JOURNAL OF SCIRNCF OF HNUF DOL 10,18173/2354-1067 2017-0093 SocialScience, 2017, Vol.62.Iss 11, pp 89-95
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C A M Q U A N V E D O l S O N G M A N G M A U S A C H T E N S I N H T R O N G T I E U T H U Y E T V I E T N A M H I E N N A ^
N g u y e n Thj Hai Phfldng Khoa Ngif vdn. Tritdng Dai hiic Sit phgm Hd Ndi
Tdm taL Diu an ciia cbii nghTa hien smh linng neu ihuyel bien nay duoc ihc bien d nhilu phuong dien khac irong dd ndi bal nhii la d ciim quan vl ddi sdng mang dam miiu sic bien smb. Do la mot cupc sdng trong rdng, nhai nheo, ddn dieu, nbiim chan lap di l.ip Iai vii con ngudi Iudn hi bua vay bdi noi co ddn, lac long . Chinh vi coi trong nhSn vi, coi trong sit lif do ca nhan nen cac nha van hien nay da ihe bien sU lo ling, bit an vl lmh trang danh mit ban sac ciia con ngUdi; ho muon cil len hdi chuong canb linb con ngUcii can phai thay ddi, lam cho cuoc ddi cua minh cd y nghTa hdn...
Titkhda: Chii nghTa hien sinb, lieu ibuyli Viel Nam, cam quan ve do! sdng.
1. Mot dau
Chli nghia hien sinh la mgt triio lUu Inel hpc phiii ti ien manh me d phUdng Tay viio dau Ihe ki XX vii cd sU tac dgng siiu sac tdi nhieu ITnh vUc cua ddi song cung nhu khoa hoc, irong dd co van hoc, Biin ve dau an cua chu nghTa hien sinh trong vitn hoc hien nay ciing da co mgt sd y kien, D d c d the lii nhflng y kien nghien cflu mdt ciich idng quiil sU \ u i t hicn ciia khuynh hudng hien sinh Irong Ciic the loai van hgc nhU truyen ngan. lieu ihuyel. ihd: Cam thitc hien .sinh trong truyen ngdn Viel Nam tit 19S6 deu 2010 cuaTrm Nhat Thu [MJ, Khuynh liifflng hieu .smh Irong lieu Ihuyel Viel Nam .sail 19S6 ctia Thai Phan Vang Anh [ I ], Khuynh hudng hwn sinh Iroug Iha nit Vici Nam ihiii ki ddi nidi cua Tran Hoai Anh [2] . Ren canh dd, cd riii nhieu bai biio. luan viin lai di \'iio phan tfch nhflng bieu hien cua diiu iin hien sinh qua siing liic cua moi nhii van cu the: Am dult lueu .siitlt trong truyen ngdn Nguyen Huy Thiep cua Nguyen Thiinh Thi [ 10], Man .sdc hicn .smh Irong .sdng ldc ciia Nguven Huy Thiep vd Pham Thi Hodi ciia Nguyen PhUdng Hao [5], Ddu dn ciia dui nghia hien sinh Irong lieu thuyel c iia Nguyen Binh Phifdng cua Pham Thi Thiim [9], Cc'im c/iiaii hien .sinh irong lieu thuyc't Dodn Mmh Plntdng ciia Nguyen Thi Minh Hui: [6] NhU viiy, hau hll cac nhii phe binh deu nhan thiy, trong viin hgc hien nay diu an cua chu nghTa hien sinh dUdc the hien khii ro net, nd chi phoi cac tiic pham ifl viec id chflc the gidi hinh tUdng (nhan vat, khong gian, thdi gian. .) din ciu true van ban ngon ifl (motif, bieu IUdng, hinh iinh. giong dieu. .) Trong pham vt bai viel niiy, tren cd sd k l Ihfla quan niem ciia nhflng ngUdi di IrUdc, ngUdi viel chi xin di sau vito phiin li'ch mdt phUdng dien cu the ciia ueu thuyet Vici Nam hien nay mang dam dau in cua chu nghia hien sinh dd lit cam quan ve ddi sdng ciia cac nhit \iin
N'En\ nhan bai I.S/l/2017 Ngnv sUah.ii 2/7/:or \>i.,\ nlian dang' 2lW/:ill7 I \cu he: Nguyen Thi HJi Phining, e-mail' haipiuiongiliispWyahon com
Nguyen Thj Hai PhUOng
2. Npi dung nghien cilu
2.1. Sd luftfc vc sit bieu hicn cua dau an chu nghTa hien shih trong lich suf van hoc Viet Nam
Chu nghTa bien sinb ra ddi nhU lit sU phiin flng lai chu nghTa duy li, gdp phan hUdng con ngUdi v l vdi the gidi tinh Ihin, ddi sdng cua noi tiim song dpog \i\ cu the Chu nghia hien sinh gan bin vdi ten tudi cua nhflng nhii trill hoc ldn nhU Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Martin Heidegger, Jean Paul .Sartre. Net ndi bill Irong tU tudng cua chu nghTa hii-n smh lit sU quan tiim tdi sU hien hflu ca nhan nhu mot nhiin vi doc lap: cac nhii hien sinh cho riing nhan \ i cua con ngUdi chfnh la hien sinh cua nd, mang ho miii rieng biet, dac thit. Chu nghia hien sinh luu tam tdi ciic pham iru
"co ddn", "lo au", "vUdn len", "nhap cudc". "tha hda" . Nel diic biel lit ciic nhii iriet hpc bien sinh thudng il trinh bay ciic quan diem triet hoc ciia minh dUdi dang mdl he thong If luan nhU iheo each truyin Ihdng cua t n l t hgc phUdng Tiiy mil chu ylu thong qua Ciic uic pham viin hgc. Cd le vi Ihl ma ta nhan ihiy rit nhieu nhii van hien sinh ndi tieng cung ddng Ihdi lii nhflng triet gia hien sinh.
