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KHU Vifc MAU D|CH T|f DO ASEAN - TRUNB qUtC
va PHAT TRIEN THII0NG MAI BIlN GI0I
TS. NGO HOANG OANH TS. PHAM TRi HUNG
I. Khu vi/c mau dich ti/ do ASEAN - Trung Quoc: Ccf hoi va thach thu'c do! vdi Viet Nam
1. Khu viic mau dich tii do ASEAN • Trung Quoc
Tai Hoi nghi thu'dng dinh ASEAN + 3 lan thu' ba to chiic vao thang 11/2000 d Bru-nay, cac nha lanh dao cac nUdc thanh vien ASEAN va Trung Quo'c da phe chuan hiep dinh ve hdp tac kinh le khung va thiet lap mot khu viic mau dich tii do ASEAN - Trung Quoc (ACFTA) trong vong 10 nam va xac dinh 5 linh viic liu lien hdp lac la nong nghiep, cong nghe thong tin, vien thong, dau nr ho trd va phat trien Itfu viic song Me Kong.
Ngay 29/11/2004, lai Hoi nghi cao cap ASEAN - Trung Quoc fan lhiJ6 to chiic tai Vieng Chan (Lao), lanh dao 10 nitdc ASEAN da ciing Thu lu'dng Tmng Quo'c Chu Dung Cd ky mot thoa thuan lich Sli ve Khudn kho Hdp lac Kinh le loan dien ASEAN - Trung Quoc. Hiep dinh nay md du'dng cho hai ben tiep tuc thao luiin, di den thong nhal nhieu noi dung hdp lac quan trong khac ve ihUdng mai dich vu, khu viic diiu W ASEAN - Trung Quoc. Mot khu viic mau dich tif do ASEAN - Trung Qud'c (ACFTA) loan dien bao gom hang hoa, dich vu, dau W dang dan hinh thanh, md ra cho DN hai ben nhifng cd hoi va thach ihiic mdi.
Qua trinh thiic hien Hiep dinh ve thifdng mai hang hoa ASEAN - Trung Quoc khong lam thay ddi quan he ihufdng mai giifa Viet Nam vdi ASEAN. Cac lac dong neu co chi la gian tiep va dai han, thong qua tifdng quan trao doi hang hoa ciia Trung Qudc va ASEAN. Ly do la giifa cac nifdc ASEAN da cd ban hoan thanh Chifdng trinh thtic hien Khu viic mau dich tii do ASEAN (AFTA) vdi lo trinh nhanh hdn nhieu so vdi ACFTA. Viet Nam ciing hoan thanh cat giam thue theo CEPT/AFTA tu' nam 2006, tiic la chi 6 thang sau khi Hiep dinh ve thu'dng mai hang hoa ctia ASEAN va Trung Qudc co hieu life. Cac miic thue liu dai ciia ASEAN danh cho Viet Nam theo AFTA iha'p hdn mu'c thue uii dai trong ACFTA.
Vi vay, khi XK hay NK hiing hoa tif ASEAN, ngoai viec cd dUOc Giay chu'ng nhiin xuii't xii hang hoa ctia ASEAN .(form D), DN khong can de tam den cam ket trong khudn khd ACFTA.
Mdt nghien ctiu giii dinh gan day ctia Ban Tha ky ASEAN cho thay ACFTA K lam liing kim ngach XK ciia ciic nifdc ASEAN sang Trung Qudc la 0,9'7r/niim (tifdng duitng 5,4 ty USD) lam tang GDP thifc te cua Trung Qudc O.mnm (tifdng difdng 2,2 ty USD).
Tuy nhien cd hoi do ACFTA mang lai khong dong deu cho cac nu'dc ASEAN. Dieu niiy luy thuoc d niing life xiim nhap thi tru'dng cua tifng nifdc va ciia tifng nhii san xuii't. Trong khi ciic nhii san xuiit dinh hifdng thi Iru'dng qudc le'co kha nang nam bill thi Infdng nhu cau hang hoa ciia Trung Qudc se du'Oc hifdng ldi thi cac nha san xuiit chi cham lo hifdng vao ihi Iru'dng ngi dia co nguy cd cao hi hang hoa ciia Trung Quoc canh tranh quyet liet va ngu'di thua thiet se la cac nha san xuii't ciia ASEAN. Ly do la Trung Qudc co ldi the chi phi thap trong cac nganh hang san xuii'l sii dung nhiiiu lao dong. Cac nganh cdng nghiep thay the NK d cac nu'dc ASEAN cd the se mat tinh canh tranh mot khi thue quan difdc ha thap.
