﻟﺎﺛﻟا عرﻔﻟا :
ﻟا زﯾﯾﻣﺗ نﯾﺑ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
ﺔﯾﻌﻣﺟﻟاو مﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﻔﻧﻟا تاذ
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33
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا ثﺣﺑﻣﻟا ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا روطﺗو ةﺄﺷﻧ :
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34
لوﻷا بﻠطﻣﻟا :
ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺳﺳؤﻣﻟاو مﺎﻌﻟا عﺎطﻘﻟا ةرﻛﻓ روﮭظ ...
35
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا :
ﺔﻛارﺷﻟا دوﻘﻋو طﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا دﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا تﺎﻛرﺷ ةرﻛﻓ روﮭظ ...
40
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا لﺻﻔﻟا ًءﺎﺿﻗو ًﺎﮭﻘﻓ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا فﯾﯾﻛﺗﻟا:
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46
لوﺣ ترﺎﺛ ﻲﺗﻟا ﺔﯾﮭﻘﻔﻟا ءارﻵا :لوﻷا ثﺣﺑﻣﻟا ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا فﯾﯾﻛﺗﻟا
ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ..
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. . 48
ا :لوﻷا بﻠطﻣﻟ ﺑ لﺋﺎﻘﻟا يأرﻟا
ﺄ نﻣ صﺧﺷ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ن
صﺎﺧﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا صﺎﺧﺷأ ...
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49
نﻣ صﺧﺷ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا نﺈﺑ لﺋﺎﻘﻟا يأرﻟا :ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا صﺎﺧﺷأ ...
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51
ﻣﻟا ﺑ لﺋﺎﻘﻟا يأرﻟا :ثﻟﺎﺛﻟا بﻠط نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا دﻋاوﻘﺑ ذﺧﻷا ﻲﻓ رﯾﯾﺎﻌﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺟاودزﺎ
مﺎﻌﻟا صﺎﺧﻟا ﺎﻌﻣ
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56
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا ثﺣﺑﻣﻟا :
ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا فﯾﯾﻛﺗﻟا نﻣ ءﺎﺿﻘﻟا فﻗوﻣ ...
58
لوﻷا بﻠطﻣﻟا نﻣ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا نﺈﺑ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟا هﺎﺟﺗﻻا :
صﺎﺧﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا صﺎﺧﺷأ ...
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60
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا :
ﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا نﺈﺑ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟا هﺎﺟﺗﻻا نﻣ ﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ﺔﻛو
مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا صﺎﺧﺷأ ...
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70
ثﻟﺎﺛﻟا بﻠطﻣﻟا مﺎﻌﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا دﻋاوﻘﺑ ذﺧﻷا ﻲﻓ رﯾﯾﺎﻌﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﺟاودزا :
ﺎﻌﻣ صﺎﺧﻟا نوﻧﺎﻘﻟاو ...
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. 78
ﻣﺗﺎﺧﻟا ــ ﺔ ...
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82
ﺞﺋﺎﺗﻧﻟا :ًﻻوأ ...
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83
تﺎﯾﺻوﺗﻟا :ًﺎﯾﻧﺎﺛ ...
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85
ﻊﺟارﻣﻟا ...
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88
ُﺔﻣدﻘﻣﻟا
ْتﻧﺎﻛ ْدﻘﻟ ِطﺎﺷﻧﻟا ﻲﻓ ِلﺧدﺗﻟا َنود ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﯾرادﻹاو ُﺔﯾﺳﺎﯾﺳﻟا ُمﺎﮭﻣﻟا ﻰﻟوﺗﺗ ِﺔﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا ِلودﻟا ﻲﻓ ُتﺎﻣوﻛﺣﻟا
ِضﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ُلﺧدﺗﺗ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ْتأدﺑ ْدﻘﻓ ِتﺎﻌﻣﺗﺟﻣﻟا ِةﺎﯾﺣ ﻲﻓ ِلﺻﺎﺣﻟا ِروطﺗﻠﻟ ِﺔﺟﯾﺗﻧو ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻻإ ،ِيدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ﻧ َكﻟذﻟ ٍمﺎﻋ ٍﻖﻓرﻣﺑ ُﻖﻠﻌﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﻣﮭﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔطﺷﻧﻷا ِﻖﻓارﻣﻟا ِسﯾﺳﺄﺗ َةرﻛﻓ ِلودﻟا ىدﻟ ْتﺄﺷ
ٌتﺎﻛرﺷ ﺎھرﯾدﺗ ْدﻗ ْوأ ٍتﺎﺋﯾھ ْوأ ٌتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣ ﺎھرﯾدﺗ ْدﻗ ﻖﻓارﻣﻟا ِهذھو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُمﺗﯾ
،
ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻاو ِﺔﯾﻋﺎﻣﺗﺟﻻا ِفورظﻟا ﻲﻓ ِتارﯾﻐﺗﻠﻟ ٍﺔﺑﻛاوﻣ ِةروﺻﺑ ْتروطﺗو ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْتﺄﺷﻧ ُثﯾﺣ ﺎﮭﺑ ْترﻣ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﺳﺎﯾﺳﻟاو ﺎﯾﻣﺗﺣو ِﮫﺑ ﺎﺑوﻏرﻣ ِﺔﻟودﻟا ُلﺧدﺗ َﺢﺑﺻأ َكﻟذﻟ ،ِثﯾدﺣﻟا ِرﺻﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ُتﺎﻌﻣﺗﺟﻣﻟا
ددﻋ ْتﮭﺟﺗا َكﻟذﺑو ،ﺎﮭﺑ َرﻣﺗ ْنأ ِنﻛﻣﻣﻟا ْنﻣ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻣزﻷا ْنﻣ ٍددﻋ ِﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣو ﺎﮭﺣﻟﺎﺻﻣ ِﺔﯾﺎﻣﺣﻟ ﺎﻋورﺷﻣﻟا ِضﻌﺑ ِمﻋد َضرﻐﻟ ﺎﯾﺋزﺟ ْوأ ﺎﯾﻠﻛ ﺎﮭﻟ ٍﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ ٍتﺎﻛرﺷ ِءﺎﺷﻧإ ﻰﻟإ ِلودﻟا ْنﻣ ِﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗﻟ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِت
ٍتﺎﻋﺎطﻗ ِةرادإ ْوأ ِﺢﺑرﻟا ِﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗو ِﺔﯾﻋﺎﻣﺗﺟﻻاو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟا ِﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗ َنﯾﺑ ِﻊﻣﺟﻟا ْوأ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِﻊﻔﻧﻟا
ِبﺑﺳﺑ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُرﺎﻣﺛﺗﺳﻻا ُصﺎﺧﻟا ُعﺎطﻘﻟا ُبﻏرﯾ ﻻ ٍتﻻﺎﺟﻣ ﻲﻓ ِلﺧدﺗﻟا ْوأ ِصﺎﺧﻟا ِعﺎطﻘﻟا َﻊﻣ ِﺔﻛرﺎﺷﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﻟا ْتﻠﺧدﺗ َكﻟذﻟ ،ِتﺎﯾﻧﺎﻛﻣﻹا ِﺔﻠﻗ ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻣﻟا ِﺔﻣذﻟاو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ ُﻊﺗﻣﺗﺗ ٌتﺎﻛرﺷ ْتﺄﺷﻧأو ُﺔﻟود
ا ِتﺎﻋﺎطﻘﻟا َفﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﻲطﻐﺗ ِﺔﻠﻘﺗﺳﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻ
ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا َلوﺣ ِفﻼﺗﺧﻻا ْنﻣ ِمﻏرﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ،
َﻲھ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ َنأ ﻰﻟإ ْتﺑھذ ْدﻗ ِﮫﻘﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ِءارﻵا ْنﻣ ُدﯾدﻌﻟا َكﺎﻧھ َنأ ﻻإ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِتوﺑﺛو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﻖﻓارﻣﻟا ِةرادإ ﻰﻠﻋ ُموﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﻧﻷ ِﺔﯾرادﻹا ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِةزﮭﺟأ ْنﻣ ُرﺑﺗﻌﺗو ٌﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٌتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣ ِرﺻﻧﻋ