Quan sal su van ddng cua van hoc Viet Nam, ta co Ihe tim thay diu an cua chii nghia hien smh dUdc the hien trong mgt sd liic pham van hoc giai doan 1930 - 194.'i. Dpc nhflng siing lac ctia Huy Ciin, Nguyin Binh, Vu Hoiing ChUdng, Bfch Khe, Han Miic Tfl.. trong phong l i i o Thd Mdi, ta cd the nhan thiiy tam thflc hien sinh dUdc the hien kha rd net qua nhflng ciim xuc ve ndi cd ddn, vl Clii chit, ve sU sieu viel Vdi cudn lieu ihuyet Btfihn Irdng, Nhiii I.inh dii dat ra van de vl tfnh chill phi If cua cupc ddi, ve su SLI doa ciia con ngfldi Trong van hoc I'M.^i - 1975, diiu an cua chti nghTa hien sinh dUdc the hien khii phd biln trong bd phiin vim hoc do ihi Mien Nam vdi nhflng liic phiim cua Nguyen Thi Hoang, Nhii Ca, Duyen Anh. Ciic uic pham cua Nguyen Thj Hoiing nhif Bdng It'll t liin i img. Budn iitiif dc'ti ugitfll. Vifc nitc'lc mdt. Cii(}e liiili trcmg ngui- thdt... dii ve nen trUdc mat ta mot cudc song vdi nhflng ndi dau khd, co d d n . . , Trong ciic L<ic pham Dieu ru mtdc mdl. Nitile mdl Itfng trimg, Sa nictc lud'i tre. Ao vong ludi Ire. Ludi he phd., , Duyen Anh cung da the hien dUdc mgi ciich kha sinb dong. chiin Uutc vl tiim uang !o au. bal an ciia con ngudi IrUdc cugc .sdng diiy bien ddng Cam ihflc ve sU lac loiii ciia nhit viin Nha C.i irong Bdng Idi ihiu eon gdi, Cd hippy lac lodi. . ciang mang diim mau sac hien sinh Cd ihe ndi, sU tac dong cua xa hpi. ciing vdi nhflng iinh hudng cua chu nghia hien smh da dUa lai cho viin chUdng dd ihi mien Nam I 9 ? 4 - 1975 mot miiu siic mdi, Tuy nhien, cac siing tiic niiy cung cd nhflng han chl nhit dinh khi ddi liic quii 10 diim sU bi quan, be lac cua con ngUdi Diic biei, dau an cua chii nglua hien sinh dUdc the hien dam net trong van hgc Viet Nam dUdng dat ndi chung va lieu Ihuyel ndi neng Tieu ihuyel Viel Nam dUdng dai ra ddi irdng bdi ciinh iriil tU dien ngon trong xa hot, he thong gia trj trong xS hoi cd nhieu thay doi. Su ihiiy ddi ay lii he quii cua sU van ddng tal ylu iron nhilu phUdng dien Dd la sU chuyen ddi tfl hoim canh chien iranh sang hoii binh: tfl nln kmh t l tap trung, bao ciip sang nen kmh te thi trfldng.., Trong giai doan 194.'!-1975, do hoiin ciinh dai nUdc cd chien tranh. linh than yeu nUdc vii y ihflc cdng ddng dii dUdc phiil huy cao do, Mdi ngUili deu tt,t nguyen hi smh ban thiin, hi sinh tudi thanh xuan cua minh. quyll [fl cho Td Qudc quvcl sinh, tit ca cho liln luyen, tal Cii cho chiln t h i n g . , , Hda binh lap lai, con ngUiii ird lai vdi cuoc sdng dch Ihudng Diing nhd nhit van Nguyen Ngoc da khiing dinh: "Trong chien tranh, moi quan he xTi hdi vit con ngUdi don lai va thu hep viio mot quan he duy nhit. sdng - chit NgUdi la phiu sdng phi ihudng. phi ihudng cd Ihe lit cao ca, nhung phi thudng cung ddng thdi !ii tnel lieu di bao nhieu quan he binh ihudng mit vd cung phong phii vii phflc tap ciia con ngfldi. di'i'y lit ca ciic quan he iy v l phfa sau, I . . . ) Ngpn lfla chien tranh ihieu chiiy cit nhflng nhii nhcn, nhieu khe cua cudc sdng ihUdng ngiiy Hoit binh thi khiic ban. Hoii binh tflc la trd lai ddi mat vdi ciii binh ihUdng hang ngiiy. ciii binh ihudng mil muon thua. liii cii nhflng nhieu khe cua cudc sdng hi che lap irong chiln iranh bay gid thflc day, viiy quanh con ngUdi iflng gid d k h i p mgi ndi" [7;lr I 6 9 | Dflng irUdc sit thay ddi nay. mdi ngUdi
90