Ve dau tu', vdi mot thi Iru'dng rdng Idn lai co sif dn dinh chinh tri xa hdi cao, cd nen kinh te dang cong nghiep hoa tang tnfdng cao va dn dinh, ACFTA se co sifc hut manh me ddi vdi dau tif trifc tiep nUdc ngoai vao khu vifc nay. Tuy nhien nii ro co the xay ra la phan Idn rfau W inic tiep nu'dc ngoai se chay vao Trung Qudc.
Khi hinh thanh ACFTA, siic hut ciia Trung Qudc ddi vdi dau lif va hoat dong kinh doanh ciia cac DN nifdc ngoai se Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi cac nUdc ASEAN. Hien nay, Trung Qudc khong chi thu hiit 80% nguon FDl ma con thu hiit so Idn cac ngiin hiing nUdc ngoai, cac chi nhanh cila cac Cly da qudc gia va nifdc ngoai khac, khi ACFTA md cifa, cac nifdc ASEAN cang khd canh tranh de thu hut cac nguon lUc dd. Ngay ca viec ciic nUdc ASEAN giif chiin cac nha diiu tu, ciic Cly nUdc ngoai dang cd mill Iren liinh thd
cua minh cung la dieu khong de dang. ' ^
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Nhif vay tren ca hai linh vifc thifdng mai va dau tif, ACFTA lao ra cho cac nUdc ASEAN cd hoi Idn de md rong thi tnidng trao ddi hang hoa, thu hiit dau ttf nu'dc ngoai vao lanh thd ciia minh, dong thdi ciing dat ra nhifng thach thiic Idn nhif canh tranh se khdc liet hdn tren ca linh vifc thu'dng mai va linh vu'c dau tif.
2. Viet Nam va Khu mau dich t\i do ASEAN • Trung Quoc:
Cd hoi va thach thiic
Cung nhif cac thanh vien khac ciia ASEAN, ACFTA hinh thanh cung se mang den cho Viet Nam nhifng cd hoi idn va ca nhiing thach thiic khong nho.
Vdi vi tri la mdt cau nd'i quan trong giifa ASEAN va Trung Qudc, Viet Nam se no life ddng gdp vao sif phat trien quan he kinh te thifdng mai ASEAN - Trung Qudc ndi chung va giifa ASEAN vdi Quang Tay, Van Nam ndi rieng. De lam lot cau ndi quan trong nay, trong sudt 12 nam qua, Viet Nam khong ngiing day manh quan he hdp tac ve kinh te, thifdng mai va dau tif vdi cac nifdc ASEAN.
Dong thdi Viet Nam cung khong ngifng day manh quan he hifu nghi truyen thdng, hdp lac loan dien vdi Trung Qudc. Trong nhiing nam qua quan he kinh le thu'dng mai va dau tuf giiia Viet Nam - Trung Qudc ciing c6 nhu'ng bifdc phat trien manh me, lien tuc tang Iru'dng vdi tdc do kha cao. Nam 2006, kim ngach thu'dng mai 2 chieu dat 10,4 ty USD, lang gan 20% so vdi nam 2005. Chin thang nam 2007 dat 10,7 ly USD, vdi da nay, nam 2007 co the dat 13 - 14 ty USD. Trung Qudc da trd thanh mot ddi tac thu'dng mai hang dau ciia Viet Nam. Hai nifdc dang cUng nhau phan dau de dat muc lieu dUa kim ngach ihUdng mai hai chieu len 15 ty USD vao niim 2010. Hdp lac dau lif giifa hai nu'dc eUng cd nhiing bUdc phat trien tich ciic. Trung Qudc hien cd gan 500 dii an dang trien khai d Viet Nam, vdi vdn dau tif tren 1,5 ty USD.
Trong linh vifc dau tif, ACFTA cung se thtic day dau tif va cac mdi quan he hdp tac kinh le ky thuat giifa Trung Qudc vdi ASEAN va Viet Nam. Cac hoat ddng dau W, chuyen giao cdng rghe, du lich, hdp tac dao lao nguon nhan life... ctia Trung Qudc ddi v^'i Viet Nam se tang len nhanh chdng.
Trong linh vifc thu'dng mai, vdi dan sd 1,3 ty ngu'di, dieu kien dia ly lai gan vdi Viet Nam, nhan id Trung Qudc ACFTA md ra cho Viet Nam mot thi tru'dng Idn de XK cac san pham nong, lam thuy san... Cd hdi XK Idn nay se giup Viet Nam dn dinh va tiep luc phat trien nganh ndng nghiep, nganh hien dang cd vai tro kinh le, xa hdi quan trong d Viet Nam. Dieu dang ndi la, vdi viec thanh lap Khu vUe mau dich lif do va lif do hda diiu tif sau niiy, dau W ciia Tmng Qudc vao cac nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam se tao gia tri gia liing, nang suat va hieu qua that vi khi do se cd riit it sif bao ho vii do do han che hien WOng dau tif vao nhifng ngiinh bao hd de hu'dng ldi nhif hien nay. Dau W nu'dc ngoai va dau lif ctia Trung Qudc noi rieng se gdp phiin chuyen dich cd cau kinh te ciia Viet Nam theo hu'dng tiing cifdng ty trong cong nghiep.
