Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nSm Phu khi Viet Nam: Co' hdi mdi, thach thiic mdi" 2 8 7
BE PHU KHANH: QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN CAU TRUC VA TIEM NANG DAU KHI
L.O. Boldreel, M.B.W. Fyhn, I. Reid, J.M. Kruse Viin Dia chdt Dan Mgch L.H. Nielsen, A. Mathiesen, Bojesen-Koefoed J.A., H.L Petersen, I. Abatzis Viin Dia chdt Dan Mgch vd Greenland Le Dinh Thang, Nguyen Thu Huyen, Dang Thu Huong, Nguyen Anh Dire Viin Ddu Khi
TOM TAT
Kit qud minh gidi tdi lieu dia chdn phdn xg bi Phu Khdnh, thim luc dia Viet Nam da chi ra rdng day la bi trdm tich phirc tgp noi vd luc dia bi cdng gidn vd vdt mdng do dnh hu&ng cua ehuyin ddng trucjt dap mgnh. Hdu hit cdc dia hdo Paleogen xudt hien & cdc hd sdu du&i cdc tap trdm tich ddy vi phia Ddng eua thim, trdm tieh ven biin vd trdm tich biin v&i cdc biiu hiin chdng ldn hay phii chdng tucmg irng v&i qud trinh ndng len ciia vung Trung tdm vd Nam Viet Nam vdo th&i ky Neogen mudn. Mdt sd cdc tap chua, bdy da dugc tim thdy dua trin tdi lieu dia chdn. Su hiin diin cua cdc phdn xg biin do cao vd liin tuc trong ede dia hdo Paleogen biiu thi su tdn tgi cua cdc sit dam hd vd than md day chinh la ngudn tgo ra da sinh tiem ndng. Cdc ddu hiiu ddu khi true tiip, cdc vit Id ddu tren b& vd md hinh truong thdnh la ddu hiiu hi thdng ddu khi thuc su cua bi. VI thi bi Phil Khdnh dugc cho Id bi chira ddu khi day triin vong.
GIOI THIEU
Be Phii Khanh nam d khoang giiia them luc dia Viet Nam. Be Phu Khanh dugc phan tach vdi be Sdng Hdng d phia Bae bdi ddi trugt Da Nang va d phia Nam dugc phan tach vdi be Cim Long bdi ddi trugt Tuy Hda (Hinh 1). Be Phu Khanh ed chieu dai khoang 250km va chieu sau day bien tang dan ve phia Ddng (Hinh 2). Trudc day be Phu Khanh da dugc dau tu nghien ciiu dua tren ludi tuyen dia chan khu vuc (Canh va n.n.k., 1994; Lee va Watkin, 1998, Than va n.n.k., 2003).
Tir nam 2001 - 2004, be Phu Khanh la de tai nghien ciru ciia du an ENRECA tren co sd hgp tac gitra Vien Dau Khi, Vien Dia chat Dan Mach va Greenland, Trudng Dai hgc Md - Dia chat Ha Ndi va Vien Dia chat thudc trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Copenhagen - Dan Mach (Nielsen va n.n.k., 2004). Nhiing kit qua nghien cim ban dau dua tren tai lieu dia chan phan xa da duge trinh bay (Boldreel va n.n.k., 2004; Huong, 2004; Huong va n.n.k., 2004; Huyin, 2004; Huyin va n.n.k., 2004; Thing va n.n.k., 2004). Tir tai lieu dia chan da xac dinh dugc mdng phan cat bdi diit gay, dia hao va ban dia hao vdi cac thhu kinh ddng tach gian nam dudi cac tap tram tich sau tach gian. B I Phu Khanh hien chua cd giing khoan tham dd nao vi the viee minh giai dia chan duge dua tren cac mat chuan tir
288 eg Phu Khanh: Qua trinh phat trign cau triic v^tiemjiangj^aujdu
cac giing khoan ian can. Cau true cua b l dugc ddi sanh vdi ca tien trinh phat triln dia chat khu vuc nham hd trg cdng tac minh giai thdi dia tang. Triln vgng dau khi eua be dugc trinh bay dua tren cac nghien cim dia boa ciia cac vet Id dau (Bojesen-Koefoed va n.n.k., 2005) va tai lieu dia chan phan xa (Boldreel va n.n.k., 2004). Muc dich ciia bai bao nay la phae thao hinh thai phat triln va tiem nang dau khi tram tich Kainozoi be Phu Khanh dua tren cac ket qua ciia du an ENRECA. Cdng trinh nay dua tren cac tai lieu dia chan vdi su hd trg ciia tai lieu trgng lire va cac dau hieu dau khi true tilp tren tai lieu dia chan tdng hgp ciing ket qua phan tich dia hda va md hinh trudng thanh.