C um qiiun vi'ddi sdng mang man sdt Inen smh irung Iti-it ihiivt't Vit'l Nam hten luiv
deu y Ihflc dUdc ho khong the chi sdng miii \ ('ii ciii phi ihitdng. vi^i nhflng " d.ii lU sU" ma cdn phai sdng cudc ddi binh Ihudng, phiii ddi mat vdi nhflng vin de cua cudc sdng nhiln sinb day bpn be, phflc tap. Ben canh dd. tfl sau niim 1986. dai hdi Diing VI cimg dUdng ldi ddi mdi loiin dien da lao dieu kien thuan Idi cho cac trao lUu IU IUdng phUdng Tay hien dai trong dd co chu nghia hien sinh du nhap vii lan tda anh hudng d nudc ta. Ciic siing lite cua J. P Sartre, A Camus. . thu hut cac nha van Viet Nam l6i mflc "ngUcJi dUdc goi lii tri ihflc phai co mot han dich cudn Budn itdu ciia Sartre gdi dau giflftng" (Nguyen Tiln Dung). Vii doc lieu ihuyll cua cac nha v^n hien nay nhU Pham Thj Hoai, Nguyen Huy Thiep. Nguyen Viel Hit, Doim Mmh PhUdng, Tii Duy Anh, Nguyen Binh PhUdng.. ta de dimg nhan thiy ho da chiu anh hudng kbit sau sic nhflng tu tUdng, nhflng quan niem ve ddi sdng cua ciic nha hien smh.
2.2. Bieu hien cua mau sac hien sinh trong cam quan ve dbi song cua tieu thuyk Viet Nam hien nay
2.2.1. C u o c song m a n g ti'nh t r d n g r n n g , n h a t nheo, n h a m c h a u . lap di lap lai Khi viel ve cuoc sdng ddi thudng, ciic nha lieu ihuyel ihdi ki doi mdi tbudng ft di sau viio mieu la sU ngheo ddi Ihilu thdn ve vat chil mii chu ylu di viio liii hien trang thiii bi kjch, trdng rong, nhat nheo, nhiim chan. le nhat ciia ddi sdng Mdl cudc sdng mil trong dd nhflng giii tn diu bj nhai hoa. C6 le diiy chfnh lii nioi Irong nhUng bieu hien rd nhil cua dau i n hien sinh trong cam quan ve ddi sdng ciia lieu thuyel hien nay. Doc Bium ndu cua .1 Sarire - mgi irons nhflng tac gia tieu bieu cua van hgc hien sinh, ta thay nhan vat Roquentin ciing ludn bi iim iinh cam nhan vl mot cuoc sdng khudn mau, le nhat vo nghia "Tfl tren dinh ddi niiy, tdi cam ihiy minh \ a hg bill chflng nao! Toi cd ciim giiic minh thuoc gidng loai khiic... Ngay nao cong vien cung ddng cfla luc mUdi sau gid viio miia ddng, mUdi uim gid viio miia he: chl ndng chiiy d .135 do, chuyin tiai dien cudi Cling trong ngay khdi hanh tfl Tda thi chfnh luc hai mUdi ba gid nam phut. Ho binh yen, ft nhilu rau ri nghT tdi ngay mai, tflc la mdl each ddn gian, mot ngiiy hom nay mdi: ciic thiinh phd chi cd mot ngay duy nhat, moi budi siing. trd di trd lai gidng nhau Nhilu lim ihi ngay chii nhat. ngUdi ta trang die'm cho nd chiit dinh" [8;lr.294], Roquentin goi nhflng con ngUdi nhU vay lit "bpn ngdc"
vii anh cam thiy "budn non" khi phai chflng kiln cudc sdng iy. Vii dgc lilu thuyel Viet Nam hien nay la cung thay noi am anh vi: mgi ddi sdng Irdng rdng, nhai nheo cfl trd di ird lai irong siing tiic cua cac nhii viin. Trong Mary Sdn, Pham Thj Hoai dii dc ciip den sU be tic, ngoi ngat va vo dung cua cudc sdng vien chflc Viel Nam nhflng niim diu ddi mdi, Diic bicl din Thicn .sii, nhii van niiy da ve nen trfldc mat ngUdi dgc mdl ddi sdng nhai nhi:o, bin ciing vl ttnh ihan Moi cugc sdng ddi thudng mil tin sd d l lii moi irong ha chUdng trinh luip dim nhiit The gidi giiii in cua tie thd chi ven ven cd "bao thieu nien tien phong hai miiu Ide loel \ii mdl viii diu iruyen Kim ddng do ngUdi ldn ha cd viel cho Id tre " Trong cuoc .song dd. gflong miii Irf thflc hiln len thiii meo mo, quiii dj Tbi'iy Kien vdt nhflng bin giiing kieu "bd lii loai ihii ngUfli la ddng \ a o dng bd dem ra chd hiin" Mot lan giiing bai xong, thiiy lai "lorn ngom tim dep d moi xd nito". luc ihiy giang bin thi "bpl triio ra tring xda hai ben mep" Bo Hoiii la mdl ngfldi ham me siich nhUng khi chon siich dng chi quan tiim din dp day mdng ciia cuon siich hdn lit chiil Ifldng ciia nd. Ong cd mdl ihu vui lii sUu tim siich nhung muc dich ctia viec liim nity khong phiii Iii de nang cao kiln ihflc mil lit" dc md hieu cho thue siich khi ve huu". Ngay ca Hiing - mdl ngUdi dUdc diid lao mot ciich tfl l l d nfldc ngoiu, cd lam biing do Lomonoxop trong lay nhung ddi sdng tiim hdn ciing ngheo nim vii te nhiil. Anh lii mgi ngUdi
"Irung lap va dn hoa tuyet ddi, ciii gi cung bilt mot chdl. ciii gi cung say me mot chui. loan dien vji hdi hdt", suot ddi "thu the phdng ngi/. e sd vong thiin, miii chuin mUc dn hoa dinh hUdng cudc ddi" Vdi lieu thuyet Ngdi. Nguyen Binh PhUdng lai phdi bity nen irUdc mil la moi cugc sdng rdi rac, le nhai. day ciii ihii tuc, lam thudng - mdl cugc sdng vdi nhflng lieng chfli luc lan, lieng goi
Nguyen Thi Hai PbilOng
dien vay tien, tiing tung kinh, go mo Mgt cuoc sdng chat day nhflng mau thuan - trong cd quan nha nUdc thi mau thuin be phai; trong gia dinh thi mau ihuan vd chdng; ngoai xa hgi thi day riy nhflng le nan de ddm. mai dam, cd bac, ma tuy, Ifla dao, me tin dj doan... Tac pham da mieu ta mot each chan thtfc nhflng trang thai cua mdt cudc song vfla cang thang, met mdi vfla phflc tap, rdi m u . . .
Trong cuoc sdng nham chan, te nhat dd, cac giii Irj tinh ihin cung bi nhat hoa, con nguiii Cling dan danh mat ban sic cua minh, ho bi biln thanh nhflng c6 may.... NhU chung ta da bill, chu nghTa hien sinh luon d l cao con ngUdi nhU mpt nhan vj ddc lap, mdl nhan each dgc dao chfl khdng phai la mdt con sd vo danh, mot cai bong cua y niem bay moi pham tru irflu IUdng Chii nghla bien sinh de cao tfl do ca nhiin con ngUdi, quan tiim ldi viec giai phdng con ngUcJi de con ngUdi thflc sU dUdc tu do, lam ndi bat cai doc dao ciia con ngUdi, liim cho con ngUdi khong bi boa lan viio the gidi bao la, rong ldn.. Trong cac uic pham ciia minh, Heidegger dii phe phan viec tuy lien thay the nhiln ciich nay b i n g nhan each khac. dat mot ngUdi vao chd cua b i t cfl mgt ngUdi khiic. Ong cho rang, hien IUdng binh quan boa niiy se day con ngUdi den chd khong co ban sac rieng. khong cd chut sic canh, khdng cd ciii ddc diio cua minh. Doc tieu thuyel Viet Nam hien nay, la nhan thay, vi coi trgng nhan vj, coi trgng su lU do cii nhiin cua tndi con ngUdi nen cac nhii viin da the hien siJ lo lang, bat an ve tinh trang danh mai ban sac cua con ngUdi, ve nguy cd so hoii con ngUfli trong thdl dai kl tri. Thten sfl cua Pham Thj Hoiii da mieu ta nhflng "ihimg ngUdt khong miit" "Tren cd
\a mgt khoang iriing menh mong. khong ranh gidi vdi moi irUiing, hoii tan, giiii tiin, mgt vei xoa khong thUdng tiec cua chiec gie lau vd hinh". Trong Chinatown, vdi sU hien dien cua nhflng con so kho cflng: hai nghin Chinatown, mot li ngUdi Trung Qudc, bdn mUdi chfn dong nghiep, hai tram cu ong, hai tram cu ba, hai tram nam sinh, hai tram nfl sinh, viii nghin phu nU. . . Thuan cijng da ciinh bao vdi ngUdi doc ve nguy cd cii ifnh cua con ngUdi sap sUa bi hoa lan vao mot ddng chay vo ban sac, gUdng mat ca nhiin da bi hoii tan trong diim ddng.