ِﻖﻓارﻣﻟا ِهذھ ْتﺳرﺎﻣ ْدﻘﻟو .ِيرادﻹا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِمﺎﻛﺣﻸﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗ َكﻟذﺑ َﻲھو ،ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِﻊﻔﻧﻟا ِﺔﺻﺎﺧﻟا ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ،ِةرادﻹا َﺔﮭﺟو ِدرﻔﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎھرﺎﺛآ ْتﺳﻛﻌﻧا ًﺔﻣﮭﻣ اراودأ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ﻟا ِرﺻﺎﻧﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ٍدﯾدﺟ ٍرﺻﻧﻋ ِلوﺧدﺑ ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِةرادﺈﺑ اذھو ،ْمﮭﻟود ِةرادإ ﻲﻓ ُتﺎﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﻟإ ُدﻧﺗﺳﺗ ﻲﺗ
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟاو ِتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣﻟا ِهذھ ُﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗ َوھ ُرﺻﻧﻌﻟا َرﺋﺎﺳﺧ ْوأ ٌحﺎﺑرأ ﺎﮭﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا
ْنﻋ ِثﺣﺑﻠﻟ ﺎﮭﻌﻓدﯾ ﺎﻣﻣ ،
ﻲﻓ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟاو ِتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣﻟا ِهذھ ْتﻣﺎﻘﻓ ِقوﺳﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺗﯾرارﻣﺗﺳاو ﺎﮭﺗﻣوﻣﯾد ُمﻋدﺗ ىرﺧأ ِﺔطﺷﻧأو َلﺋﺎﺳو
ا ِضﻌﺑﺑ ِلوﺧدﻟا ﺎﮭﺳﻔﻧ ْتدﺟو َنأ ﻰﻟإ ،ِلﺻﻷا ﻲﻓ ُصﺎﺧﻟا ُعﺎطﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺳرﺎﻣﯾ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔطﺷﻧﻷ
ا ﻲﻓ ِعﺎطﻘﻟا اذھ َسﻓﺎﻧﺗ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔطﺷﻧﻷا ْنﻣ ِرﯾﺛﻛﻟ
.
ُسﯾﺳﺄﺗ َنﺎﻛ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُﮫﺗدﮭﺷ يذﻟا ِيدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِروطﺗﻠﻟ ُﺔﺟﯾﺗﻧو ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟود ﻲﻓو رورﺿ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َوﺣﻧ ُﻊﻓدﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِعرذﻷا ِﺔﺑﺎﺛﻣﺑ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ َنوﻛﺗﻟو ِروطﺗﻟا اذھ ِﺔﺑﻛاوﻣﻟ ًة
َكﻠﺗ ُلﺎﻛﺷأ ْتددﻌﺗﻓ ، ِروﮭﻣﺟﻠﻟ ِتﺎﻣدﺧﻟا ِلﺿﻓأ ِمﯾدﻘﺗو ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِدراوﻣ ُﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟا ِﺔﻣادﺗﺳا ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻰﻣﺳﻣ َﺢﺑﺻأ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑو ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُقرط ْتﻋوﻧﺗ ﺎﻣﻠﺛﻣ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِﺔﻟود ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ
ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ِراوﻏأ ِرﺑﺳ ِلﻼﺧ ْنﻣ ٍلﯾﺻﻔﺗو ٍرﯾﺳﻔﺗ ﻰﻟإ ُجﺎﺗﺣﯾ ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗﺑ ِﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِهذھ َمﯾﺳﻘﺗ ُنﻛﻣﯾ ُﮫﻧﺈﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ٍﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٍةرظﻧﺑو ،
طﻟ ﺎﻌﺑﺗ ٍعاوﻧأ ِﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻰﻟإ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻠﺣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﺗﻗﻼﻋو ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ِﺔﻘﯾر
ِﺔﯾ
ﻲﺗﺄﯾ ﺎﻣﻛ َﻲھ عاوﻧﻷا ِهذھو :
1 ِسﻔﻧﺑ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﯾﻌﺟرﻣ ْوأ ِﻲﻠﺧادﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺎظﻧ ُدﯾدﺣﺗ َمﺗو ٍنوﻧﺎﻘﺑ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُمﺗﯾ ﻲﺗﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا -
ﻼﻟ ﺎﻘﺑط ْوأ ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟ ِﺔﯾذﯾﻔﻧﺗﻟا ِﺔﺣﺋ
.
2 ﺎھدﯾدﺣﺗ ْمﺗﯾ ْمﻟ َﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﯾﻌﺟرﻣو َﻲﻠﺧادﻟا ﺎﮭﻣﺎظﻧ َنأ ﻻإ ٍنوﻧﺎﻘﺑ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُمﺗﯾ ﻲﺗﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا -
.ٍنوﻧﺎﻘﺑ 3 ﺎﮭﻟ ِسﯾﺳﺄﺗ ِدوﻘﻋ ِمﯾظﻧﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُرﺻﺗﻗأ ْنﻛﻟو ،ٍنوﻧﺎﻘﺑ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ْمﺗﯾ ْمﻟ ﻲﺗﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا -
ِﺔﻌﺑﺗﻣﻟا ِصﯾﺧرﺗﻟا ِﺔﻣظﻧأ ِطﺑاوﺿﻟ ﺎﻘﺑط ﺎﮭﺗطﺷﻧأ َسرﺎﻣﺗﻟ ﺎﮭﺻﯾﺧرﺗو ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟا ِرﺋاود ﻲﻓ
ٍﺔﮭﺟ ْنﻣ ُﮫﻧﻣ ِءزﺟ ْوأ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣﺳأر ٌلﻣﺎﻛ َنوﻛﯾ ْنأ ﺎﻣإ ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھو .ِﺔﻟودﻟا ﻲﻓ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِةرادإو ِفارﺷﻹ ْطﻘﻓ ًﺔﻌﺿﺎﺧ َنوﻛﺗ ْنأ ﺎﻣإو ِﺔﮭﺟﻟا ِهذھ ِةرادإو ِفارﺷﻹ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗو ٍﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣ ﺎﻌﻟا ِﻊﻔﻧﻟا ِتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣ ىدﺣإ ْنﻣ ٍعوﻓدﻣ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣﺳأرو ٍﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣ ٍﺔﮭﺟ ِلﻓﺎﻛﺗﻟا ِﻖﯾدﺎﻧﺻ ِدﺣأ ْنﻣ ْوأ ِم
.ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺂﺷﻧﻣﻟاو ِتﺎﺋﯾﮭﻟاو ِتارازوﻟا ﻲﻓ
ِضرﻐﻟ َكﻟذو ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ُفرﻌﺗﻟا َوھ اذھ ﺎﻧﺛﺣﺑ ﻲﻓ َمﮭﻣﻟاو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِعاوﻧأ ِﺔﻓﺎﻛﻟ ٍﻊﻣﺎﺟ ٍﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻗ ٍمﯾظﻧﺗ ﻰﻟإ ِلﺻوﺗﻟا ِﺔﻟوﺎﺣﻣ ِنﯾﺎﺑﺗﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺿﻘﯾ
ًﻻﺎﻛﺷأ ْتذﺧﺗا ْدﻗ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ َنﺄﺑ ِصﺧﻷا ﻰﻠﻋو ىرﺧأ ﻰﻟإ ٍﺔﻛرﺷ ْنﻣ ﺎﮭﻣﯾظﻧﺗ ِدﻋاوﻗ ﻲﻓ ِلﺻﺎﺣﻟا ِﻲﺗارﺎﻣﻹا ِيدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ِﺔﺟردﻣﻟا ِﺔﺻﺎﺧﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ُﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ُلﺎﻛﺷﻷا ُلﺛﺎﻣﺗ ًﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻗ ﺟﺳﺗ ِتاءارﺟإ ِتاذ ﺎﮭﺑﻠﻏأ ٍسﯾﺳﺄﺗ ﻲﻓ ُﻊﺑﺗﯾو ِلﻛﻟ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟا ِرﺋاود ﻲﻓ ِﺔﺻﺎﺧﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِلﯾ
َفوﺳ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﻊﻣﺎﺟﻟا ِﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِمﯾظﻧﺗﻟا اذھ ِدﺎﺟﯾإ ْناو ،ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِتارﺎﻣإ ْنﻣ ٍةرﺎﻣإ ﻧﻷاو ِنﯾﻧاوﻘﻟا َﺔﻓرﻌﻣ ِدارﻓﻷا ْوأ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْنﻣ اوﻧﺎﻛ ٌءاوﺳ ﺎﮭﻌﻣ َنﯾﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ُلﮭﺳﯾ ِﺔﻣظ