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Tuygn tap bao cao Hoi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dau khi Viet Nam: Co hdi mdi, thach thiic mdi" 2 8 9
CO SO DU LIEU
Tai lieu dia chhn bao gdm 5 khao sat dia chan AW, VRP 72, S 74. VOR 93 va VRP 93 dugc thu nd trong giai doan 1972 - 1993 (Hinh 2). Ludi tuyen dia chan thua vdi cac thdng sd thu nd kbac nhau dugc thu nd trong vdng 20 nam va chat lugng tai lieu do dd cung thay ddi.
Tai lieu trgng luc roi tu do dugc thu thap tir tai lieu do Sandwell va Smith (1997) ciia tram do trgng lire ve tinh toan cau va tai lieu do sau bien khu vuc eiia tram ETOPO 2 tir trang chii ciia Cue Quan ly khi quyen va dai duong qudc gia. Nhdm du an da tinh Igc hai ngudn tai lieu nay. Di thudng trgng luc Bouger dugc tinh toan dua tren dtr lieu chieu sau bien va trgng lire roi tu do (Boldreel va n.n.k.).
Minh giai dia chan phan xa be Phu Khanh dua tren co sd lien ket cac gieng khoan nam d phan phia Nam bl Sdng Hdng (114-KT-lX, 120-CS-lX va 121-CM-lX) va mdt gieng khoan d be Cim Long (01-RB-lX).
KHUNG CANH DIA CHAT
Viing xung quanh Bien Ddng la viing boat ddng kien tao manh me trong Kainozoi.
Nhiing ket qua phan tich ve ddng lire hgc ciia khdi Ddng Duong, chuyen ddng trong Kainozoi ciia mang An Do, Uc va Thai Binh Duong cung nhu cac phan tich kien tao eiia cac khdi luc dia nhd d viing ria phia Tay va phia Nam ciia bien Nam Trung Hoa da duge Hall (1996, 1997, 2002), Holoway (1982), Morley (2002), Lee va Lawyer (1994, 1995), Leloup va n.n.k. (1995), Taylor va Hayes (1980, 1983) trinh bay. Dge theo ria phia Bae, phia Tay va Nam Bien Ddng Viet Nam la mdt loat cac be tram tieh Kainozoi (Hinh 1).
Tien trinh phat trien ciia nhtrng be nay lien quan tdi su va cham giua cac mang va qua trinh md Bien Ddng va ngay nay xuat hien hai md hinh co ban. Mdt la, "md hinh xuyen dim" bao gdm hoat ddng xuyen dim va chuyen ddng quay theo chieu kim ddng hd eiia khdi Ddng Duong cd lien quan den mang Au - A tiep theo sir va eham giiia mang Au - A va An Do vao Eocen giu'a - mudn (Tapponnier va n.n.k., 1986, 1990). Md hinh khae la,
"md hinh keo tach va dap" ciia cac be ria rdng ldn, ket qua eiia hoat dgng hut chim eiia bien Nam Trung Hoa cd xudng dudi ria cd Ddng Nam A dge theo triing Bae Kalimantan (Taylor va Hayes, 1983). Gan day Hall (1996, 2002) da suu tap tat ea cac thdng tin dia chat va ed gang xay dung lai md hinh phat trien kien tao viing Bien Ddng Viet Nam.
Nhirng nghien ciru da xuat ban ve nhiing be Kainozoi chua thuc sir rd rang phu thude vao mdt trong hai md hinh tren. Dudng nhu la be Phu Khanh nam d viing ma ta can ap dung ca hai hoae ket hgp hai md hinh tren de nghien eiru.
Su bat dau eua qua trinh tach gian keo theo qua trinh phat trien ciia cac be doc ria Bien Ddng Viet Nam dugc gia thiet la vao Eocen - Oligocen sdm dua vao cac nghien ciru hien tugng sut liin (Ru va Pigott, 1986) trong khi do dua tren cac nghien eim tir tai lieu dia chan va khoan lai cho la vao Creta mudn - Eocen (Hinz va Sehulter, 1985; Ranging va Silver, 1991). Tach gian keo dai tdi tan thdi ky Oligocen sdm va boat dgng tach gian day bien bat dau d viing Ddng Bae ciia khu vuc vao thdi ky Oligocen giiia (Briais va n.n.k., 1993). Vao Oligocen mudn triac tach gian thay ddi chuyin vl phia Nam va phat triln manh ve phia Tay Nam noi boat ddng nay cdn tilp tuc tdi dau Miocen gitra.