Chi'nh cam giac bat dn ve ddi song tinh thiln ngheo niin da khien con ngUdi rdi viio trang thai buong xuoi, diim chim trong nhflng thii dung tuc tam thudng. can kiet khii ming yeu thUdng, chia se vdi ngfldi khac. Trong Thicn sit. nhau viit ngfldi me ihi suot ngiiy can nhiin ve noi lo cdm ao gao lien; ong bo chi lo liing ve viec bao v l uy tin va danh dU. khdng cho nd bi liin IhUdng, "Ihit giet chet tinh yeu cdn hdn mat nd"; Hiing ihi toi ngiiy lo viii diiu viio nhflng cugc linh liing manva nhflng budi tiec liang nhat nheo ccin ong chong cua Hang ihl cd niem dam mc rit benh hoan la sUu tim giay toa let... Trong sU van hiinh ciia cudc song vdi nhflng "co may tam hon reu ra. ddn dieu"
do. Hoai - mdt cai Tdi thuin khiet dia rdi viio trang thiii co ddn, cdn be Hon "thien .sfl" vdi nhflng Ciii hon ndng chay cung dii khong the niio sdng dUdc, phiii ra di, Tiong Ngdi, Nguyen Binh Phifdng ciing tai hien lai cuoc song cua nhflng c:in bo cdng chflc diy nhiim chiin. le nhat d mot khu lap the, hg tim den ed quan nhit nUdc khdng phai de liim viec, de phiin dau, de cdng hien ma de "ngoi".
Hg ngoi de biin mUu tfnh ke, tnel ha, lat dd, ndi xau nhau. Hg ngdi de uin giUi, dpc hiio, gay .sU va diinh nhau. "Khan cam id biio cd dang mau tin lim lung tfch nan nhan kep vao thiin xe vii phdng ve cd quan. NghTa, Nhung va Hiing dang ngdi liin chuyen ve xe miiy. Nghia ghet ciinh gia di xe may vl de dit, gay can trd cho ngUdi khiic. Hiing ghet bgn choai choai vi hay nudn nach, danh vong.
Nhung ung hp diim con giii Ire vi chiing di nhanh mil van can t h a n . . . " Cdn khi hg khong "ngdi"
thi moi chuyen cdn te hai hdn ho di chdi giit, udng rUdu, di diinh de vii di liim tinh vdi nhau. Vdi viec mieu lii nhflng cdn ngUdi vdi cudc sdng te nhat, nhiim chiin, ciic nhii van hiln nay mudn cat len hoi chudng canh tinh con ngUcfi can phai thay ddi. liim cho cudc deli cua minh cd y nghia hdn, khdng nen riip khudn. miiy mdc de rdi diinh mit ifnh dgc d;io ciia minh. Id nhd, hda tan viio bao con ngfldi khac, viio the gidi bao In, rdng Idn.,,
( tim quan ve ddi ximg mang mini .sde hien sinh tnmg tieu thuyet Viel Nam hien nav
2.2.2. C u o c song chiia day ndi cd dOn, lac loai, vo dinh
Ben canh quan niem ve cugc .song nham chan. trong rong, te nhat, ciic nha van hien nay cung the hien cam nhan v l mot cuoc sdng ii'n chfla ndi eo ddn, lac loiii, bat an, vo djnh. Theo Heidegger, mot nhii triel hgc hien sinh. con ngUdi luc niio cung phiii sdng Irong Iam trang lo iiu, b i t dn vi bi nem vao irong mot thi gidi xa la, hiem nguy. thilu sU an toiin, vi phai dot mat vdi cai chet, dia cho con ngudi cd tim du moi ciich trdn chay de xa lanh cai chit. Cai chit cd the den v6i con ngudi vdi bat ki ndi dau va b i t ki luc nao. Vdi Heidegger, sdng, tflc la dang di vl vdi cai chit, la di trudc vao trong ciii chit nen con ngUdi cang phiii nhan thflc rd canh ngg dd cua minh de cd nhflng sfl lUa chgn dung dan vit cd y nghia cho nhflng hanh ddng d ddi. Cung ciang quan diem nhu the, Iheo J P S a r t r e . tdn tai ngfldi lit hu vo; con ngUdi luon cd ddn va cai chel luon hien dien. Dpc tie'u thuyel Viet Nam dUdng dai. ta thiy cac nhii van nhU Nguyen Binh PhUdng. Thuan.
