1. Mot dau

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Natural Sci., 2014, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 132-143 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn

NGHIEN CUU MOT SO CHI SO NHAN TRAC CO BAN CUA TRE EM DAN TOC KINH VA H'MONG TlJ IS DEN 17 TUOI TAI TINH YEN BAI

Tran Long Giang va Mai Van HiTng Trudng Dai hpc Gido due, TrUdng Dai hpc Quoc gia Hd Not Tom tat. Muc tieu cua cong trinh nghien cflu nay la xac dinh mpl s6 chi so nhan trac cd ban cua tre em dan tpc Kinh va H'mong 6 vung cao tinh Yen Bai. Nghien cflu dupc tiln hanh tren 1694 ngUdi (851 nam va 843 nfl) co dp tuoi tfl 15 den 17.

Ket qua nghien cflu cho thay: chieu cao dflng, can nang, vong ngUc trung binh, vdng dau, vong co, vdng canh tay trai duoi, vong bung qua r6n, vong mdng, chi so khdi lupng cd the (Body Mass Index - BMI) cua tre em d Ifla tuoi nay vdn tang.

Cac chi so nhan trac tren ciia tre em dan tpc Kinh deu ldn hdn so vdi tre em dan lpc H'mong. Chi so pignet cua tre em dan tpc Kinh va H'mong dIu thuoc loai trung binh yeu. Cac chi so hinh thai cua tre em dan tpc Kinh cd gia tri tot hdn so vdi cac gia tri tUdng flng dUdc neu trong tai lieu Cdc gid tri .sinh hpc ngUdi Viet Nam binh thudng thap ky 90 - the ky 20 cua Bp Y te va trong cac nghien cflu cua nhieu tac gia trudc day. Trong khi dd cac chi s6 nay 6 tre em ngUdi dan tpc H'mong la thap hdn va tUdng dUdng.

Tkkhda: Chi so nhan trac, dan tpc thieu so, tre em.

1. Mot dau

Nghien cflu cac chi s6 nhan trac, sfl tang trudng va phat trien cd the con ngUdi da trd thanh mon khoa hpc dUpc nhilu nha khoa hpc quan tam. Nhflng nghien cflu nay vdi muc dfch tao cd s6 khoa hpc de xuat cac bien phap nham nang cao sflc khoe, the Iflc cho cong dong d vung nghien cflu, dap flng viec phat trien san xudt va nang cao chdt Ifldng cupc s6ng, nhdt la trong giai doan hien nay.

Nghien cflu cac chi so nhan trac la mot bo phan trong qua trinh nghien cflu cac linh vflc ve phat trien con ngudi, lam cd sd, tiln de cho viec xay dung cac tieu chuan ve so do, kich thudc nham che tao. san xudt cong cu lao dpng, phUdng tien sinh hoat hang ngay.

Ngay nhan bai: 10/3/2014 Ngay nhan dang: 19/5/2014.

Tac gia lien lac: Mai Van Hifng, dia clii e-mail, hungmv@vnu.edu.vn

Nghien cdu mot sd chisd nhdn trdc ca ban ctia Ire em ddn tdc Kinh vd H'mong lit 15 din 17 tuoi..

Dong tllBi, viec danh gia the trang, dinh dil3ng, the lite va s\ic khde nham muc dich tim ra nhiing biSn ddi hinh thai the luc cua cd the con ngUdi qua tflng giai doan, tflng nhom tuoi, tflng chung dan toe. TO do co nhiing giai phap khac phuc nhflng ySu to co anh hudng dSn sflc khoe, noi giong cua cua con ngfldi.

Nhflng nghien cflu ve cac chi so nhan trac va the Iflc ciia cac tac gia Viet Nam trfldc day da co y nghia quan trong va dfloc coi nhfl kim chi nam trong nghien cflu ve ngfldi dUdc the hien trong cudn Hang so sinh hoc ngudi Viet Nam [2] va cu6n Cdc gid tri sinh hpc ngudi Viet Nam binh thudng thdp ky 90, thi kyXX[l]. Nham danh gia dac diem cac chi so nhan trac va die Iflc cua tre em theo vung sinh thai giai doan dau the ky 21, chung toi tien hanh dS tai nay vdi muc dich cd dfloc cac gia tri nhan trac co ban cua tre em ngfldi dan toe Kinh va H'mong Ifla tuoi 15 den 17 d Yen Bai, gdp phSn cung cap cac dfl heu khoa hoc phuc vu cho viec de xudt cac giai phap trong viec nang cao chit Ifldng con ngfldi Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay.

2. Noi dung nghien ciru

2.1. Doi tirang va phirong phap nghien ciJu

* Doi tUdng nghien cdu: Nhom tac gia tien hanh nghien cflu tren 1694 tre (851 nam va 843 nfl) thuoc 2 dan toe viing cao Kinh va H'mong co do tuoi tfl 15 den 17 d cac huyen Van Yen, Tran Yen, Tram Tau va Mu Cang Chai cua tinh Yen Bai. Ddi tfldng nghien cflu khdng cd benh man tinh vii khong mang di tat hinh thai.