2 9 0 Bg Phii Khanh: Qua trinh phat trign chu triic va tigm n j n g j ) a u j < h [
Hau hit cac be Kainozoi deu bieu Id su phat trien chung ciia cac tap ddng tach gian dugc ngan each vdi cac tap sau tach gian ben tren bdi cac bat chinh hgp chinh. cac bat chinh hgp nay dugc cho la lien quan tdi sir bat dau ciia pha trdi giat Biin Ddng Viet Nam (Mai, 1995; Rangin va n.n.k., 1995a, b; Lee va Watkin, 1998; Nielsen va n.n.k., 1999; Lee va n.n.k., 2001; Andersen va n.n.k., 2005). Tudi cua cac bat chinh hgp nay da dugc xac dinh d hau hit cac be mdt each kha mien cudng bdi vi cac gieng khoan each xa nhau lai dugc dat tai cac c^u true nang. Cac bat chinh hgp nay trai dai qua cac khu vuc rdng ldn va dudng nhu chiing xay ra trong thdi ky bien tien. Tai be Phu Khanh, bat chinh hgp dugc xac dinh cd tudi tir Oligocen gitia tdi Miocen sdm (Lee va Watkin, 1998; Huyen, 2004;
Huyen va n.n.k., 2004).
KET QUA MINH GIAI DIA CHAN
Dua tren cac nguyen tac eiia dia chan dia tang nhu nhting dae trung phan xa ke day, ga day, bao mdn cat cut de xac dinh cac ranh gidi cac tap dia chan. Mdt sd dang phan xa nay xuat hien cd tinh khu vue va tir dd se dugc lien ket mdt each thich hgp cho toan viing nghien cim.
Tir cac dac tnmg phan xa da xac dinh cd the chia lat cat tram tich thanh lat cat ddng tach gian va sau tach gian. 5 tang phan xa chuan dugc lira chgn dac trung cho toan bd sir phat trien ciia be Phii Khanh. Nhting tang nay xep theo tudi tir cd den tre la SHI - noc mdng am hgc, SH2 - nde Oligocen, SH3 - nde Miocen dudi, SH4 - nde Miocen giu'a, SH5 - nde Miocen tren. Tir nhtrng tang chuan nay da xac dinh bdn tap dia chan chinh theo tudi tir cd den tre la: Sl duge gidi ban bdi tang SHI va SH2 (tap Oligocen), S2 gidi ban bdi tang SH2 va SH3 (tap Miocen dudi), S3 nam trong tang SH3 va SH4 (tap Miocen gitra) va S4 dugc gidi ban bdi tang SH4 va SH5 (tap Miocen tren). Lat cat ddng tach gian gdm hai tap Sl va S2 trong khi tap S3 va S4 thude Mt cat sau tach gian.
1. Dac trimg phan xa tang SH1-SH5
Vdi dac trung ndi bat la bien do phan xa manh, tang SHI la tang nam dudi ciing ciia lat cat tram tich (Hinh 3). Phan xa nhin chung nghieng tir Tay sang Ddng, mac dii day la ria dirt gay chimg td khu vuc chiu anh hudng ciia tach gian, nen ep va dirt gay trugt, chung chinh la nguyen nhan sinh ra eae dia hao, ban dia hao, khdi dirt gay xoay va dia liay (Hinh 3, 5 va 6). cac nhieu phan xa nhieu lan chiing td sdng phan xa truyin qua ranh gidi dia chat Cling. Phan xa thu dugc tir sir tuong phan trd khang am hgc duong cho ta thay rang lat cat tram tich ben dudi vdi mat do va tde do eao hon lat cat ben tren. Tir van tdc cdng ta thay rd toe do sdng qua Mt eat ben dudi cao hon tde do truyin qua lat cat phia tren. Phan xa chimg td be mat gap ghenh vdi eae hd sut nhd duge lap day tram tieh d phia Tay ciia khu vue nghien eim nam dudi khu vuc thim ngay nay. Do do, chung tdi cho rang bl mat da bi Id ra va bi bao mdn. Dang phan xa dudi bl mat nay la dang hdn ddn chimg td moi trudng da cimg. 0 phan phia Tay cua khu vuc nghien cim, phan xa d phan ndng nang nghieng ve phia dudng bd (Hinh 4) va do dd cd thi cho rang phan xa manh dudng nhu sinh ra do mdng gidng nhu loai da mdng gap d cac diem Id viing bd bien phan mien Trung Viet Nam. Da mdng tren dat liln gdm da granit tudi Trias va Creta, riolit, granosyenit va da basalt Neogen (Thinh, 1998a, b). Dirt gay quan sat thay tren mat phan xa d phan phia
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Phu khi Viet Nam: C o hdi moi, thach thiic mdi' 291 Ddng ciia khu vuc nghien ciru va bat chinh hgp bao mdn danh dau thdi ky bat dau cua pha tach gian trong Paleogen.