Trong linh vu'c ihUdng mai, XK ciic hiing hoa nong nghiep, 901 X U A N M A U I Y 2008
thifc pham va cac san pham difa vao tai nguyen thien nhien ciia Viet Nam chac chan se du'dc md rong. Theo cac nghien ciJu, chi so ldi the so sanh canh tranh cho thay Viet Nam cd ldi the canh tranh ddi vdi cac san pham nong nghiep va lifdng thifc hdn Trung Qudc.
Tuy nhien, hien lai ve cd cau thu'dng mai, Viet Nam van chi XK cac san pham thd va gia tri gia tang thap. Viec tiep tuc san xua't va XK cac san pham thd va sd che nhtf hien nay chinh la cai bay cua Sli "tang tru'dng ban cUng", ma Viet Nam can tranh. Trong khi do, nhu'ng mat hang XK che lao chinh ctia Viet Nam nhif giay dep, del may va cd khi se gap phai sif canh tranh rat Idn lif hang hoa Trung Qud'c tai cac thi tru'dng Idn thif ba nhif EU, Hoa Ky va Bac My.
Thuang Hal, bieu tuang cho su troi day cua Trung Quoc Khi ACFTA hinh thanh, mac dii trien vong lang cifdng XK giifa Tmng Qudc va ASEAN la rat Idn, song ddi vdi Viet Nam cd cau kinh le va cd cau hang hoa trao ddi de dan den tinh trang quan he thifdng mai Viet Nam - Tmng Qudc tiep luc phat trien theo quan he hang doc, trong dd Viet Nam XK nguyen lieu, nong lam thuy san va NK hang cdng nghiep ctia Tmng Qudc (dieu nay khac vdi cac nu'dc ASEAN - 6 cd quan he ngang hang vdi Trung Qudc, XNK deu chu yeu la hang cong nghiep). Dfeu do se bat ldi cho Viet Nam ca trong quan he thu'dng mai lan trong cd gang cong nghiep hoa nen kinh le. Hdn nifa, can can thifdng mai giifa Viet Nam - Tmng Qudc se tiep luc phat trien theo hifdng Viet Nam nhap sieu tif Tmng Qudc ngay cang tang.
Mot thach thiic khac la ACFTA se tang site ep canh tranh tren thi trifdng ndi dia Viet Nam, dac biet la ddi vdi cac nganh cdng nghiep ire. Dieu de nhan thay la cac DN Tmng Quoc manh hdn DN Viet Nam ngay trong cac nganh Viet Nam dang lu'dng ddi co ldi the canh tranh nhif det may, da giay, san \ual hang lieu diing. Ddi vdi cac nganh Viel Nam dang mong ir.uon di vao phat trien nhtf cac san phiim cdng nghe cao (thiet bi dien tu', dien tii, eong nghe thdng tin...) thi Trung Qudc deu da vi dang phiil trien manh, vdi nang life canh tranh cao. Khi hang rao thue va phi ihue difde ha thap, hang hoa va DN Trung Quoc se de dang tham nhiip thi trifdng Viet Nam va DN Viet
imA'ii
Nam se rat vat va de cd the difng vUng tren thi trifdng ndi dia.
Dii the nao di nifa ACFTA se thuc day sif phat trien ciia loan bd khu vifc Ddng Nam A va Dong A, thuc day quan he hdp tac kmh te ASEAN-i-3, tao vi the lot hdn cho ea khu vifc va moi thanh vien trong tie'n trinh tham gia vao loan cau hoa.
Trong tifdng lai khdng xa, khi "Hai hanh lang, mdt vanh dai kinh le", "Hai du'dng cao ldc, hai luyen du'dng sat" giifa Viet Nam - Trung Qudc di vao khai thac se nil ngan rat dang ke difdng van chuyen, lao ra mpt dieu
kien quan trong de nang quan he kinh te, thifdng mai va dau tif giifa Viet Nam va Tmng Qudc ciing nhif loan bd ASEAN vdi Tmng Qudc len mot tam cao mdi, gdp phan tich cifc cho sif phat trien nang dong ciia moi qudc gia ASEAN, Tmng Qudc va ctia khu viic.
De tan dung difdc ldi da nhifng cd hoi va giam thieu nhifng thach thiic lii ACFTA, d cap vl md, van de dat ra ddi vdi Viet Nam la can phai thile day cai each cd cau, the che va ehinh sach kinh te kel hdp song song vdi qua trinh cai each ngan hang va DNNN nham nang cao linh hieu qua ciia nen kinh le. 0 cap vi md, cac DN can tang ctfdng nang life canh tranh va cd chien lifdc san xua't, kmh doanh hdp ly ngay tif bay gid. Quan he kinh le vdi cac DN Tmng Qudc CO the se la thach thiic Idn thif hai ddi vdi eae DN Viet Nam, sau thach thifc canh tranh dau nhifng nam 1990 ma nhieu DN Viet Nam da vifdt qua mot each thanh cdng bang chinh noi life va sif sang tao ciia minh.
