JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE
Educational Sci., 2009, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 146-152
P H U d N G THLfC S O A N G I A O A N B A I D A Y T H L / C H A N H N H A M N A N G C A O C H A T L U O N G D A Y H O C
P h a m K h u y n h D i e p Trudng Dai hoc Su pham. Hd Npi
1. Md dau
Trong eac chuong trinh dao tao cQ nhan Dai hpc SQ pham ki thudt va cQ nhdn Cao ddng T h i i t bi trQdng hpc (TBTH), cac mdn hpc thQc hanh ludn dupe cdc cP sd dao tao quan t a m ddc biet. Vi vdy day hpc thQc hdnh cho sinh vien ede he dae tao nay cin p h i i dQpc quan niem gin tupng dupng vdi day hpc nghi nhdm dao tao kl nang. KI nang dupe cac nha nghien cQu [1, 2, 6] dinh nghia la k h i nang thQe hien mpt cdng viec mpt cdeh ed chit iQCng, ed hieu q u i theo mue dich, ygu c i u eho trude trong nhQng dieu kien n h i t dinh dQa tren cd sd cdc tri thQe, ki nang va kl xao da ed. Mdt ki nang thndng ed eae tigu chf ddc trUng sau day: cd tfnh cu t h i , cd t h i quan sdt dupc (neu la kl ndng boat dpng cP b i p ) , cd t h i thue hien dupe trong mpt khoing thdi gian cjui dinh, ed kit q u i cudi cung.
Cdc cdeh thQc soan giao an day hpc thuc hanh (DHTH) tai cac cP sd dao tao eho din nay edn nhiiu b i t cap, tham chf cd noi giao an cdn nhiiu npi dung khd gin vdi giao an day hpc If thuyit.
Cung nhu trong day hpc ndi chung, giao an DHTH dinh hudng npi dung, phupng phap, kl n a n g , . . . cho qud trinh day hpc [1,2]. Nhung viec soan giao an eho DHTH khae nhiiu so vdi viec soan gido an eho day hpc II thuyit d chd: do muc tieu quan trpng n h i t vd ddc trung n h i t cua bai day thQc hanh la phai hinh thanh va phat triin ki ndng eho sinh vign, ngn muc tigu nay cin phai la eO sd de scan t h i o npi dung giao an.
Nham gdp p h i n ddi mdi phuong phap DHTH, npi dung bai viit nay d i x u i t viec thue hien ddi mdi each thQe soan giao an DHTH eho dao tao cQ nhan Sir pham kl thuat va T B T H nham dinh hudng thuan lpi cho qua trinh hinh thanh va phat triin ki nang cho sinh vien trong DHTH.
2. Noi dung nghien ciJu
Noi dung nghien cQu d day la ddi mdi each thQc soan giao an bai day thQc hanh. Giao vien c i n thuc hien viec scan giao an theo cdc budc eua t i i n trinh soan giao an bai day thue hdnh nhu sau [6,7]:
146
- Bifdc 1: ChuSh bi soan noi dung giao an.
Mpt bdi day thQC hanh thQdng day kl ndng mdi cho sinh vign vd kit hpp luyen tap lap lai eae ki ndng da hpc d eac bai trudc. Vi vay d budc nay, giao vien cin thuc hien eac npi dung sau:
-I- An dinh ki ndng cin day: Mpt ki ndng phii dupc biiu thi bdng met cum tQ, bat d i u bdng mpt dpng tQ chi hanh dpng va sau dd la ddi tupng eua hdnh ddng.
Vl du: tien dupc true bde; giua dupe cdc mat phdng vudng goc vdi nhau,...
-I- Tap hpp tdi Iigu lign quan din cdc kl nang cin day: Gde tai lieu (gido trinh li thuyit, giao trinh thQe hdnh, sd tay nghi, tdi lieu phat tay, cdc gide an eua cac bai DHTH trudc dd,...). TQ dd cin scan ra cdc thdng tin ein thiit n h i t va cd tfnh bit budc ddi vdi sinh vign de hpc dupc cdc kl ndng da i n dinh.