Mat phan xa tiep theo SH2 la bat chinh hgp khu vuc ddng tach gian. Trong khu vue dia hao cd them mdt tang phan xa ntra nam dudi gan kl tang SH3 vdi ten ggi la SH2a.
Tang phan xa SH3 dugc ket thiic bdi nhieu dirt gay nhd d phan phia Tay eiia khu vuc noi bat dau mdt pha tach gian mdi trong khi dd d phan phia Ddng ciia khu vuc nghien cim nd la mdt phan cua pha sau tach gian (Hinh 3 va 5). Tang SH4 la tang dau tien cua phan phia Bae be khdng chiu anh hudng ciia boat ddng kiln tao tach gian va tao ra tap sut liin khu vuc ciia toan bg viing nghien ciru. Hoat ddng sut liin bi gian doan va bat chinh hgp SH5 trong toan viing da chimg minh dilu nay.
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292 Bg Phii Khanh: Qua trinh phat trign c3u triic va tigm nangj)aiijvh|
2. TapSl-S5
Tap Sl bao gdm 2 phu tap. Phu tap dudi gdm cac phan xa hon ddn va dang gd ddi vdi bien do tha\- ddi. nhtrng dang phan xa nay the hien cac kenh. long sdng sudi (Hinh 5).
Nhimg khdi nang \ di cac cat cut ben trong chimg td che do kiln tao da thay ddi trong thdi ky nay. Phu tap tren gdm cac dang phan xa song song vdi bien do cao thdp xen ke nhau, day la tap trhm tich quat sdng, ldng sdng va tram tich dam hd. Do do cd the ndi rang mdi trudng tram tich trong thdi ky tach gian mudn chii yeu la sdng sudi va hd. Nhin chung, nhtrng phu tap nay dugc lap day tram tich trong giai doan tach gian chinh.
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Hinh 5: Tuong dja chan da minh giai tuyen VOR-93-101
Pha nen ep xay ra sudt thdi ky khdi dau lang dgng tram tieh ciia tap S2. Tap S2 phu tren khu vuc nghien ciiu va hien dien d phan phia Bae bl, ngoai ra edn d hau hit phhn phia Tay be. Mdt sd dang phan xa gd ddi bien do cao thudng lien quan tdi dirt gay thi hien tren Hinh 3, 5 va 6. 0 phan phia Bae cac cau tao nay phat trien manh va da phan tich ehi tiet dia chan dia tang theo cac tuyen dia chhn hudng Tay - Ddng (Hinh 6). C) day cac dang phan xa the hien cae khdi xay carbonat, cae gd san hd, cae dam pha. Cac cau tao nay hau het phat-trien tren cac khdi nang tya dirt gay. Cae khoi san hd dugc minh giai dua tren cac hd trg tir cac nghien ciru vl khdi xay carbonat d khu vuc them luc dia Viet Nam (Mayall
\a n.n.k.. 1997; Roques va n.n.k., 1997) va tir cac nghien ciru tuong tu cua cac chu triic carbonat tir giing khoan d viing luc dia Greenland (Christiansen va n.n.k.. 1993). Tir dd thay rang tap S2 dugc lang dgng trong mdi trudng bien ndng ma khdi dau la bl dugc md rdng ra. sut lun va bien ndng xam nhap vao.
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Phu khi Viet Nam: Co' hdi mdi, thach thiic mdi^ 293
Hmh 6: Khoi xay carbonat quan sat tren tuyen dia chan VOR-93-102 6" phia Bae be Phti Khanh Trong tap S3 cac phiic he carbonat dudng nhu dich chuyen ve phia Ddng. Hoi dieh ve phia Ddng dia hao nguyen thiiy tdn tai sdng phan xa manh bien do duong (Hinh 5). Tren mat cat thay rd bieu hien ciia nui lira d gan vi tri nay, va phan xa bien do manh dugc cho la basalt phun trao ngudn gde tir nui lira. Nghien ciiu nay cd tham. khao cac nghien ciiu tuong tu d viing Faroe thudc phia Bae viing nui lira Atlantic (Boldreel va Andersen, 1994). Basalt tren mat cat vdi cac vach diing chi ra su hien dien cua dudng bd tai thdi diem phun trao basalt.