IL Khu vi/c mau djch t\i do ASEAN - Trung Quo'c va phat trien thifcfng mai bien gidfi
Trong thdi gian qua, hoat ddng thu'dng mai bien gidi da ed nhifng dong gop quan trong, khdng chi cd tac ddng ddi vdi eae tinh bien gidi ma cdn ddi vdi cac tinh khac trong vung ndi dia.
Ciing vdi cai each va md ciia, tren cd sd nhan thiic vai trd eiia hoat ddng kinh le bien mau ma trong tarn la thuc day giao lUu kinh le qua cac ctia khau du'dng bd, Chinh phii Viet Nam dii ban hanh hang loat cac chinh sach va van ban phap luat de thiic day hoat ddng nay. Do dieu kien dac thu khac nhau ciia moi dia phifdng bien gidi, lac dong ciia cac chinh sach phat tnen bien mau ddi vdi cac tinh ciing khac nhau.
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- Do nhu cau phat trien thifdng mai bien gidi, dau tif ed sd ha lang tai cac khu kinh le eiia khau tang dang ke.
- Phan cap quan ly kinh le tiep tuc du'dc thifc hien theo hu'dng phan cap manh hdn cho cac chinh quyen dia phifdng trong eae hoat dong cd lien quan den thtic day hoat dong kinh te bien mau.
- Cac khoan phi trong giao dich bien gidi (ehi phi kiem dich, hai quan, van tai..) se dUde giam thieu nham miie dich thtic day IhUdng mai bien gidi.
Viec thanh loan bien mau dUde thifc hien binh dang nhif cac hinh Ihiie thanh loan qud'c le khac.
- Do yeu cau hoi nhap khu vu'c vii qudc te, chinh sach va ed che quan ly thifdng mai Viel Nam dUde kien loan theo hifdng khuyen khich cac hoat dong XK co td chife, dap ifng chuan mUc quoc le.
- Diie biet Viet Nam ed the tan dung ed che doi thoai vii hop tac eiia ASEAN vdi Tmng Qudc de xii ly cile viin de fon tai vii biil dong nhif van de chii quyen, van de bien gidi de lao dieu kien cho IhUdng mai bien gidi.
- Vdi tu each thanh vien ciia ASEAN, Viet Nam co the phdi hdp vdi ASEAN tao siic ep can thiet doi hdi Tmng Qudc phai md ctia thi iru'dng hdn nifa, xoa bd phiin biet doi xu", lao mdi Infdng kinh doanh cong bang cho DN ASEAN va Trang Qudc.
- Khdng chi gidi han trong pham vi cac cudc dan phan ACFTA, Viet Nam co the xuc tie'n cac chu'dng trinh hdp lae kinh le lien khu vifc ciia ASEAN, tao thuan ldi cho giao lu\i hang hoa bien gidi nh'i eae van de lieu chuan chat lifdng, thu luc hai quan, an toiin ve sinh.
- Sif hinh thanh ACFTA ed y nghia tich cifc de difa eae nguon Trong bdi canh tien ldi ACFTA ed nhifng cd hdi Idn de phat hang hoa nhap lau vao cac kenh NK chinh Ihife, difdc quan ly chat Iricn thu'dng mai bien gidi:
- Cd cii'u kinh le eiia ciic linh bien gidi, dac biet la cac khu kinh le cufa khiiu dUde Ihilc diiy tang tru'dng va chuyen dich theo hu'dng phat trien manh ve thifdng mai va dich vu.
- Giao luii kinh te giifa khu vifc bien gidi vdi eae nifdc ed chung difilng bien, dac biet la vdi Tmng Qudc dUdi hinh ihifc hang ddi hiing, irao ddi kinh le bien mau ed gia Iri nhd va hop tiie dau lif difdc diiy manh.
che hdn. Day la dieu kien rat thuan ldi cho viec kien loan ed che quan ly mdi, dap ling yeu cau hoi nhap kmh le quoc te va ngan chan tinh trang nhap lau Iran lan n
* Chuyen muc co sii hdp tdc cua Trung lam Nghien ciht Phdp lugt chau A - Thdi Binh DUdng. Khoa Phdp lugt Qudc leva Kinh te Qudc te, phong B. 104, Dgi hoc Lugt Hd Ngi. sd 87 dudng Nguven Chi Thanh - HdNgi. Tel: 04. 7731787: E-mail: aphnwenWri^xahoo.com.
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