-I- Sean t h i o b i n md ta vi ki ndng: Mue dfeh cua viec ndy la tap hpp cac thong tin vi ki ndng met each cd he thdng, d i ed t h i nhin nhdn kl ndng mot each ddy du, todn dign; Viit ten cae kl ndng ein day vdo gido an; Sean thao phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thQc hanh", phiiu ndy dQpc phdt trude eho sinh vign d i hp hiiu nhigm vu dupc giao, trude khi hpc thUc hdnh.
Chung tdi d i x u i t mpt m i u phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thuc hanh" nhu sau [3,4,5]:
Bdng 1. Phieu giao nhiem vu thi/c hdnh ki ndng tien true trdn
Diiu kien thuc hien
Cach thQc ra menh lenh ChQc danh vd nhiem vu Npi dung cdng viec Thdi gian thue hien
Cac tigu ehi ddnh gia
- Xudng thue hanh tien.
- Mdy tien T14L.
- Mui khoan tdm; dao khda mat; dao tien ngodi;
dao cat dQt.
- Sin x u i t loat vQa.
Tin hieu den bde.
Thp tign CO k h i ndng...
Tien mpt true trPn 0 35x350 bdng thep C45.
30 phut/chi tiit.
- Dp nhdm b i mat: R22,5.
- Dung sai dudng kinh ngoai: ± 0,08.
- Thdi gian thQc hien.
- An todn eho ngQdi, thiit bi, dung eu.
- Tae phong, y thQe.
Ndi dung phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thUc hdnh" gdm:
- Diiu kien thQc hien: d i ra diiu kien d i sinh vign thQe hien edng viec, cin cu thi va sat vdi thQc tiin cua cd sd dao tad.
- Cach thQc ra menh lenh diiu khiin thuc hdnh: menh lenh dupe qui dinh cd thi la menh lenh mieng cua gido vien (hoac eua ngudi gidm sdt); menh lenh thdng
Pham Khuynh Diep
qua tin hieu dupe phdt ra tQ den bao, chudng bdo, trdng,...
- ChQc danh va nhiem vu cua ngudi thQe hien. Vf du: Ngudi thp tien se co k h i nang... Ngudi thp ngudi se ed kha ndng...
Giao vien e i n chu y khdng dupe ghi la: sinh vien se cd kha ndng...
- Noi dung cOng viec: ein t h i hien npi dung cOng viec bdng mOt dpng tQ ehi hanh dOng va bd ngQ eua dOng tQ dd. Chu y r i n g , nOi dung cOng viec n h i t thiit phii phu hpp vdi tgn ki ndng da i n dinh.
- Thdi gian thue hien: de ra thdi lupng cho phep d i thuc hien cOng viec. Day phai la dinh mQc thdi gian trung binh kinh t i .
- Cae tieu ehf ddnh gid kit qui: de ra nhQng tieu ehf thuc hien quan trpng n h i t se dupc danh gia, d i cho sinh vign biit kl ndng p h i i dupc thuc hien tdt din mQe do ndo.
- Bvfdfc 2: S o a n g i a n g li t h u y e t t h i i c h a n h .
Li thuyit thuc hanh thudng gdm nhQng nOi dung kiin thQe lign quan din bai thuc hanh nhU: cd sd If thuyet chuygn mdn; qui dinh vi an toan; vat lieu, may, dung e u . . . ; each thQe van hdnh thiit bi, dung cu; cdc tU t h i , tac phong b i t buOc; each thQe thuc hien cdc cQ dOng, cdc dOng t a c / t h a o tae cu t h i , . . . ; each thQc nhdn biit va xu ll cae tinh hudng xiy ra; cdc sai sdt thudng gap vd each khde phuc; phuong phap ddnh gid kit qua thue hanh; cae edng viec eho ehuin bi va kit thue bdi thQc hanh; each thQc phdi hpp eac thanh vien trong nhdm hoc thirc hanh,...
Khi day hpc eae nOi dung tren day, nen phoi hpp dung nhiiu phupng phap day hpc II thuyit: day hpc dung phupng tien true quan, day hpc neu va giai quyit cdc vin di, day hpc giai quyet tinh hudng (thuc tiin),...