Trong khoang phia tren dia hao nguyen thiiy tdn tai cac phan xa am, hoi dich len tren ve phia Tay la cac tram tich set dam hd giau vat chat htm co hoae la than. Cd sir khae nhau giiia phan phia Bae va Nam trong tap S3. Phan phia Bae be tram tich eat vun chiem uu the, trong khi d phia Nam dugc dac tnmg bdi carbonat. Dieu dd chimg td phan ldn tram tieh dugc van chuyen vdi tde do eao tir vung them va tuong quan vdi cac tang ben dudi, tram tieh eiia tap S3 lap day cac tnang va lam chim ngap cac cau tnic cd tao ra cac tram tich carbonat ve phia Ddng ciia viing nghien cim. Ve phia Ddng eiia khdi phun trao niii lira hinh thanh ddc diing the hien dudng bd cd va cac ldp than phat trien dan d phia trudc cua ddc dimg.
Ca hai tap S4 va tap tre nhat nam trong khoang tang SH5 va day bien dugc dae trung bdi cac dang phan xa ggi cho ta y niem ve su xen ke gitra hien tugng bien tien va bien thoai noi cac nem ian vdi cae quat va nem miic nude thap duge hinh thanh (Lee va Watkin, 1998; Huong, 2004; Huong va n.n.k., 2004). Sir lan rd rang ciia them va ddi bd lien quan tdi lugng tram tieh cung cap tang bdi hoat ddng nang va bde mdn tren dien rdng ciia viing Trung va Nam Viet Nam trong thdi ky Miocen - hien tai.
CAC BAN DO
Mdt sd lugng ldn cac ban dd chu true va dang day dugc ve va trong sd dd ban dd da dugc lira chgn (Hinh 2 va 4). Dua tren tai lieu dia chhn cd thi ve dugc ban dd
294 Bg Phu Khanh: Qua trinh phat triln cau true va tiem nSng^auJdii^
chieu sau day bien nhung vi ludi tuyen dia chan rat thua nen do tin tudng cua ban do nay khdng cao. Vi thi dl hieu ehinh ban dd chilu sau tai lieu ve tinh dugc trich tir co sd dtr lieu ciia ETOP 2 (Sandwell va Smith, 1997) nham xay dung ban dd do sau biin (Hinh 2). Sir hieu ehinh nay dugc tien hanh cho toan bd day biin va dat liln dau rang ludi tuyin thu dugc chi la 2. Tren ban dd ta thay do sau tang tir Tay sang Ddng, thay ddi trong khoang 100 tdi hon 3000m. Sudn them hep va thang theo hudng Bae - Nam va cac dudng ddng mire chieu sau hau bet deu den 3000m v l phia Ddng ciia viing thim sau. Tai viing thim ndng mdt sd cau triic dia phuong keo dai va nhd hep xuat hien, cd thi chiing tao thanh cac kenh dao chia cat them theo hudng Tay Nam - Ddng Bae.
Ban dd cau triie nde mdng dugc the hien tren Hinh 4. Nhin chung, mdng nghieng tir Tay dudng bd sang Ddng tdi 7000ms TWT. Mdng bi chia cat bdi nhieu dirt gay thuan, dirt gay nen ep va dirt gay trugt tao ra cac dia hao va cac khdi xoay tua dirt gay.
Tren ban dd quan sat rd cac diit gay thuan. Cd the chia thanh 3 nhdm dirt gay: nhdm Bae - Nam, nhdm Tay Bae - Ddng Nam va nhdm Ddng Bae - Tay Nam va cd the ndi rang phat trien kien tao be Phii Khanh chia thanh 3 pha ddc lap, boat ddng trugt dap ddng vai trd quan trgng, tiep theo la giai doan nen ep it cd hoat ddng diit gay. Rangin va n.n.k. (1995a), Tinh (1998a, b) da dua ra cac bang chiing ve dirt gay trugt dap va da ed gang ndi cac he thdng dirt gay tren luc dia mien Trung vdi cac diit gay d them luc dia Viet Nam.
BAN DO TRONG L V C ROI TU^ DO
Tren ban dd trgng lire roi tu do cd the nhin thdy mdt sd di thudng ldn (Hinh 8).