َنﺄﺑ َﺔﺻﺎﺧو ﺎﮭﻌﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟا َدﻧﻋ ِرﯾﻐﻟا ىدﻟ ِنﺎﻧﺋﻣطﻻا ْنﻣ ٌعوﻧ ُﻖﻘﺣﯾ ﺎﻣﺑ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ ﺎﮭﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا َدﻧﻋ ِءﺎﺿﻘﻟا َﺔﻣﮭﻣ ُلﮭﺳﯾ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ٍﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٍﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗا َﻖﻓارﻣ ِةرادﺈﺑ ُموﻘﺗ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َمظﻌﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗﺑ ُﻖﻠﻌﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟاو ِﮫﯾﻠﻋ َﺔﺿورﻌﻣﻟا ﺎﯾﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِهرظﻧ ِﺔﻗﻼﻌﺑ ﺎﮭﻧﻣ ُﻖﻠﻌﺗﯾ ﺎﻣ ْوأ ِرﯾﻐﻟا َﻊﻣ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ ِت
رﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِلﻣﻌﻟا .ﺎﮭﯾدﻟ َنﯾﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭطﺑ
ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ
ُﺔﯾوﻧﻌﻣﻟا ُﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟا َﻲھو ،ﺎھرﺻﺎﻧﻋو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﺳﺳؤﻣﻟا َةرﻛﻓ ِتﺎﻣوﻘﻣ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ َرﻓاوﺗﺗ ِﺔﺑﺎﻗرﻟ ﺎﮭﻋوﺿﺧو ،ُيرادﻹاو ُﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا ُلﻼﻘﺗﺳﻻاو ِدوﺟوﻟ ،ٍﺔﻣﺎﻋ َﻖﻓارﻣ ِةرادإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﻣﺎﯾﻗو ِةرادﻹا ِﺔﮭﺟ
ﺎﻋوﺿﺧ ًﺔﻌﺿﺎﺧ ُنوﻛﺗ ﻻ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ لﺛﻣ َنﺈﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑو ،ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ َبﻠﻏأ ﻲﻓ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِﻊﻔﻧﻟا ِﺔﻔﺻ ِضﻌﺑ ِﻖﯾﺑطﺗ َدﺎﻌﺑﺗﺳا ﺎﻣﺗﺣ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ ُﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ُﺔﻔﺻﻟا ﻲﺿﺗﻘﺗ ُثﯾﺣ ِصﺎﺧﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِدﻋاوﻘﻟ ًﺎﻣﺎﺗ ﻘﻟا ِهذھ ِسﻼﻓﻹا ِمﺎظﻧﻛ ِدﻋاو ﺎﮭﺗﻣظﻧأ ْوأ ﺔﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗﻟا ﺎھدوﻘﻋ ْوأ ﺎﮭﺋﺎﺷﻧإ ُتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗ ْصﻧﺗ ْمﻟ ٍلﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ
ِسﻼﻓﻹا ِنوﻧﺎﻗ ِمﺎﻛﺣﻷ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﺿﺧإ ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺔﯾﺳﺎﺳﻷا
، ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ِﺔﯾھﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ُﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷﻹا ُلﺛﻣﺗﺗ ﺎﻧھ ْنﻣو
َدﻌﺑ ِلﺣﻟا ِدﺎﺟﯾﻹ ﺎﻧﻣ ٌﺔﻟوﺎﺣﻣ ،ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟود ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗ ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ُﮫﺗدروأ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ُﺔﻠﺛﻣﺗﻣﻟاو ﺎﮭﺑ َنﯾﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟاو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ُﮫﺟاوﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﻠﻛﺷﻣﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِءوﺿﻟا ِطﯾﻠﺳﺗ ُﺔﻓﺎﻛ
ِنودﺑ ،ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﻌﺗﻣﺗ ﻰﻟإ ْترﺎﺷأ ﻲﺗﻟاو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﺋﺷﻧﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ط َددﺣﺗ ْنأ ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟا ِهذھ ُﺔﻌﯾﺑ
!؟ًﺔﺻﺎﺧ ْمأ ٌﺔﻣﺎﻋ َﻲھ ْلھ ،
َكﻟذﻟ ُلوﺎﻧﺗ اذھ ِثﺣﺑﻟا َعوﺿوﻣ ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ
ِدﯾدﺣﺗ ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ
ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣ ﻣﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُثﯾﺣ
ؤﺎﺳﺗﻟا َلوﺣ ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷﻹا ِهذھ ُزﻛرﺗﺗ ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﺗﻟا ِتﻻ
:
ُسﯾﺋرﻟا ُلؤﺎﺳﺗﻟا
؟ًءﺎﺿﻗو ﺎﮭﻘﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِفﯾﯾﻛﺗﻟا ُﺔﯾھﺎﻣ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْدﻌﺗ ْلھو
؟ ِصﺎﺧﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ﺎﺻﺧﺷ ْمأ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ﺎﺻﺧﺷ ُﺔﯾﻋرﻔﻟا ُتﻻؤﺎﺳﺗﻟا
1
؟ﺎﮭﻋاوﻧأ َﻲھ ﺎﻣو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َﻲھ ﺎﻣ - 2 ؟ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِفظوﻣﻟا َﺔﻔﺻ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ ُلﻣﻌﯾ ْنﻣﻟ ُتﺑﺛﯾ ْلھ -
3 - ﺗﻟا ُدوﻘﻌﻟا ْلھ ؟ٌﺔﯾرادإ ٌدوﻘﻋ َﻲھ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ﺎﮭﻣرﺑﺗ ﻲ
4 ؟ًﺔﻣﺎﻋ لاوﻣأ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ َلاوﻣأ ُرﺑﺗﻌﺗ ْلھ - َﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹاو ﺎﮭﺗﺟﻟﺎﻌﻣ ِثﺣﺑﻟا اذھ ُلوﺎﺣﯾﺳ ىرﺧأ ٍتﻻؤﺎﺳﺗ َﻊﻣ ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ ﺎھزرﻔﺗ ٌتﻻؤﺎﺳﺗ ﺎﮭﻠﻛ ِهذھ
ﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﺑط ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُعوﺿوﻣ َلوﺎﻧﺗ ﻲﻐﺑﻧﯾ ﺎﻧھ ْنﻣو .ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ ِءﺎﺿﻘﻟا ِمﺎﻛﺣأو ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِﺔﯾد
ِﺔﻟودﺑ .ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا
ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُﺔﯾﻣھأ
ُموﻘﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻋورﺷﻣﻟا ِةرادﻹ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ﺎﮭﻣدﺧﺗﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتاودﻷا ﺎھرﺎﺑﺗﻋﺎﺑ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ٍﺔﯾﻋﺎﻧﺻ ْوأ ٍﺔﯾﻟﺎﻣ ْوأ ٍﺔﯾرﺎﺟﺗ ٍتﺎﯾﻠﻣﻋ ﻲﻓ ِرﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟا ِرﺎﻣﺛﺗﺳﻻا ْوأ ِتﺎﻣدﺧﻟاو ِﻊﻠﺳﻠﻟ ِرﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟا ِجﺎﺗﻧﻹﺎﺑ
رﺷﻟﺎﻓ ،ُﺔﺻﺎﺧﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ ُموﻘﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔطﺷﻧﻸﻟ ٍﺔﻠﺛﺎﻣﻣ ِئدﺎﺑﻣﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓو ُلﻣﻌﯾ ٍمﺎﻋ ُعورﺷﻣ َﻲھ ُﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ُﺔﻛ
ﻟا ِتﺎطﻠﺳﻟا ىدﺣﻹ ِﺔﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟا ِﺔﺑﺎﻗرﻠﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﯾو ﺎﯾﺋزﺟ ْوأ ﺎﯾﻠﻛ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُﮫﻛﻠﻣﺗ ِﺔﯾرﺎﺟﺗﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣ
ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟا .
ﻟﺎﻣ ِسأر ْنﻣ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُكﻠﻣﺗ ٍﺔﺑﺳﻧ ِبﺳﺣﺑ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ْنﻣ ِنﯾﺳﯾﺋر ِنﯾﻋوﻧ َنﯾﺑ ُزﯾﯾﻣﺗﻟا َنﻛﻣﯾو ﺎﻣھدﺣأ ،ﺎﮭ
َﺔﯾﻛﻠﻣ َنﻣﺿﺗ ْذإ ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ًﺔﯾﺋزﺟ ًﺔﯾﻛﻠﻣ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ىرﺧﻷاو ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ًﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ًﺔﯾﻛﻠﻣ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا .ﺎﮭﺗرادإ ِسﻟﺎﺟﻣ ِءﺎﺿﻋأ ْنﻣ ِﺔﯾﺑﻠﻏﻷا ِنﯾﯾﻌﺗ َﻖﺣ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔطﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا ِﺔﻛرﺷﻟا ِلﺎﻣ ِسأر ْنﻣ ِرﺑﻛﻷا ِﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟا ﺑﻣﻟاو ِتارورﺿﻟاو ِتﺎﺟﺎﺣﻟا ِمﺎﯾﻘﻟ َﺔﺟﯾﺗﻧﻛو ﻻ ﻲﺗﻟاو ﺎﮭﻠﺟأ ْنﻣ ُﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ُﻊﯾرﺎﺷﻣﻟا ْتﺋﺷﻧأ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتارر
،ﺎﮭﻧﻋ ِءﺎﻧﻐﺗﺳﻻا ْوأ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذھ ُءﺎﻐﻟإ ُلﻣﺗﺣﯾ ﻻ ُﮫﻧﺈﻓ ِﻲﻟﺎﺣﻟا ﺎﻧﺗﻗو ﻰﻟإ ٌﺔﻣﺋﺎﻗ ُلازﺗ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟﺎﻓ
ﻟا ُلﻛﺎﯾﮭﻟا ْتﺣﻠﺻأ َكﻟذﻟ ،ِبﯾرﻘﻟا ِلﺑﻘﺗﺳﻣﻟا َلﻼﺧ ّلَﻗَ ْﻷَا ﻰﻠﻋ ّرِﻣَﺗْﺳَﺗِﻟ ْتﺋﺷﻧأ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ُﺔﯾﻟﺎﻣﻟاو ُﺔﯾﻣﯾظﻧﺗ
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ ٍﻖﯾﻗدو ٍﺢﺿاو ٍلﻛﺷﺑ ﺎﮭﻓادھأ ْتددﺣو ،َبﺳﺎﻧﻣﻟا َيرادﻹاو َﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا َلﻼﻘﺗﺳﻻا ْتﺣﻧﻣو ،
ٌﺔﺣارﺻ ﺎﮭﻟ ِفارﺗﻋﻻا ِيرورﺿﻟا ْنﻣ َنﺎﻛ ِﮫﯾﻠﻋ ٌءﺎﻧﺑ ،ٍﻲﺳﻓﺎﻧﺗ ٍقوﺳ ﻲﻓ ِلﻣﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﮭﻟ ِحﺎﻣﺳﻟاو ﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ﺎھدﻋو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ .ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنو
ﺎھدﻋو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ِدﯾدﺣﺗ ﻲﻓ ِثﺣﺑﻟا َلﺣﻣ ِعوﺿوﻣﻟا َﺔﯾﻣھأ ﺎﻧھ َنﻣﻛﺗ ،ِﮫﯾﻠﻋو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُسﯾﺳﺄﺗ َنﺎﻛ ْدﻘﻓ ،ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟا ُءﺎﻔﺿإو ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﺷأ ْنﻣ ذﻟا ِيدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِروطﺗﻟا ِﺔﺑﻛاوﻣﻟ ًةرورﺿ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا َنوﻛﺗﻟو ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ُﺔﻟود ُﮫﺗدﮭﺷ ي
ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِدراوﻣ ُﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟا ِﺔﻣادﺗﺳا َوﺣﻧ ُﻊﻓدﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِعرذﻷا ِﺔﺑﺎﺛﻣﺑ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ِمﯾدﻘﺗو
ِروﮭﻣﺟﻠﻟ ِتﺎﻣدﺧﻟا ِلﺿﻓأ .
ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُفادھأ 1 ُﻧﺎَﻘْﻟَا ﺎﮭﻣوﮭﻔﻣ ِدﯾدﺣﺗو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُفﯾرﻌﺗ - ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﻟود ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺗﺄﺷﻧو ّﻲِﻧو
ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا .
2 ا ِعاوﻧأ ُﺔﻓرﻌﻣ - ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟ
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ .
3 ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﻌﯾﺑطﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ فﱡرَﻌﱠﺗﻟَا - .
ِثﺣﺑﻟا ُﺞﮭﻧﻣ
ِﺞﮭﻧﻣﻟا اذھ َنأ َرﺎﺑﺗﻋﺎﺑ ،ِﻲﻠﯾﻠﺣﺗﻟا ِﺞﮭﻧﻣﻟا ُمادﺧﺗﺳا َمﺗ ،ِﮫﺗﻻؤﺎﺳﺗ ْنﻋ ِﺔﺑﺎﺟﻹاو ِثﺣﺑﻟا اذھ ِفادھأ ِﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗﻟ ْتدرو ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِصوﺻﻧﻟا ِلﯾﻠﺣﺗ ِلﻼﺧ ْنﻣ َكﻟذو ِﺔﺳاردﻟا ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻛﺷإ ِﺢﯾﺿوﺗﻟ ِﺞھﺎﻧﻣﻟا ِبﺳﻧأ ْنﻣ او ِﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟاو ِﺔﯾﺗارﺎﻣﻹا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﻟا ِئدﺎﺑﻣﻟاو ِمﺎﻛﺣﻷاو ِثﺣﺑﻟا ِعوﺿوﻣﺑ ِﺔطﺑﺗرﻣﻟ
ُءﺎﮭﺗﻧﻻاو .ِﺔﺳاردﻟا ِعوﺿوﻣﺑ ُﺔﻠﻘﻌﺗﻣﻟا ُﺔﯾﮭﻘﻔﻟا ُءارﻵا َكﻟذﻛو ،ِنﺄﺷﻟا اذھ ﻲﻓ ُءﺎﺿﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ َرﻘﺗﺳا ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِﺔﯾھﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ِفرﻌﺗﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﻌﯾﺑط ﻰﻟإ ِضرﻌﺗﻟاو
.