Nguyen Viet Ha. mieu la nhflng con ngUdi rdi vao trang thiii sdng day bit an, vo dinh, lac long trong khong gian, thdi gian va trong chfnh tarn hdn cua minh. Nhan vat em irong Tri nhfl .suy tdn cua Nguyen Binh PhUdng khong the djnh vi dUdc sU ton Iai cua chfnh minh: "Vu ben Irai, Tuin ben phai, Iran dm sau lung va cai gi dd nhU chile kim khiiu khdng 16 trUdc mat" Mot trang Ihiii ma nhan val thudng xuyen rdi vao la trang thai khong dinh hinh, khong ro ret Tal ca chi la mang mang, hinh nhu, khong n h d . . . Qua nhan viit em, Nguyen Binh PhUdng gay cho ta mgi am anh, mdt cam giac biii an ve linh trang ton tai cua minh. Cuoc song chung ta nhieu khi la mot sU loay hoay, dd dam trong nhflng coi sUdng mia do chfnh minh lao ra Ta khong biet ta dang d dau va cai gi dang chd ddi ta phfa IrUdc Nhan vat Hoiing trong Cd hoi cua chua lang ihang ifl Hii Ndi den Sai Gdn, tfl nhflng khach san sang irgng den khu d chuot nhung khiing ndi nao anh hoa nhap dUdc Hoang lac long va xa la vdi ihl gidi ciia ddng tiln, quyen lUc. ihl gidi ciia cdng sd trong hien tai vii mu mit ve IUdng lai.
Trang thai bat djnh cua ddi sdng ciing dUdc khac hoa ro khi ta doc nhflng tieu thuyit cua Thuan. Bao triim len cac tieu thuyet cua cd Ifl Made in Vielnam din Chmalonn, Tmdl lich, Parts 11/8 va VdnVy .. la than phiin biip benh, troi ndi ctia nhflng di dan nhd be. Thuan tflng phiit bieu:
"Di dan nhd be la mdi quan tam Idn cua tdi. NgUdi la chf cin miy tieng ddng hd de bay tfl Paris sang Dukas, Bombay hay Ha Ngi, nhUng cd le ngudi la se chang bao gid nit ngan dUdc khoang each gifla cac mflc sdng, cac niem tin, ciic nen van hda. Mdt Irong nhflng nan nhan chfnh cua ciii ho ngay cang sau gfla phUdng Tay va The gidi thfl ba khdng ai khac ngoiii di dan nhd be" [12].
Cac nhan val di dan trong tac pham ciia Thuan tfl nhiin viit Toi trong Chinatown den Lien, Mai Lan, Pal, Niit trong Pans 1 l/H.. deu rdi vao trang thai song bat an. vd djnh, ho lac long vdi chung quanh vii lac Idng vdi chfnh minh. 6 hg luon thudng trtfc ciiu ndi: "Toi khong b i l l . . . " , "Toi khong hieu tat s a o . . . " . Hg lac long trong cdng viec, trong ton tai: "Giao vien ngang len nheo miii bao:
con trai tang diy. Lien im lang, Giao vien chi viio khung iinh miiu vang biio: con trai day, ben canh la con gai cdn day la chdng. Lien lat gal diu, Giao vien lai tiep: biiy gid chdng mat rdi Lien khong hieu gi Giao vien Iai not tilp' huyet dp cao. Lien van khdng hieu gi. Gia<i vien biio nhdi mau cd tim. Lien giii dau" (Paris 1 l/H). Chi'nh sU ngd ngiic cua Lien da day cd viio linh trang that nghiep:
khong lien, khdng tinh, khong nhii. Nhan val Toi trong Chinatown do mang mac ngUdi nhap cU nen "cac ddng nghiep nhanh chdng trao cho co ba idp cd van d l cua ba khdi" vii mdi khi co len Idp thi hgc trd khdng them nghe cd giiing vl "chiing nd biio tdi khong bill phUdng phiip giiing day.
Toi chi bill phfldng phap giang day viet Nam" Ngay ca Mai Lan - mgi cd hoa hau sdng bang lien trd cap nudi con va b i n g each khai thac nhan sac cua minh, nhUng roi nhan sac cung tiin phai, con gai lai thai tinh phai nhiiy lau tfl tfl nen co mat lien ird c i p . mat nha d.. Hien lai cua nhflng ngudi di dan da bi dat va lUdng lai lai ciing ching siing siia gi Mot tUdng lai diy bit trac, rui ro dang chd doi hg. Nhan val Tot (Chinatown) sau hai lilng ddng hd sdng vdi nhflng hoai mem quii khfl. nhflng am anh v l ngfldi tinh lai Ird v l thUc tai chua xdf "Ngiiy lan lgi ba tieng hit xe buyt lai din tau hda 93
Nguyen Tbi Hai Plufdng
de day cac ldp cd van de, hoc trd la mgt Iii choai choai. ca ngay gid ngdi ngiip, biin chu de phim tuoi niiii" va mgi tUdng lai vdi nguy cd mil viec dang bity ra trUdc miii NhU viiy, bing tin nang vi bing chfnh sU tnii nghiem cua minh, Thuan dii phdi bity irUdc mil ngudi doc mgt cuoc sdng ddi thudng day bal dinh, lac Idng cua nhflng di dan nhd be, Hg phiii sdng d mdl nen van hoa khac, mot ngon ngfl khac nln tudn ciim giac bd vd. xa la vdt the gidi xung quanh va ddi khi xa la vdi chinh minh.