Ve phia Tay ciia them xuat hien cac di thudng duong trong khoang vT do 12*^ va tir 12°- 14°. Nhiing di thudng tiep theo song song dge ria bl nhung kit thiic dot nggt d phia Bae va Nam. Trgng trudng roi tu do bj anh hudng manh bdi chilu sau biin theo chilu tang ciia do sau nude bien tir vimg thim ra phia Ddng (Hinh 2). Tir phep do do sau biin nhan thay chilu sau day biin dn dinh d vimg thim ma d dd xuit hien cac di thudng duong nhu de cap d tren. Dilu nay chi ra rang do sau tdi ldp da cd mat do ldn thay ddi dge theo khu vuc them. Dilu nay cd nghia la vat chat cd mat do cao so vdi khu vuc xung quanh tdn tai trong khu vuc thim. Nghien cim sau hon dac trung trgng luc roi tu do d khu vuc thim nham tim hilu qua trinh phat triln b l Phu Khanh, ban dd di thudng Bouger cho khu vue be Phu Khanh dugc xay dung. Theo dd trudng trgng lire dugc md hinh dge theo tuyin dia chan qua vimg phia Bae b l (Hinh 5) cimg vdi dilu chinh dua tren tai lieu dia chan ciia eau triic ben tren (Boldreel va n.n.k.). Kit qua md hinh chi ra vd Trai Dat rat mdng vdi di thudng trgng lire manh la kit qua cua qua trinh chilu day vd bi giam dan ve phia Ddng. Dieu nay duge minh giai la do he thdng tach gian trugt dap d viing them noi phat triln cae chu true hinh hoa (Hinh 5). Md hinh nay cung chi ra su phan bd dia ly cua cac diit gay. Su xuat hien cac di thudng trgng lire roi tu do am giam nhe ve phia Ddng ehua dugc dung md hinh (Hinh 7). Di thudng trgng luc cao xuat hien d noi ldp vd mdng dugc cho la do cd it nhat ba che do trugt dap chinh d vimg them ciia be Phu Khanh.
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam D5u khi Viet Nam: Co hdi mdi, thach thiic mdi 295
Hinh 7: Ban do trgng lyc roi tu do be Phii Khanh va viing them luc dia lan can SINH, CHlTA VA CAC D A U HIEU DAU KHI TRUTC TIEP
1. Da sinh
Set dam hd, than va set than phd bien trong lat cat ddng tach gian va la da sinh tdt trong cac be tram tich Ddng Nam A trong dd cd cac be tram tich them luc dia Viet Nam (Noble va n.n.k., 1991; Wang va Sun, 1994; Todd va n.n.k., 1997; Wan Hasiah, 1999; Peter va n.n.k., 2000). Tai be Cim Long va Nam Cdn Son da sinh chii yeu la set dam hd Paleogen, set paralic va than ddng bang duyen hai (Areshev va n.n.k., 1992; Canh va n.n.n., 1994; Lee va n.n.k., 2001). O khu vuc phia Bae be Sdng Hdng nhirng gieng khoan tham dd da gap eae bieu hien dau ban thuong mai dugc thanh tao trong he thdng sinh than dam hd Kainozoi vdi tiem nang sinh thanh dau rat tdt (Nielsen va n.n.k., 1999; Dau va n.n.k., 2000; Petersen va n.n.k., 2001, 2004, 2005; Andersen va n.n.k., 2005). Vi be Phu Khanh ehua cd gieng khoan tham dd nao nen viec xac dinh tiem nang da chiia dugc dua vao ket qua minh giai dia chan va sir dung md hinh dia chat. Nhu da de cap d tren, mat cat dia chan chi ra su hien dien ciia cae dia hao Paleogen vdi cac phan xa bien do cao lien tuc. Dieu nay dugc gia thiet la set dam hd va than phd bien trong bl va la da sinh tilm nang (Lee va Watkin, 1998; Huong, 2004; Huong va n.n.k., 2004; Huyin, 2004; Huyin va n.n.k., 2004). Them vao dd, day la da maeno giau vat chat btin co tich tu ve phia bd eiia cac khdi san hd dugc minh giai tir mat cat dia chan (Hinh 6). Phan tich cac vlt Id dau ciia Dam Thi Nai thay xuk hien bitum trong cac khe nirt cua granit, nhiing miu bae in tren cat bai biin va nhiing gigt dhu trong set d cae
296 Bg Phij Khanh: Qua trinh phat trign cau triic va tigm nang Dau khi
vung nam phia sau dia liiy granit cua cac viing tao dau khi tilm nang da khang dinh rd rang rang cac vet Id dau la tir cac da maeno Kainozoi va set dhm hd va cd it nhat hai he thdng dau khi boat ddng (Bojesen-Koefoed va n.n.k., 2005). Hon niia, nhiing nghien cim vl trim tich phii dia hao Miocen tren eiia triing Sdng Ba da chi ra ring da chiia diu tdt trong cac tap trim tich hd d phan dudi ciia tram tich tach gian, va md hinh nay cd thi dugc diing dk phan tich cac dia hao Paleogen bi chdn viii sau (Nielsen va n.n.k., 2004, 2005).