* Phuang phdp nghien cdu: Cac chi so nghien cflu gom chilu cao dflng, ciin nang, vong ngflc trung binh, vong co, vong dSu, vong canh tay trai duoi, vdng bung, vong mong, chi so BMI va Pignet.

Bdng 1. Phdn bo doi tUdng nghien ctiu theo tuoi, ddn tdc va

•nioi 15 16 17

Gidi tinh Nam

NO Nam Nfl Nam

Nfl T6ng

Dan toe Kinh

142 143 145 140 141 141 852

H'mong 140 140 142 140 141 139 842

gidi tinh Tong

282 283 287 280 282 280 1694 Nghien cflu cac chi s6 ndi tren dupc thUc hien theo phUdng phap dinh lUdng nhan trac CLJa Nguyen Quang Quyin [8], dung cu nghien cflu lii bp thiet bj do nhan trac cua hang Lai - Ca Thuy Sy, cd tai Trung tam Nhan hpc va Phat trien trf tue. TrUdng Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi.

133

Tran Long Giang va Mai Wn Hflng

S6 lieu dfldc xft li nhd phjn mem SPSS 16.0 de tinh cac tham so dac trflng ciia cac chi tieu.

2.2. Ket qua nghien ciiu va ban luan 2.2.1. ChiSu cao diing

ChiSu cao dflng la mot chi s6 cd ban cua phat trien the chat, cd y nghia trong viec danh gia ve the Iflc cung nhfl tim vdc con ngfldi. Chilu cao dflng the hien dac diem Ifla tuoi, gidi tinh, chiing toe va dieu kien song [3].

K6t qua nghien cflu vg chieu cao dflng cda cac ddi tfldng nghien cflu dfldc trinh bay trong Bang 2. Cac s6 lieu trong Bang 2 cho thay, tfl 15 dSn 17 mo'i, chieu cao dflng cua nam tang tfl 156,29 -^ 160,23 em luc 15 tuoi len 163,15 H- 166,79 cm luc 17 tuoi, tang trung binh mdi nam khoang 3,28 -=- 3,43 cm. Chilu cao dflng ciia nfl cung tang tfl 152,02

^ 155,6 cm luc 15 tuoi len 153,51 -^ 157,83 cm luc 17 tuoi vdi tdc do tang trung binh mdi nam khoang 0,75 -^ 1,11 cm. Nhfl vay, d giai doan nay, ddi vdi cac ddi tfldng nghien cflu thuoc ca 2 dan toe, chilu cao dflng cua nam tang nhieu hdn so vdi cua nfl.

Chilu cao dflng cua nam d ca 2 dan toe trong nghien cflu cao hdn so vdi chilu cao nfl tfldng flng. Sfl chenh lech chilu cao dflng gifla nam va nfl d dan toe H' mong (8,18 cm) ldn hon so vdi d dan toe Kinh (7,08). Dilu nay la do trong cac gia dinh ngfldi H'mong nam gidi dfldc coi trong hdn, be trai dfldc cham soc tdt hdn be gai, be gai phai tham gia lao ddng nang nhoc tfl luc cdn rat nhd, diam chi nhilu be gai phai nghi hoc sdm de ISy chdng hoac trd thanh lao ddng chinh trong gia dinh.

S-s-

Kinh

Bdng 2.

Tu6i

15 16 17 Chung

Chieu cao diing (cm ) cda tre em theo tud'i, ddn tdc vd

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

x + .sr>

160,23 ± 7 , 2 6 164,45 ± 5 , 5 4 166,79 ± 5 , 1 9 163.82 ± 6,00 Tang trung b'mh/nam

H'mong ¹⁵

16 17 Chung

140 142 141 423

156,29 ± 7 , 2 3 161,31 ± 5 , 6 1 163,15 ± 5 , 4 6 1 6 1 , 0 0 ± 6 , I 0 Tiing trung binji/nam

Tang 4,22 2,34 3,28

-

5,02 1,84 3,43

Nir(2) n

143 140 141 424

X±sn 155,61 ± 4 , 6 3 156,80 ± 4 . 5 4 157,83 ± 5 , 0 6 156.74 ± 4,74 140

140 139 419

152,02 ± 5 , 6 2 152,94 ± 5 , 4 1 153,51 ± 4 , 6 7 152,82 ± 5 , 2 3

Tang 1,19 1.03 1,11 0,92 0,57 0,75

^di tinh

Y,-Y,

4,62 7,65 8,96 7,08

P (1-2)

<0,05

<0,0S

<0,05

<0,05 4,27 8,37 9,64 8,18

< 0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

So sanh chilu cao dflng cua tre em dan tpc Kinh va H'mong cho thay, chieu cao dflng cua nam, nfl dan^tpc Kmh ldn hdn so chieu cao dflng cua nam, nfl dan tpc H'mong (p

< 0,05). Chilu cao dflng cua tre em dan tpc Kinh ldn hdn chilu cao dflng theo tuoi tfldng flng neu trong tai lieu [1] cua Bp Y tl va trong cac nghien cflu cua nhieu tac gia trfldc day [1, 2, 6, 7]. Lf giai dieu nay, theo dxnng toi la cd hen quan vdi su thay doi dilu kien kinh te - xa hoi theo chilu hfldng tich cflc cua nfldc la trong nhflng nam gan day. Trong khi dd 134