2.2.3. Cuoc song m a n g m a u sac phi li, bat t h u d n g
Mot bieu hien nfla cua diu i n hien sinh trdng tieu thuyet Viet Nam hien nay chinh la cam quan v l ddi sdng mang tfnh phi If, bit thudng Dgc tieu ihuyet Nguyen Binh PhUdng, Chiiu Dien, Doan Minh PhUdng. H6 Anh Thiii.,., ta de dang bat giip nhflng miing hicn phi li tdn lai ciing cai quen thugc hing ngiiy. Vdi Ngitdi simg Me, Chau Dien dii xao Iron khong gian IhUc vii khong gian iio, gifla COI thUc vdi chdn sdng Me, ben Lii, gifla hien Iai cua Ciic nhan val vdi "kiep ao", "kiep gdc" ciia chung. Va khi iro hui ciia Doiin Mmh PhUdng cung hi cau chuyen nfla hu nfla Iht^Ic ve kilp nhan sinh. Dgc tiic pham ta ihiiy nhflng ciiu chuyen ve cudc ddi An Mi, ve gia dinh Michael diu dUdc bao boc bdi nhilu dilu phi If, khd lin. Su ihiii lien tilp bi chdi bd khien ngUdi doc cung cam thiy hoang mang, khong bill dau la sU ihUc. Cudn sd nhai ki ma Michael Kempf trao cho An Ml ndt rang chi'nh Michael bill dUdc sfl that dau ddn vl ciii chel ciia me, ve sU mit tfch ciia diia em Irai vo loi Iii do ngUdi cha gay nen T h i nhUng khi An Mi mudn xac nhan .sU that thi Michael Kempf lai phu nhan nhflng gi ma anh la dii viet An Mi muon truy tim sU ihitt ve ciiu chuyen gia dinh Michael nhUng An Mi lai song nhieu biing am anh, mong mi nen biin than cau chuyen ciia co cung da lao cam giac khd tin cho ngUdi dgc. Thien lltdu .sdm hdi ciia Ta Duy Anh viet ve ndi dau nhan tinh thi thiii. Trong ciim nhan ciia biio thai, cuoc song ngoiii kia diiy ray nhflng chuyen "lan ac, hem si va vo lUdng",.. Bao thai hoai nghi ve sU sdng cua con ngUdi^ "Tdi cam nhan cugc song ngoai kia nhu mgt cai gl khung khiep dang dien ra hang ngay". Tfl suy nghT iy, no quylt djnh dflng cugc hanh trinh den vdi Iran gian de quay ve liim thien than vTnh vien.
Dieu dling chu y irong lieu Ihuyel Viet Nam dUdng dai lii ctic nhii van de cho ciii phi If xual hien mot each binh thudng gifla dcJi siing thUc. ciii phi li trd thanh quy luiil Irong mot the gidi binh thudng. Dgc Nhflng dfla Ire chet giii cua Nguyen Binh PhUdng, la bat giip sfl tdn tai ciia hai cdi am dUdng. ciia ngUdi song vii ngUdi chel hda liln viio nhau. Trong Ngdi. cai phi li vaciii cd If cung iron lan viio nhau. hda vao nhau khong the lach ra dUdc Bflc hinh ngUdi dim ong ngdi trong lU thi niJa nhu thien sU, nfla nhU ke hanh khiit. cd chfl Nieu lii cd If hay phi Ii7 Kinh anh chile chen hat mfl xoay n't tren cac kf tU la cd If hay phi If^ Hinh anh con bUdm triing h i p hdi IrUdc hien nhii Thiiy va trong vudn nhil TrUdng lii cd If hiiy phi If' Ciic nhii van dii khong ngan ngai phu len tren tac phiim ciia minh mot miiu sac phi If, hoang dUdng de dem den cho ngudi dgc mgi quan niem da chieu hdn ve hien thUc.