2. Da chiia
Dua tren minh giai dia chan, cac phan tich tudng va cac phan tich dia ting phan tap, mdt so cac da chira tiem nang trong be Phii Khanh dugc xac dinh (Huong. 2004; Huong va n.n.k., 2004; Hinh 5 va 8). Nhtrng da chiia nay bao gdm mdng mit ne ma trong bl Cim Long la da chira san pham (Roques va n.n.k., 1997), cac khdi xay carbonat la da chira dugc bilt den trong cae viing ian can (Mayall va n.n.k., 1997; Roques va n.n.k., 1997; Lee va n.n.k., 2001), cac dai cat them, cac quat biin, cac quat day bl. cac quat bdi tich va cac quat sdng sudi.
w f
Shelf sand belts
Basin floor fans
Hinh 8: Da chira tilm nang bl Phti Khanh duffc minh hoa tren tuyen dja chan da minh giai ff phia BSc bl Phti Khanh
3. Cac dau hieu dSu khi
^ Cae dau hieu diu khi tiem nang nhu di thudng bien do, cac doan phan xa nim ngang, dng khi va dam may khi quan sat thiy tren mdt sd vi tri trong bl Phu Khanh va tir cac tuyen dja chan, dudng nhu la cac diu hieu nay thudng tap trung vl phia bd cua bd ddc them (Hinh 9). Di thudng bien do thudng thudng keo theo cac dao nguge cue xuit hien d cac do sau khae nhau va d nhilu mirc khae nhau (Hinh 9). Cac di thudng bien do cd thi do cac ldp xdp giii- khi dich chuyen tir phin dudi sau ciia bl. Cac ong khi nhu minh hga tren Hinh 9 dudng nhu lien quan tdi dirt gay ma diit gay nay la dudng din cho diu khi thoat ra
Tuygn tap Mo cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu khi Viet Nam: Co' hdi mdi, thach thiic moi 297 tir noi sinh d viing sau hon. Vl phia bd ciia them theo hudng Bae - Nam mdt vai dau hieu ciia dau khi xuat hien (Hinh 9c). Dge theo di thudng bien do tdn tai mdt sd kenh o phia tren ciia dam may khi chinh. Xuit hien nhiing hd sut nhd d day bien va dudi nhtrng hd nay tim thay nhieu ddi nhieu thang dimg. Tin hieu dia chan d mat day bien chi ra ting phan xa hdn loan do la diu hieu khi thoat ra bien va nhiing dng khi tren day biin. Nhung ddi hdn loan tren day bien quan sat thay d phia tren ben phai ciia Hinh 9c noi dam may khi chiem hau bet theo chieu dge cua tuyen dia chan. Nhting di thudng bien do ciing dugc quan sat thay d phia dudi dam may khi d phan giiia ciia mat cit (Hinh 9c). Nhung doan phan xa nam ngang cung dugc nhan dang lien kit vdi ca hai dang phire he carbonat tdn tai tren cac khoi mdng nhd va lien kit vdi cae phirc he quat mirc thip (Lee va Watkin, 1997;
Nielsen va n.n.k., 2004). Carbonat Miocen eiia ddi gd Qui Nhon (phia Ble Tay BIC bl Phu Khanh) la doi tugng khi va dl nghien cim tilm nang ddi tugng khi trong bl Phu Khanh can phai nam rd qui luat phan bd khi CO2 (Roques va n.n.k., 1997).
^
Hinh 9: Cac dau hieu dau khi true tilp
(dam may khi, cot khi, di thu-ffng bien do va cac diem sang) 4. Mo hinh miic do truong thanh ciia da me
cac ket qua phan tich dia chin va chuyin ddi do sau dugc sir dung dl thilt lap md hinh he thdng dau khi ya tilm nang eua bl Phu Khanh bing each tich hgp phin mim md phdng 1 chilu va 2 chieu. Cac tuyin dia chin thi hien cac tap trim tich ddng tach gian va sau tach gian va gia thiet la eiu true vd tach gian ddng nhit. Mdt trong nhimg trd ngai chinh trong md phdng he thdng diu khi bl Phu Khanh la thilu tai lieu dia vat ly giing khoan va cac thdng tin phu them dugc ap dung tir cac bl trim tich k l can dk lua chgn
298 Bg Phii Khanh: Qua trinh phat triln chu true v^ tilm nSng Phu khi
khung thdi gian va cac tham sd dau vao trong edng tac chuin bi lap md hinh. Dtr lieu ve mirc do trudng thanh cua da me tir cac gieng khoan lira chgn d cac b l ian can duge sir dung, vi du nhu dl danh gia liin chim va lich sir nhiet eua b l Phu Khanh. Lich sir ddng nhiet dugc so bd danh gia dua tren cac thdng tin vimg ian can, va md hinh 1 chieu dugc dimg dl danh gia lich sir nhiet khu vuc. Sau dd md hinh ddng nhiet dugc dua vao md hinh bl 2 chilu. cac khung canh khae nhau duge md hinh boa de danh gia do nhay va tam quan trgng eua tham sd diu vao va tham sd anh hudng nhieu nhat tdi kit qua tinh mire trudng thanh va thanh tao diu khi chinh la lich sir ddng nhiet va cac tham sd ddng lire.