- Brfdc 3: S o a n p h i e u "Hufdng d a n c o n g v i e c thi^c h a n h " .
D i ed dupe cae kl ndng, sinh vien p h i i cd kha ndng lam dupe edng viec cu t h i qua thQC hanh, nghia la sinh vign p h i i lam thee mOt tien trinh thQc hien cong viec.
Trude khi vao mOt bai thQc hanh, sinh vign phai dupc nhan mpt phiiu "Hudng d i n edng viec thuc hanh" va c i u true eua mOt phieu "Hudng d i n cdng viec thQc hanh"
gdm eae nOi dung sau day:
-I- Chi rd kl nang/bdi day cin thQe hien: Kl ndng phai dupc ehi ra rd rang d phia tren eua ban hudng d i n .
-H Ngu ro diiu kien kiim tra: Cho phep hpc vien dupe biet thu tuc va each thQc kiim tra.
-h Lap tien trinh thQc hien edng viec: P h i n tien trinh phai d i m b i o eac yeu ciu: gdm t i t ea ede budc cin thiet; mO t i npi dung cac budc; eae ehi d i n ddc biet;
ed eac qui dinh v i an todn; bd tri theo dung trinh t u thuc hien
-I- Mo ta ehi t i i t nOi dung cdc budc: md t i tQng bQdc rieng met each ddn gian, rd rang va sQ dung nhQng thuat ngu chuygn men kit hpp vdi nhung thuat ngQ ma
khi thQC hien cc t h i quan sat dupc.
-I- Chi d i n nhQng diim quan trpng, kho, d i sai sdt.
-I- Chi ra cae bude nguy hiim, lien quan din an toan.
-h Dinh mQc thdi gian thQc hien: nen qui 2 bode 3 mQe theo thdi gian thQc hanh, giam d i n dinh mQe xudng dinh mQe ehuin cua ngudi thp d phin ddnh gid cudi eung.
+ Cd thang diim ddnh gid: ngn dung thang 100 diim, vd an dinh diim tdi thiiu cho phep dat ygu ciu (vf du: 50/100; 60/100;...).
Dudi day la vf du ve mOt dang m i u phiiu "Hudng d i n edng vige thQe hdnh"
ma chung tdi sQ dung [3,4,5]:
A. Ngudi thuc hien, thdi gian vd dia diim thuc hdnh.
Hp vd tgn hpc vien: Trin Vdn A Ngdy kiim tra: 15/9/2009
Dia diim thQe hdnh: xudng thuc hanh tien
B. Ten kl ndng/bdi thuc hdnh: TIEN TRUC TRON
+ Dieu kien de vd kiim tra: Khi lam xong thi bae d i kiim tra; Kiim tra tai vi trf nguygn cdng.
-I- Dung cu do: thude cap, pan-me, bO m i u kiim dO nhdm b i mat.
-I- Diim tdi thiiu cin dat: 60/100.
-I- Budc cd yiu td nguy hiim: dupc ddnh d i u (*) tren sd TT.
C. Tiin trinh cdng viec.
T T
1
N
Ten buofc cong viec
Chuin bi
Don d?p
Bdng 2. Tien trinh cdng viec
M 6 t a noi d u n g bi^dc
- Kiem tra m&y
- Kiim tra chung loai dung cu cat:
mfli khoan tam, dao l<h6a mat dau, 2 dao tien ngoai dau thing cho tien tho va tien tinh, dao cat dilt
- Kiem tra dung cu do
- Kiim tra phoi (vat lieu kich thirdc...)
- Chon va tinh toAn chg dO cat (cac thong s6 CO bin: v, S, t, dung dich trdn nguoi...)
C h i d a n nhiJng
d i e m q u a n t r o n g , k h o . d e sai
-Chpn V xong phai tfnh toan gia tri n (v/ph)
T o n g cong
Miic t h a p
20
1'45"
Dinh mu'c
M i i c T . b i n h
12
I ' l O "
Miic c h u a n
8
4 5 "
T h a n g d i e m (100 d i i m )
12
100 d i e m
Pham Khuynh Diep
Bifdlc 4: L a p ke h o a c h v a t tu" c h o thvfc h a n h .