ِلوﻷا لﺻﻔﻟا ﺎﮭﺗﺄﺷﻧو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ َﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا َرﺎطﻹا :
ﻻﺎﺑ ُيرادﻹا ُلﻣﻌﻟا ُفﺻﺗﯾ ِﺔﺻﺎﺧﻟا ِتﺎطﺎﺷﻧﻟا ْنﻋ ِﺔﯾﻟﻼﻘﺗﺳ
ِةرادﻹا ِمادﺧﺗﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ ُموﻘﯾ ُﮫﻧإ ُثﯾﺣ ،
ِيرادﻹا ِلﻣﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِةرﻛﻔﻟا ِهذھ ْترطﯾﺳو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣﻟا ِفادھأ ِﻖﯾﻘﺣﺗﻟ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔطﻠﺳﻟا ِتازﺎﯾﺗﻣا ط ًةرﺗﻓ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِةرادﻹا ِﻖﯾرط ْنﻋ ﻻإ َﻖﻘﺣﺗﺗ ْنأ ُنﻛﻣﯾ ﻻ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣﻟا َةرﻛﻓ َنأ َﻲھو ِنﻣزﻟا ْنﻣ ًﺔﻠﯾو
.ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔطﻠﺳﻟا ِتازﺎﯾﺗﻣا ِمادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑو ٍﺔﻐﯾﺻ ْنﻋ ُرﺑﻌﺗ ًﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٍتﺎﺋﯾھ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َنإو
ﺟو ُثﯾﺣ َثﯾدﺣﻟا ﺎﮭﻣوﮭﻔﻣﻟ ﺎﻘﻓو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻋورﺷﻣﻠﻟ ٍﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻗ ِءﺎﻓوﻠﻟ ﺎﮭﺗﻣﺎﻗﺈﺑ ًﺔﻣزﻠﻣ ﺎﮭﺳﻔﻧ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ْتد
ﻻ ٍتﺎﺑﻠطﺗﻣﺑ ﺎﮭﺑ َموﻘﯾ ْنأ ُدرﻔﻟا ُﻊﯾطﺗﺳﯾ
.
ﻟ َدﺑﻻو ﻠ َنﯾﺑ ٍﺔﻣﺋاوﻣ
نﯾرﻣأ ٍمﺎظﻧ ْنﻣ ٍﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗا َمﺎﮭﻣﺑ موﻘﺗ ﺎﮭﻧوﻛو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ٌﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ َﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َنوﻛ
ﻟودﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ ُذﺧﺄﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِدﻋاوﻘﻟا َكﻠﺗ ْنﻣ ُذﺧﺄﯾ ٍزﯾﻣﺗﻣو ٍصﺎﺧ ٍﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﮭﻧﺈﻓ َكﻟذﻟ ،ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﻖﻓارﻣﻟا ِةرادإ ﻲﻓ ُﺔ
ﺎﮭﻓادھأو ﺎﮭﻣﺎﮭﻣو ﺎﮭﻠﯾﻛﺷﺗ ﻲﻓ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗو ِﻲﻣوﯾﻟا ﺎﮭطﺎﺷﻧ ﻲﻓ ِﺔﯾرﺎﺟﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َسوﺑﻟ ُسﺑﻠﺗ ِمﺎﻛﺣﻷ
ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا .
ُتﺎﻛرﺷو ِﻲﻣوﻣﻌﻟا ِلﺎﻣﺳأرﻟا ُتاذ ٌﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٌﺔﻛرﺷ) ِﺔﻣھﺎﺳﻣﻟا ِﺔﻛرﺷ ِلﻛﺷﻟ ِﺔﻟودﻟا َرﺎﯾﺗﺧا ُﻊﺟرﯾ ِﮫﯾﻠﻋو ﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ُﮫﻧأو ،ِﺔﯾﻟﺎﻣﺳأرﻟا ِلﺋﺎﺳوﻟا ِﺔﯾﺣﻼﺻﺑ ﺎﮭﻋﺎﻧﺗﻗﻻ ،(ِطﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا ِد َبﺟﯾ
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َنﯾﺣ ُسرﺎﻣﺗ َبﯾﻟﺎﺳأ
ِجﺎﺗﻧﻹا ِلوادﺗﻟاو ِﺔﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟا
ْنأ َذﺧﺗﺗ ُدﺣأ ِلﺎﻛﺷﻷا ِةدﺋﺎﺳﻟا
ﻲﻓ ِعﺎطﻘﻟا ِصﺎﺧﻟا يذﻟا ْتدﻟو ْتﻋرﻋرﺗو
ِﮫﯾﻓ َكﻠﺗ ِبﯾﻟﺎﺳﻷا .
ِةﺄﺷﻧ َلوﺎﻧﺗ ُنﻛﻣﯾ ِﮫﯾﻠﻋ ُءﺎﻧﺑو ْنﻣ َكﻟذو ِلﺻﻔﻟا اذھ ﻲﻓ ِﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﮭﻣوﮭﻔﻣو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
ِةﺄﺷﻧ َروطﺗ ُلوﺎﻧﺗﯾ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟاو ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِموﮭﻔﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ُثﺣﺑﯾ ُلوﻷا ِنﯾﺛﺣﺑﻣ ٍلﻼﺧ ﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟا ِلﯾﺻﻔﺗﻟا َﻖﻓو َكﻟذو ،ِﺔ
:
ُموﮭﻔﻣﻟا :ُلوﻷا ُثﺣﺑﻣﻟا ﻧﺎﻘﻟا
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ُﻲﻧو .
ﺗو ُةﺄﺷﻧ :ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا ُثﺣﺑﻣﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُروط
.
ُلوﻷا ُثﺣﺑﻣﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ُﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ُموﮭﻔﻣﻟا :
ٍﺔﻣﺎﻋ ٍﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗا ٍتﺎﺟﺎﺣ ِعﺎﺑﺷﻹ ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ﺎﮭﺳﯾﺳﺄﺗ ُمﺗﯾ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َنأ ِةرادﻹ ْوأ
ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗﻟﺎﺑ ِضوﮭﻧﻟا ِضارﻏﻷ ْوأ ِبوﻠطﻣﻟا ىوﺗﺳﻣﻟﺎﺑ ُﮫﺗرادإ ِصﺎﺧﻟا ِعﺎطﻘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ُبﻌﺻﯾ ٍمﺎﻋ ِﻖﻓرﻣ ٍفارﺷﻹ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗ ﺎﮭﻧﺈﻓ َكﻟذﺑو ،ﺎﯾﻟﺎﻣ ْوأ ﺎﯾﻋﺎﻧﺻ ْوأ ﺎﯾرﺎﺟﺗ ُنوﻛﯾ ْدﻗ ٍنﯾﻌﻣ ٍعﺎطﻗ ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑو ﺎﮭﻟ ِﺔﺋﺷﻧﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِﺔﮭﺟﻟا ْنﻣ ٍرﺷﺎﺑﻣ ِﺔﯾرادﻹا ِدﻋاوﻘﻟاو ِنﯾﻧاوﻘﻠﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﯾ ﺎﮭﻧﻣ َبﻧﺎﺟ َنﺈ
ﺎﮭﻧأ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺎﮭﻟ ُﻊﺑﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِﺔﮭﺟﻠﻟ ِﺔﻣظﻧﻣﻟا َرﺧآ ٍبﻧﺎﺟ ﻲﻓ
ﻰﺗﺣو ، ِصﺎﺧﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِدﻋاوﻘﻟ ُﻊﺿﺧﺗ
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ُﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ُموﮭﻔﻣﻟا َددﺣﺗﯾ ﻲﻓ
ِﺔﻟود ِتارﺎﻣﻹا ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا
ِةدﺣﺗﻣﻟا ﯾ َثﺣﺎﺑﻟا َنﺈﻓ ىر
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِهذﮭﺑ ِﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ِراوﻏأ ِرﺑﺳ ِلﻼﺧ ْنﻣ َمﺗﯾ ْنأ ُنﻛﻣﯾ َكﻟذ َنأ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ َعوﻧﻟا اذھ ِﺔﯾﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ْمﮭﺗﺎﻔﻟؤﻣ ﻲﻓ اوﻟﺎﻧﺗ َنﯾذﻟا ِءﺎﮭﻘﻔﻟا ِءارآو .
ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻠﻟ ِﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِموﮭﻔﻣﻟا َلوﺎﻧﺗ ُنﻛﻣﯾ ِﮫﯾﻠﻋو ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِفﯾرﻌﺗ ِنﺎﯾﺑ ِلﻼﺧ ْنﻣ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ
ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﺑ ُﮫﺑﺗﺷﯾ ﺎﻣ ْنﻋ ﺎھزﯾﯾﻣﺗو ،ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا ِبﻠطﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﮭﻋاوﻧأو ،ِلوﻷا ِبﻠطﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ﻟﺎﺛﻟا ِبﻠطﻣﻟا ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟا ِلﯾﺻﻔﺗﻟا َﻖﻓو َكﻟذو ،ِث
:
ُفﯾرﻌﺗ :ُلوﻷا ُبﻠطﻣﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
.
.ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُعاوﻧأ :ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟا ُبﻠطﻣﻟا ﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُزﯾﯾﻣﺗ :ُثﻟﺎﺛﻟا ُبﻠطﻣﻟا ﺎﮭﺑ ُﮫﺑﺗﺷﯾ ﺎﻣ ْنﻋ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠ
.
ُلوﻷا ُبﻠطﻣﻟا :
ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُفﯾرﻌﺗ
ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ِموﮭﻔﻣ ُروطﺗ َدﻘﻓ ِيدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِطﺎﺷﻧﻟا ْنﻣ ٍتﻻﺎﺟﻣ ِةدﻋ ﻲﻓ ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِلﺧدﺗ ِدﺎﯾدزﻻ ُﺔﺟﯾﺗﻧ ِعوﺿوﻣ ﻲﻓ َضوﺧﻧ ْنأ َلﺑﻗو َكﻟذﻟ ٍتﺎﺣﻠطﺻﻣو ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣ ِةدﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ يوطﻧﯾ َﺢﺑﺻأو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َنأ ﻰﻟإ َرﯾﺷﻧ ْنأ ﺎﻧﻟ َدﺑ ﻻ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ َعوﻧﻟا اذھ ِفﯾرﻌﺗ َﻖﻠطﯾ ْنأ ٌنﻛﻣﻣ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣ
ُتﺎﻛرﺷ ﻰﻣﺳﺗ ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِلودﻟا ِضﻌﺑ ﻲﻓو ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ٍﮫﺑﺷ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُﺔﯾﻣﺳﺗ ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ َثﺣﺎﺑﻟا َنﻛﻟو ،ُﺔﯾﻧطوﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻰﻣﺳﺗ ىرﺧﻷا ِلودﻟا ِضﻌﺑ ﻲﻓو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْوأ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِعﺎطﻘﻟا وﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َﺢﻠطﺻﻣ َنأ ُدﺟﯾ َبرﻗﻷاو ىرﺧﻷا ِتﺎﯾﻣﺳﺗﻟا ْنﻣ َلﻣﺷأو َمﻋأ ُﺢﻠطﺻﻣ َوھ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛ
ِضﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ًﺔﻣﺋﻼﻣ ُرﺛﻛﻷا ُﺢﻠطﺻﻣﻟا ُﮫﻧأ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺎﯾﺋزﺟ ْوأ ﺎﯾﻠﻛ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ًﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ ُﺔﻛرﺷﻟا ُنوﻛﺗ ْدﻘﻓ ِﻊﻗاوﻠﻟ َنأ َرﯾﻏ ،ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ ِعوﻧﻟا اذﮭﻟ ٌﻊﻣﺎﺟو ٌدﺣوﻣ ٌﻲﻧوﻧﺎﻗ ٌمﯾظﻧﺗ ﺎﮭﯾدﻟ ُدﺟوﯾ ﻻ ﻲﺗﻟا ِلودﻟا ِلودﻟا َضﻌﺑ
َﻖﻠطأ ُثﯾﺣ ﺎﮭﺗﯾﻣﺳﺗ ْتددﺣو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُنوؤﺷ ْتﻣظﻧ ْدﻗ ِقارﻌﻟاو َرﺻﻣ ٍلﺛﻣ ِﺔﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِمﻗر ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َنوﻧﺎﻗ بﺟوﻣﺑ َكﻟذو ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ُﺢﻠطﺻﻣ ُﻲﻗارﻌﻟا ُعرﺷﻣﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ 22
ِﺔﻧﺳﻟ
ِةدﺎﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ َﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا َﺔﻛرﺷﻟا َفرﻋ يذﻟا1997 )
22 ( ُﮫﻧﻣ ﺎﯾﺗاذ ُﺔﻟوﻣﻣﻟا ُﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ُةدﺣوﻟا) :ﺎﮭﻧأ ﻰﻠﻋ
رادﻹاو ِﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا ِلﻼﻘﺗﺳﻻاو ِﺔﯾوﻧﻌﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾﺻﺧﺷﻟﺎﺑ ُﻊﺗﻣﺗﺗ ﻲﺗﻟاو ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا َﻖﻓو ُلﻣﻌﺗو ِي
(ٍﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗا ٍسﺳأ ِﺔﻛرﺷﻟا ِﺢﻠطﺻﻣﻟ ِﻖﯾﺿﻟا ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ َذﺧأ ْدﻗ َﻲﻗارﻌﻟا َعرﺷﻣﻟا َنأ ﺎﻧھ ُدﺟﻧ ﺎﻧﻧأ َرﯾﻏ .