3. Ket luan
Nhu viiy, ddng chay hdn 30 nam cua tieu thuyet dUdng dai - khoang thdi gian iy chUa phiii la diii nhUng ciing du de giup chung la nhin thay dUdc nhflng bUdc thang tram ciia the loai Nghien cflu dau an cua chu nghTa hien smh trong ciim quan v l ddi sdng cua tieu thuyit Viet Nam dUdng dai cd y nghia dac biet quan trong, nd khdng chi cho ta thiy dUdc phong ciich the loai tieu ihuyel thdi ki nay mii no cdn giup la hieu dUdc phan niio he hinh y thflc xa hdi vii cd che van hda ciia thdi ki ddi mdi da cht phdi sU ra ddi va van hanh ciia tieu thuyel hien nay. Ro rang, viec xuit hien dam n e t c u a diu i n hien sinh trong tieu thuyet Viet Nam dfldng dai hoan toiin khong phiii la mdl sfl ngiu nhien mil nd cd nhflng If do ctia nd. Ciing vdi sU van dong nhanh chdng va phflc lap cua ddi
Lc/m quan ve dOi .song mang man sdc Inen sinh Irong lietl ihuyt'l \ 'iel Nam hien nay
song xa hgi, chi'nh chu trUdng ndi that, "nhin thing vao sU ihiil" cua Dang cong vdi sU nic ddng manh me cua van hgc the gidi... la nhflng nhiin to quan trong tao dilu kien de cho nhii viin hien nay the hien nhflng cam nhan, suy ngam sau siic cua minh v l thUc trang cua ddi song, v l than phiin cua con ngudi irUdc nln viin minh kT ihual cua thi gidi hien dai, Chju anh hudng cua chu nghTa hien smh, cac nhii viin hien nay thong qua tiic pham ciia minh da liim cho con ngUcji bflng tinh. y Ihflc dUdc minh lit mot nhan each ddc diio, mgt gia tn diing Iran trgng. Vi viiv, con ngUdi can phiil tan dung nhflng dilu kiln vii khii nang d d d e the hien minh, de thoat khdi cuoc sdng nhiim chiin. te nhai va tao dUng cho minh mgt cuoc sdng tu do, cd y nghTa,
T . \ l L I E U T H A M K H . \ 0
[I] Thai Phan Vimg Anh, 2014. Khuynh hitchig hien .sinh trcmg lieu Ihityel Viei Nam sau I9K6.
http://vannghequandoi com.vn
[2] Tran Hoai Anh, 2014 Khuynh hifdng hicn .•.mh trcmg thd nit ^'icl Nam Ihdi ki ddi mdi.
http://wv/w.tapchisonghuong.com vn
[3] M Bakhtin, 1992 Li ludn vd Ihi phdp iieu tluiyet. TrUdng viet viin Nguyen Du, Hii Ngi [4] Nguyen Vu Hiio (Chii bien), 206. Gido trinh fi let h(>c phitdiig Tdy lueu dai. Nxb Dai hoc Qudc
gia Hii Noi.
[5] Nguyen PhUdng Hao, 201 I. Mdu sac hien stnh trong .sdng Ide ctia Nguyin Huy Thiep vd Phgm Tht Hodi. Luan viin thac sT khoa hoc Ngfl van, Dai hgc Su pham Hii Noi, Hii Ngi [6] Nguyen Thj Minh Hue, 2009, Cdm quan hien .smh Irong lieu Ihuyel Dodn Mmh Phifdng. Luan
van thac sT khoa hgc Ngfl viin, TrUdng Rat hoc Vmh, Vmh.
[7] Nguyen van Long, La nham Thin (ddng chu bien), 2006, Vdn hoc Viel Nam .sau 1975. nhiing vdn de nghten c itu vd gic'iiig day Nxb Giao due, Hii Noi
[8] J.P.Sartre. 1994. Biiim ndn, (Nguyin Trgng Dinh dicbl. Nxb Van hoc
[9] Pham Thj Tham, 2015 Dau dn ciia chu ngliia hien sinlt tioug lien Ihuyet cua NgiiyJn Binh Phuong. Luan viin thac si khoa hgc Ngfl van, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hii Noi
[ID] Nguyen Thiinh Thi, 2010. Am dnh hien sinh trcmg truven ngdn NguvSi Huy Thiep, Tap chf Van hoc, so 5, ir 26-37
[ I I ] Tran Nhat Thu. 2016 Cdm Ihifi hien .sinh Irong truyen ngdn Viel Nam lit 19H6 den 2010.
Luan an Tien sT Ngfl vi'in, Dai hoc Hue
[12] Thuan, 2006 Tdi rdt iniiim biel vi .sao minh difck tdng thifdng, http7/www, vielbao.vn.
A B S T R A C T
T h e a w a r e n e s s of existential lives in Vietnamese c o n t e m p o r a r y novels Nguyen Thi Hat Phuong Faculty of Philology, Hanoi Nattcmal Univcr.sity of Education The impression of existentialism in Vietnamese contemporary novels are shown in many aspects and especially prominent in awareness of existential lives. They are blank, listles and repeated lives in which people are lonely and lost. Because of giving individual freedom in priority.
modern writers have shown their worries and unsafely iiboul losing human's characteristics They want lo alert people tochangelheir ways of life and lo make their liveslo become more meaningful.
Keywords: Existentialism, Vietnamese novels, awareness of lives