Ke hoach vat t u cho thQe hanh c i n t h i hien rd: chung loai va c h i t lupng vat tu (vat lieu, dung c u , . . . ) ; dinh mQc vat tQ/sinh vign/bai day; tdng iQdng vat tQ/nhom sinh vien/bai day; thdi gian c i p vdt tQ,...
Brfdc 5: L a p ke h o a c h h o a t d o n g thifc h a n h .
Viec lap ki hoach boat dOng thQe hdnh la nhdm dinh hudng cho viec thQc hien chinh cae cOng viec thue hanh dd thed ede giai doan.
Di hinh thanh cae ki nang p h i i eho sinh vien boat clOng thuc hanh theo met ki hoach dupe lap mOt cdeh khoa hpc vd ki lupng. .
NOi dung ke hoach thQc hanh eu t h i ed sU khae nhau giua cae mOn (nhu thQe hdnh CO khf, thQe hanh d i e n , . . . ) . NhQng cac boat dOng thQc hanh c i n p h i i cd ki hoach chung, dupe md t i mOt each khai quat trong so dd dudi day nhdm hinh thanh va phat triin kl ndng cho sinh vign mOt each hieu qua.
H o a t d o n g thi^c h a n h Lam m i u / T r i n h diin
ThQC hanh tQng bQdc Luyen tap cd hudng d i n Luyen tap dOc lap
Luyen tap lap lai - dinh ki. Hoat dOng s i n x u i t - thuc tiin
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-—
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Yeu cau chung Rd rang
Dung An toan Thanh thao
Thuin thuc, tU tin
Thuc hien sd dd trgn:
Trudc khi thuc hdnh, giao vien phat eho sinh vien hai phieu "Giao nhiem vu thuc hdnh" vd "Hudng d i n cdng viec thQe hdnh". Sinh vien sau khi nghign cQu npi dung cua hai phieu ngn da hinh dung cu t h i nhQng ndi dung phai thuc hien, cc tam t h i hQng thu va sdn sang vdi cdng viec.
- Lam m i u / t r i n h diin: Giao vien lam m i u / t r i n h diin phai chuin xac, rd rang.
Sinh vign tap trung quan sat va ddi chieu qua trinh lam m i u cua t h i y vdi nOi dung trong phiiu "Hudng d i n cOng viec thuc hdnh". Khi cin, phai lap lai viec lam m i u / t r i n h diin eho d i n khi t i t c i sinh vign diu hiiu rd tiin trinh.
- ThQC hanh tQng bQdc: Cho sinh vign lap lai tQng bude cho t h a t dung. Mudn vay, sinh vign e i n thudng xuyen tQ IQC ddi chieu di lam theo phieu "Hudng d i n cOng 150
viec thuc hdnh" vd tham khao y kiin cua thiy. Ddi vdi mdi budc, gido vign phii kiim tra xem t i t c i da thuc hien dung ehua rdi mdi eho tiip tue bude sau. Viec thuc hdnh tQng budc nay keo dai cho din khi sinh vign thuc hien dung tiin trinh ma chi cin sU dung b i n hudng d i n thuc hanh.
- Luyen tap ed hudng din: Sinh vien ldm viec dOe lap dudi su giam sat chat che cua gido vign cho din khi hp cd t h i thuc hien edng viec mdt each an toan (che sin phdm, eho eon ngUdi vd cho thiit bi, dung cu), ma khdng cin su giam sat lign tuc eua thiy.
- Luyen tap dOe lap: Sinh vign lam viec dudi su giam sat cua giao vien, nhung mQe do giam sat giim d i n eho din khi hp cd t h i thue hien dQpc cdng vige mOt cdeh thanh thao.
- Luyen tap lap lai - dinh ki: Sau khi hpc xong mOt kl ndng, gido vign cin cho sinh vign lap lai ki nang dd bing nhiiu each, thuan lpi n h i t la chpn cdc ddi tupng (sin phim) cho bdi thQe hdnh sau sao cho sinh vign cin pliai dung din ede kl ndng da hpc tQ cdc bai trQdc. Thue hanh lap lai - dinh ki giup cho sinh vign thirc hien cong viec ngay cang t h u i n thuc vd tQ tin, vd co thgm cdc kl xio.