ﻋ ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا َيرﺻﻣﻟا َعرﺷﻣﻟا َنﺄﺑ ُدﺟﻧ ﺎﻣﻧﯾﺑ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِﺔﯾدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِةدﺣوﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِهرﺻﺣ ﺎﻣدﻧ
ُﮫﻧﻷ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ْنﻣ ِعوﻧﻟا اذﮭﻟ َﻊﺳوأ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﺑ َذﺧأ ْدﻗ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِلﺎﻣﻋﻷا ِعﺎطﻗ ِتﺎﻛرﺷ ِﺢﻠطﺻﻣﺑ َءﺎﺟ يذﻟا ر ٌلﻣﺎﻛ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُكﻠﺗﻣﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺢﻠطﺻﻣﻟا اذھ ْرﺻﻘﯾ ْمﻟ ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا ﺎﺿﯾأ َلﻣﺷ ْلﺑ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣ ُسأ
ْنﻋ ُدﯾزﺗ ٌصﺻﺣ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُﺔﻟودﻟا ُكﻠﺗﻣﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا 51
% ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣ ِسأر ْنﻣ
) 1
.(
َﺔـﯾﻣـــــﺳﺗ ْتـﻘﻠطأ ِﺔـﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِﺔـﯾدﺎـﺣﺗﻻا ِنﯾﻧاوﻘﻟا َبـﻠﻏأ َنأ ُدـﺟﻧ ِةدـﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔـﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎـﻣﻹا ِﺔـﻟود ﻲﻓو ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ٍﮫﺑـﺷ ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ِضﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ُدﺟﻧ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا
ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِﺔﻛرـﺷﻟا ُﺔﯾﻣـﺳﺗ ﺎﮭﯾﻠﻋ َﻖﻠطأ َﻲﺗارﺎﻣﻹا َعرـﺷﻣﻟا َنﺄﺑ ِتﺎﻌﯾرـﺷﺗﻟا
) 2
.(
ِﺢﻠطـﺻﻣﻟا اذھ ْرـﺻﻘﯾ ْمﻟو
ِسأر ﻲﻓ ُﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُمھﺎـﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا َلﻣـﺷﯾﻟ َدﺗﻣا ُﮫﻧﻛﻟو ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
) 1
) ةدﺎﻣﻟا(
) مﻗر ِﮫﺗﺎﻛرﺷو ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِعﺎطﻘﻟا ِتﺎﺋﯾھ ِنوﻧﺎﻗ ْنﻣ (18 97
ِﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 1983
. 2019 ِﺔﻧﺳﻟ (4) ٍمﻗر ِءارزوﻟا ِسﻠﺟﻣ ِرارﻗ ْنﻣ (ب -42) ُةدﺎﻣﻟا ْتﺻﻧ (2)
ﻲﻓ ِنزﺎﺧﻣﻟا ِةرادإو ِتﺎﯾرﺗﺷﻣﻟا ِﺔﺣﺋﻻ َنﺄﺷﺑ
ُلﻘﺗ ﻻ ٍﺔﺑﺳﻧﺑ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣﺳأر ﻲﻓ ُﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُمھﺎﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟاو ِتﺎﺳﺳؤﻣﻟا ُلﻛ ﻰﻔﻌﺗ" ﻲﻠﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ) ْنﻋ 51 ﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ُتﺎﯾرﺗﺷﻣﻟاو (%
ِذﯾﻔﻧﺗﻟا ِنﺳﺣﺑ ِنﺎﻣﺿﻟا ْوأ ِﻲﺋادﺗﺑﻻا ِنﯾﻣﺄﺗﻟا ِﺔﻟﺎﻔﻛ ِمﯾدﻘﺗ ْنﻣ ِﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳﻣﻟا ِبوﻠﺳأ ِمادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ ُمﺗ
(ُﻲﺋﺎﮭﻧﻟا ُنﯾﻣﺄﺗﻟا)
"
.
ٍﺔﺑﺳﻧﺑ ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣ ْنﻋ ُلﻘﺗ ﻻ
51 مﻗر ٍيدﺎﺣﺗا ٍنوﻧﺎﻘﺑ َموﺳرﻣﻟا َنإ ْلﺑ ،%
) 9 ِﺔﻧﺳﻟ( 2018 ِنﯾدﻟا ِنﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ
ِﺔﻟود ﻲﻓ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْنﻣ ﺎھرﺑﺗﻋاو ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا ِﺢﻠطــﺻﻣﺑ َءﺎﺟ ِمﺎﻌﻟا ِةدﺎـﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ َصﻧ ﺎـﻣدـﻧﻋ َكـﻟذو ِةدـﺣﺗﻣﻟا ِﺔـﯾﺑرﻌﻟا ِتارﺎـﻣﻹا )
1 ( ﻰﻠﻋ ُﮫـﻧﻣ ِفﯾرﻌﺗ
ِﺔـﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎـﮭﺟﻟا
ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ٍﺔﮭﺟ ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ْوأ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟاو ُﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ُتﺎــﺳــﺳؤﻣﻟاو ُتﺎﺋﯾﮭﻟا" :
."ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ًﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ ﺎﮭﻟ ٍﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﻛرــﺷﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا ُﺢﻠطــﺻﻣ ْرــﺻﻘﯾ ْمﻟ َيدﺎﺣﺗﻻا َعرــﺷﻣﻟا َنأ ُظﺣﻼﻧ ﺎﻧھو ِتﺎ
ٍﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗ ٍﺔﮭﺟ ُيأ ﺎﮭﻛﻠﻣﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا َلﻣـﺷ ُﮫﻧﻛﻟو ْطﻘﻓ ٍةرـﺷﺎﺑﻣ ٍةروـﺻﺑ ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ٍﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ ٍﺔﻛرـﺷ ْوأ ٍﺔـﺳـﺳؤﻣ ْوأ ٌﺔﺋﯾھ ُنوﻛﺗ ْدﻗ ُﺔﮭﺟﻟا ِهذھو ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ٍﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ﻟا َفﯾرﻌﺗﻟا َنﺄﺑ َكﻟذ ُﻊﺑﺗﺗـــﺳﯾ ﺎﻣﻣ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِتﺎﻛرـــﺷﻠﻟ ِﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـــﺷﻟا ﻰﺗﺣ َلﻣـــﺷ َروﻛذﻣ
ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِﺔﻟودﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ
ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻠﻟ ٍفﯾرﻌﺗ ُدﯾدﺣﺗ َمﺗ ُﮫﻧﺈﻓ ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻌﯾرـﺷﺗﻟا ِدﯾﻌـﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣأ .
