The basic instructions for listing a source under references is as follows:
Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource; date of retrieval.
Model (using a reference with seven authors):
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., &
Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Accessed on September 1, 2012
6.9.1. APA in-‐text rules are characterized by the following:
12 point Times New Roman font double spacing
running page headers with the TITLE flush left, all in capitals, and the page number flush right
author-‐date in-‐text citation = last name of the author, date of publication;
looks like this: (Smith, 2010)
all citations must appear in the reference list at the end
Italicize the titles of longer works in the reference list such as books titles Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works, such as articles in newspapers, magazines, blogs, etc.
If you quote verbatim, you must mention the author's last name, the dates of publication, and the page number in the text.
According to Smith (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p.
199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If you do not mention the author's name in the text, put it in parenthesis, with the date, after the quotation, followed by the page number.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Smith, 1998, p.
199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
If you are paraphrasing, you mention the author's last name and the date of publication in parentheses at the end of the paraphrase.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-‐time learners (Jones, 1998).
Footnotes are used only for content (explaining something or to define vocabulary, for instance) and copyright permission, which is needed for direct quotations of more than 500 words.
6.9.2. APA reference list rules are as follows:
Hanging indent of a half an inch (1.25 cm) (Sample of single author reference)
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-‐10.
Alphabetize the list according the last name of the first author.
Capitalize the first letter of all words in a journal title (copy the title exactly).
Italicize the titles of longer works, such as books.
Do not put quotes around nor italicize titles of shorter works, such as articles.
When listing books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
Two-‐author reference (sample):
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-‐1048.
Basic format for books:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Works discussed in a secondary source:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-‐route and parallel-‐distributed-‐processing approaches.
Psychological Review, 100, 589-‐608.
Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting:
Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or
discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. "Message posted to..., archived at...").
N.B. Even if you use the APA style, ESH requires the URL and the date that you accessed the link, i.e. "Accessed September 1, 2012" in
parentheses. Further, we encourage students to mark the URLs with hyperlinks in a smaller font to reduce the space required for the links, unless this conflicts with instructions from your teachers.
Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to
http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html (Accessed September 1, 2012)
Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post -‐ Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not
available, provide the screen name.
J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror?
[Web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport (Accessed September 1, 2012)
Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-‐M (Accessed September 1, 2012)
Wikis -‐ Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (such as Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.
When several sources are available, give preference to the primary source over Wikipedia.
OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Online at OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop.
org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay. (Accessed April 29, 2011)
6.10 Harvard Style
The so-‐called Harvard style, which is very close if not identical to the Chicago style, is characterized by:
in-‐text citations (name of author and year date, in parenthesis) an alphabetical list of complete references at the end, and corroboration between the in-‐text citations and the references.
First, be warned that there is no style sheet that we know of to be found on the Harvard University Web site called Harvard Style Sheet per se. Rather, other institutions have copied the format used by Harvard and, in some cases, adapted them to preference. Consequently, the authors find that it is misleading to recommend using the "Harvard style". Rather, a specific model of "The Harvard
Style" is highly recommended. For instance, ESH follows the Harvard style guidelines put forth by London South Bank University. (See
https://my.lsbu.ac.uk/assets/documents/library/h2g-‐library-‐30.pdf )
In general, however, one can say that the Harvard style requires references characterized by:
an alphabetical listing of the author's last (family name or surname) followed by a coma and then the first initial, with the year of publication in parenthesis [if the publication date is not known, enter it as "(n.d.)" for
"no date"]
anonymous sources listed and alphabetized as "Anon"
listing using the title for printed material or the first proper title word if no author or source can be identified
listing multiple entries for the same author in chronological order
listing multiple authors by putting their names in alphabetical order one after the other (initials precede the last name for names other than the first author) and listing the entry alphabetically by the first author the title of the main source in italics.
the volume, edition, issue number and the exact page numbers where the citation occurs listed after the title. (The abbreviation p. is used for one page and pp. for a range of pages.)
town of publication and the name of the publisher, separated by a colon journal articles with the name of the publisher or place of publication To list electronic sources (Internet references), follow the
London South Bank University's online models at
https://my.lsbu.ac.uk/assets/documents/library/h2g-‐library-‐30.pdf from which the following examples have been exerpted.
For an online report taken from the Web:
Author’s last or surname, initials or name of organisation if no author is named (year of publication) Title of report. Edition if available. Place of Publication: Publisher. [Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed dated].
For an article taken from an academic journal:
Author’s surname, initials (Year of publication) Title of the article, Title of the Journal, volume number (issue number), page range of the article.
[Online]. Available from: URL [Accessed date].
For a Web page with author:
Author’s surname, initials or name of organisation (year published or last update) Title of Web page/document. Edition if relevant. Place of
publication if available: Publisher if available. [Online]. Available from: full URL [Accessed dated].