- Hoat dOng sin x u i t - thQe tiin: Sau khi hpc xong mOt nhdm ki ndng, gidd vign eiii che sinh vign tham,gia ede heat dOng sin x u i t hoac giii quyit vin di thQe tiin. NhQng boat dOng ndy can dirpe chuin bi sao che edng sat vdi cdng viec thuc t i cang tdt vi chung eung ed ki ndng thuin thuc, kl xio vd dem lai sQ tu tin cao cho sinh vign.
3. Ket luan
Treng day hoe thuc hanh che sinh vign, viec ddi mdi each thQc soan giao dn bai day thuc hdnh nhdm tang higu q u i cua qua trinh hinh thdnh - phat triin ki ndng, kl x i o cua sinh vign.
Cdeh thQe soan gido an DHTH ma ehung tdi d i x u i t thuc hign nhdm:
+ Dinh hudng eho gide vign tap trung chu yiu vae viec hd trp, hudng din, din dat sinh vien tdng tfnh chu ddng heat dOng thue hdnh, thdng qua cdc phiiu giao nhiem vu va phiiu hudng din, thdng qua ki hoach boat dOng thQe hanh qua cac giai doan.
-I- Ddc biet la dinh hudng che sinh vign khi dupe nhdn trudc cdc phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thQe hanh" vd phiiu "Hudng d i n edng viec thuc hdnh". Sinh vign nghign cQu nOi dung eac phieu nay trudc khi hpc, se nhanh chdng cd dupe dOng hinh van dpng sau khi thQc hanh tQng bQdc. Sinh vien cung chu dOng hpn nhiiu khi luygn tap thee phiiu hudng d i n , ngay c i khi khdng ed giao vign bgn canh d i nhanh chdng
Pham Khuynh Diep
hinh thanh va phat triin kl ndng cua b i n than.
-F Thuc hien bdi day thQc hanh theo ke hoach trong gido an se khoa hpc hPn, rut ngdn thdi gian dat dupe kl nang ein thiet che sinh vien.
DHTH theo each thQe soan giao an mdi dat dQpc hieu q u i su pham cao hon, qua dd ndng cao c h i t lupng day hpc thue hanh.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
[1] T r i n Sinh Thanh (chu bien), 1999. Phuang phdp day hoc ki thudt cdng nghiep. Nxb Gido due. Ha nOi.
[2] Nguygn Van Khdi, 2006. Li ludn day hoc thuc hdnh ki thudt, Tai lieu giing day chuyen d i cho hpc vien Cao hpc, khea Su pham ki thuat. Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi.
[3] Luu Quang Huy, Nguyin Viit Tiep, 2000. Thuc hdnh ca khi 3 - Gia cdng cat got. Nxb Gido due. Ha nOi.
[4] Luu Quang Huy, 2006. Thuc hdnh ca khi, tap bai giang eho sinh vien chinh qui khdi Su pham ki thudt. Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi-
[5] Pham Khuynh Diep, Dupng Hoang Oanh, 2008. Thuc Iidnh ca khi, tap bdi giing eho sinh vien dao tao tQ xa khdi SQ pham ki thuat. Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi-
[6] John Collum, 2007. Methodology for Technical Education and Vocational Training. TITI Newsletter, No.l2, pp. 23-28.
[7] Dhruba Prasad Dhungel, Inaz Rieser, 2007. A New Paradigm in Training Methodology. TITI Newsletter, No.16, pp. 15- 19.
A B S T R A C T
T h e m e t h o d for c o m p o s i n g a teaching p l a n for p r a c t i c e lessons in order t o increase t h e efficiency of p r a c t i c e e d u c a t i o n
The paper presents new opinions on the need to change the method for com- posing practice lesson plans in order to increase the efficiency of practice education.
The Author presents the advanced method for composing practice lesson plans so that it orients both teachers and students during practice lessons by following "guide forms" and careful practice plans te gain higher skills for students efficiently.