ﻓ ِﺔـﻟودـﻟا ِتارﺎـﻣإ ْنﻣ ٍددـﻌﻟ ِﺔـﯾﻟﺎـﻣﻟا ِﺔـﻣظﻧﻷا ِنﯾﻧاوﻗ ﻲﻓ ِﺔـﻟودـﻠﻟ ِﺔـﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِةرﺎـﻣإ ﻲﻓ ُعرـــــﺷﻣﻟا َﮫـﺟﺗا ْدـﻘ
ُﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا ﺎﻣھ ِنﯾﻋوﻧﻟا ِنﯾذﺎھو ،ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا ْنﻣ ِنﯾﻋوﻧ ِدﯾدﺣﺗ ﻰﻟإ َﻲﺑظوﺑأ ٌمﻗر ُنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ﺎﻣﮭﺑ َءﺎﺟ ﻲﺗﻟا ُﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗﻟا ُتﺎﻛرﺷﻟاو )
1 ِﺔﻧﺳﻟ( 2017
وﺑأ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ِﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا ِمﺎظﻧﻟا َنﺄﺷﺑ َﻲﺑظ
ﻛﻟﺎﺑ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا" :ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ َﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا َفرﻋ يذﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ْنﻣ ٍرـﺷﺎﺑﻣ ٍلﻛـﺷﺑو ِلﻣﺎ
ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْوأ ُتﺎــﺳــﺳؤﻣﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُمھﺎــﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ُتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا" :ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ َﺔﻌﺑﺎﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا َفرﻋ ﺎﻣﻛ ،"
ْوأ ٍةدرﻔﻧﻣ ٍرـﺷﺎﺑﻣ ِرﯾﻏ ْوأ ٍرـﺷﺎﺑﻣ ٍلﻛـﺷﺑ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا
ﻰﻠﻋ ُدﯾزﺗ ٍﺔﺑـﺳﻧﺑ ٍﺔﻛرﺗـﺷﻣ ٍﺔﻔـﺻﺑ
50 %
ﺎﮭﻟﺎﻣ ِسأر ْنﻣ "
) 1
.(
ِنﯾﺣ ﻲﻓ ُتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا" :ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ َﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا َفرﻋ ْدﻗ َﻲﺑظ وﺑأ ِةرﺎﻣﻹ ِﺔﯾرـﺷﺑﻟا ِدراوﻣﻟا َنوﻧﺎﻗ َنأ
ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِﺔﺑﺳﻧﺑ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُمھﺎﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ْوأ
51 ِلﺎﻣﻟا ِسأر ْنﻣ رﺛﻛﺄﻓ %
"
) 2
.(
) 1
) ةدﺎﻣﻟا(
1 ) مﻗر نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا نﻣ ( 1
ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 2017 .ﻲﺑظوﺑأ ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا مﺎظﻧﻟا نﺄﺷﺑ
) 2
) ةدﺎﻣﻟا(
1 (- فﯾرﺎﻌﺗﻟا -
) مﻗر نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا نﻣ 6
ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 2016 .ﻲﺑظوﺑأ ةرﺎﻣإ ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾرﺷﺑﻟا دراوﻣﻟا نﺄﺷﺑ
مﻗر َنوﻧﺎﻘﻟا ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻠﻟ ِفﯾرﻌﺗﻟا اذھ ِسﻔﻧﺑ َذﺧأ ﺎﻣﻛ )
7 ِﺔﻧــﺳﻟ ( 2015 ِﺔﺋﯾھ ِءﺎــﺷﻧإ َنﺄــﺷﺑ
َﻲﺑظوﺑأ ِةرﺎﻣﻹ ِﺔﯾرﺷﺑﻟا ِدراوﻣﻟا
) 1
.(
) ٍمﻗر ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ِردﺎــــﺻﻟا ﻲﺑد ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ُﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا ُمﺎظﻧﻟا َدروأ ْﻲﺑد ٍةرﺎﻣإ ﻲﻓو ِﺔﻧــــﺳﻟ (1
2016
موﮭﻔﻣ
ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا
ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ
" : ُلﻣـﺷﺗ ٍﻲﺋزﺟ ْوأ ٍلﻣﺎﻛ ٍلﻛـﺷﺑ ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟاو ُﺔﯾرﺎﺟﺗﻟا ُتﺎـﺳـﺳؤﻣﻟا
ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ "
) 2
.(
اذھ ْرـﺻﻘﯾ ْمﻟ ﺎﻣدﻧﻋ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ُموﮭﻔﻣ َﻊـﺳو ْدﻗ ْﻲﺑد ٍةرﺎﻣإ ﻲﻓ َﻲﻠﺣﻣﻟا َعرـﺷﻣﻟا َنأ ُدﺟﻧ ﺎﻧھو َلﻣــــﺷ ﺎﻣﻧإو ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْوأ ِﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِلﺑﻗ ْنﻣ ِلﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــــﺷﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ِﺢﻠطــــﺻﻣﻟا ﻧھ ُﻊـﺳوﺗﻟا َلﺛﻣﺗﯾو ،ٍﻲﺋزﺟ ٍلﻛـﺷﺑ ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ِهذﮭﻟ َﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ُكﻠﻣﺗ ًﺔﺑـﺳﻧ ْددﺣﯾ ْمﻟ َعرـﺷﻣﻟا َنﺄﺑ ﺎ
ﻰﻠﻋ ِصﻧﻟا اذھ ﺎﻧذﺧأ اذإو ٍدﯾدﺣﺗ َنود ﺎﮭﻛرﺗو ِﺔﻛرــﺷﻟا ِلﺎﻣ ِسأر ْنﻣ ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ْوأ ُﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِﺔﺑــﺳﻧ ْﻲﺑد ٍةرﺎﻣإ ﻲﻓ ُﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ُتﺎﮭﺟﻟا ﺎﮭﯾﻓ ُكﻠﺗﻣﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا ِتﺎﻛرــﺷﻟا َنﺈﻓ ِﮫﻣوﻣﻋ 1
َنوﻛﺗ ْنأ ٍنﻛﻣﻣ %
ﻘﺑط ِﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا ْنﻣ ِصﻧﻟ ﺎ
ِدراوﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـﺷﻟا َكﻠﺗ ِفﯾرﻌﺗ ُعرـﺷﻣﻟا ﺎﻣأ . ِرﻛذﻟا ِمدﻘﺗﻣﻟا ِنوﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ
:ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ َﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرـــﺷﻟا َفرﻋ ْدﻘﻓ ِﺔﻗرﺎـــﺷﻟا ِةرﺎﻣإ ﻲﻓ ُﻲﻠﺣﻣﻟا ُﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ُﺔﯾرﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻا ُصﺎﺧـــﺷﻷا"
ِلﻼﻘﺗـــــﺳﻻﺎـﺑ ُﻊﺗﻣﺗﺗو ِﺔـﻣﺎـﻌﻟا ِﺔـﻧﯾزﺧﻟا ْنﻣ ﺎـﮭﺗﻧزاوﻣ ُلوﻣﺗو ِﺔـﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ ٍﻲﺋزﺟ ْوأ ٍلـﻣﺎـﻛ ٍلـﻛـــــﺷﺑ ِﻲﻟﺎـﻣﻟا
ٍيرﺎﺟﺗ ْوأ ٍيدﺎﺻﺗﻗا ٍﻊﺑﺎط اذ ًﻼﻣﻋ ُسرﺎﻣﺗو ِﻲﻧطوﻟا ِدﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻا ِﺔﯾﻣﻧﺗ ﻲﻓ ُمھﺎﺳﺗو ِيرادﻹاو
"
) 3
.(
ُنﻛﻣﯾ ﻲﺗﻟاو ﺎھﺎﻧﺿرﻌﺗﺳا ﻲﺗﻟا ِﺔﯾﻠﺣﻣﻟاو ِﺔﯾدﺎﺣﺗﻻا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ﻲﻓ ْتدرو ﻲﺗﻟا ِفﯾرﺎﻌﺗﻟا ِﻊﯾﻣﺟ ْنﻣو ِﺔﻟودﻠﻟ ِﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا ِتﺎﻛرﺷﻟا َفﯾرﻌﺗ ُنﻛﻣﯾ ُﮫﻧﺄﺑ ىرﯾ َثﺣﺎﺑﻟا َنﺈﻓ ِﺔﯾرادﻹا ِتﺎﻌﯾرﺷﺗﻟا ْنﻣ ﺎﮭﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﮭﻔﯾﻧﺻﺗ :ﻲﻠﯾ ﺎﻣﺑ
) 1
(
فﯾرﻌﺗ ءﺎﺟ ) ةدﺎﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا
1 ) مﻗر نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا نﻣ ( 7
ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 2015 ﺔﯾرﺷﺑﻟا دراوﻣﻟا ﺔﺋﯾھ ءﺎﺷﻧإ نﺄﺷﺑ
:ﻲﻠﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲﺑظوﺑأ ةرﺎﻣﻹ
ﺔﺑﺳﻧﺑ ﺎﮭﯾﻓ مھﺎﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟا وأ ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻠﻟ لﻣﺎﻛﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻛوﻠﻣﻣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا : ﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا"
51 ﻛﺄﻓ %
رﺛ ." لﺎﻣﻟا سأر نﻣ
) 2
) ةدﺎﻣﻟا(
1 نﻣ ( ) مﻗر نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا 1
ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 2016 .ﻲﺑد ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا مﺎظﻧﻟا نﺄﺷﺑ
) 3
(
) ةدﺎﻣﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﯾﻣوﻛﺣﻟا تﺎﻛرﺷﻟا فﯾرﻌﺗ رظﻧأ 1
) مﻗر نوﻧﺎﻘﻟا نﻣ ( 4
ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ( 2017 ﺔﻣوﻛﺣﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟا مﺎظﻧﻟا نﺄﺷﺑ م
.ﺔﻗرﺎﺷﻟا