Mdt vi du vl kit qua so bd ciia md hinh be tuyen dia chan VOR-93-101 dugc the hien tren Hinh 10 vdi do trudng thanh hien tai (Mathiesen va n.n.k.). Dua tren md hinh cac da sinh tilm nang Oligocen, Miocen dudi, Miocen gitra hien dat gia tri nhiet do cue dai va trudng thanh tir liic ling dgng. Nhung ket qua nay eiing ehi ra rang da chiia ddng tach gian Oligocen - Miocen sdm phan bd rdng d dudi them hien tai da bi chdn viii d do sau dii de thanh tao diu va khi. Nhung ket qua md hinh du bao rang dau khi sinh thanh tir da sinh Oligocen dugc tich tu trong mdt vai cau tao dia phuong va dau cd the van duge tao ra d phan ria ciia cac dia hao ddng tach gian. Trong nhimg phan sau hon ciia khu vuc lap mo hinh, nhin chung dau bat dau thoat ra trong sudt thdi ky Miocen gitra va ed the cdn tiep tuc tir nhung da chira Oligocen tiem nang.
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Hinh 10: Mo hinh truong thanh ciia da me theo tuyen dia chan VOR-93-101
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Phu khi Viet Nam: Co' hdi moi, thach thiic mdi" 2 9 9
KET LUAN
B I Phii Khanh la bl trim tich cudi cimg d thim luc dia Viet Nam ehua duge khoan kilm nghiem. B I Cim Long va Nam Cdn Son d phia Nam be Phii Khanh la hai be dugc bilt din nhu la cac bl tao diu khi quan trgng. Cac bieu hien dau ban thuong mai d mdt vai gieng khoan va cac md khi dugc phat hien tren dat lien d triing Ha Ndi thudc be Sdng Hdng - phia Bae bl Phii Khanh. Cac vet Id dau dugc tim thay d tren bd phia Tay be Phii Khanh va nhu vay be dugc bao quanh bdi cac he thdng dau khi.
Tir minh giai cac mat eat dia chan be Phii Khanh da chi ra sir phirc tap cua be noi vd luc dia bi cang gian manh va bi vat mdng di d mdt sd noi do anh hudng ciia chuyen ddng dap trugt manh me. Phan ldn cac dia hao Paleogen dugc tim thay d cac hd sau dudi tap tram tich day len ve phia Ddng cua them va ddi bd vdi cac bieu hien chdng ian va phii chdng tuong iing vdi qua trinh nang ciia mien Trung va Nam Viet Nam trong thdi ky Neogen mudn. Tai lieu dia chan chi ra mdt sd cac da chiia va bay bao gdm mdng nirt ne, khdi xay carbonat, cat sdng sudi, eat bd va eat them, quat day bien, v.v.. Trong cac dia hao Paleogen ddi md ma ta quan sat duge tren mat cat chi ra cae cat ket bdi tich va cat sdng sudi. Them vao dd, phan xa lien tuc bien do cao dugc cho la dac trung cho cac tram tich dam hd vdi su xuat hien ciia set va than. Cae da nay la cac da sinh dau tiem nang trong nhieu be tram tieh Ddng Nam A va ca cac be tram tich Viet Nam. Cac phan tich vet Id dau ciia Dam Thi Nai va sir hien dien manh me cae dau hieu dau khi true tiep cho ta thay ed it nhat hai loai da sinh tao diu khi trong be. De nghien cim ky phan tich AVO cd the dugc tien hanh, nghien ciiu do trudng thanh cua da me so bd duge thuc hien bdi nhdm ENRECA va da khang dinh rang, tdn tai cac he thdng dau khi boat ddng trong be. Tir cac bang chimg tren cd the tin tudng sau sac rang be Phu Khanh la be chiia dau khi day trien vgng va dieu do se dugc kiem nghiem qua cac gieng khoan tham dd sap tdi.
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