Nghien cdu mdt so chi so nhdn trac ca ban cua tre em ddn tdc Kinh vd H'mong lif 15 din 17 tud'i...

cac chi so nay d nam, nfl ngubi dan tpc H'mong trong nghien cflu nay la thap hdn. Nhu vay, chilu cao dflng cua tre em dan tpc H'mong van thdp hdn so vdi nghien cdu tren cung Ifla tuoi each day gan 20 nam. Kit qua nay tU nd phan anh mdi quan he gifla cd the cac em vdi sfl phat trien kinh te, dieu kien cham soc sflc khoe, phong tuc tap quan, mdi trfldng va ve sinh,... Dan tpc H'mong vdi dac thu song d vung nui cao, dilu kien kinh tl thilu thon, tinh trang tao hon con rdt pho biln, gia dinh ddng con,... Do vay, tre em dang dp tuoi di hpc va khong di hpc deu bi huy dpng vao tham gia lao dpng rdt sdm de kilm sdng va giup dd gia dinh. Vdn dl cham soc sflc khoe cho tre em (tiem chung, kham chfla benh tai cac cd sd y tl,...) chua thUc sU dupc quan tam, nhieu hu tuc lac hau van tdn tai trong cong dong. Ben canh dd, che dp dinh duong trong bfla an thdp, la nhflng nguyen nhan dan din tinh trang tre bj suy sinh dfldng vdi s6 lupng Idn ngay tfl khi cdn nho, lam giam sflc tang trudng d tuoi day thi cung nhU sau day thi d tre em ngudi dan tpc H'mong.

2.2.2. Can nang

Cung vdi chieu cao, can nang la mot thong s6 quan trpng trong viec danh gia tdm vdc the luc cd the va cd quy luat tang trudng phu hpp vdi quy luat tang trUdng chilu cao [3]. Ket qua nghien cflu vl can nang cua tre em ngudi Kinh va H'mong dUdc trinh bay d Bang 3.

Cac s6 heu trong Bang 3 cho thay, can nang cua tre em tfl 15 -^ 17 tuoi d ca 2 dan tpc trong nghien cflu tuan theo quy luat tang trfldng can nang cua ngudi Viet Nam. Can nang cua nam va nfl d dan loc Kinh va H'mong dIu tang theo tuoi va tdc dp tang trung binh/nam ve can nang cd xu hfldng giam ddn. Nguyen nhan la do cf Ifla tuoi nay da phdn cac em da day thi chinh thflc, da trai qua giai doan tang dot biln vl chilu cao dflng (12-^

13 tuoi d nfl, 14 -^ 15 tuoi d nam), can nang da gan dat mflc cua ngfldi trfldng thanh.

Bdng 3. Cdn ndng (kg) cua tre em theo tuoi, ddn tpc vd gidi tinh

i §

Kinh H'Mong Tu6i

15 16 17 Chung

Tang tr 15 16 17 Chung

T5ng tr

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

^ ± 5 £ ) 45,88 ± 4 5 5 48,92 ± 4,02 50,96 ±3,91 48.58 ± 4 , 1 6 ung binh/nam

140 142 141 423

43,15 15,03 46,54 ± 4,42 47,69 ±3,51 45,80 ± 4 3 2 ung binh/n^m

Tiing 3,04 2,02 2,54

-

3.39 1,15 2,27

-

Nil (2) n

143 140 141 424

A' + SZ) 44,25 ± 4 , 1 1 45.62 ± 3 , 2 9 46.41 ± 3 , 6 8 45,42 ± 3 , 7 0 140

140 139 419

41,64 ± 3 , 7 5 42.88 ± 3.66 43,61 ± 3 , 5 4 42,71 ± 3 , 6 5

Tang 1,37 0.99 1,18 1,24 0,73 0,99

X, -X, 1,63 3,30 4,55 3,16

P ( l - 2 )

< 0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05 1,51 3,62 4,08 3,09

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

Cung mot Ifla tuoi, d ca 2 dan toe. can nang cua nam ludn Idn hPn can nang cua nfl (p < 0,05) va sfl chenh lech ve can nang gifla nam va nU tang dan theo tuoi. Kel qua niiy phij hdp vdi kit qua trinh bay trong tai lieu [I] va trong cac tai lieu [2, 4, 6, 7],

Trdn Long Giang va Mai Van HUng

So sanh can nang cua tre em dan tpc Kinh va H'mong cho thay, can nang cua nam va nfl dan tpc Kinh ldn hdn so vdi can nang cua nam, nfl dan tpc H'mong (p < 0,05). Can nang cua tre em dan tpc Kinh ldn hdn can nang theo tuoi tfldng flng neu trong tai lieu II]

va trong cac nghien cflu cua nhilu tac gia trfldc day [2, 6, 7]. Dieu nay co the dfldc li giai la do gia toe phat trien kinh t l da tac dpng d i n sfl tang can nang cua tre em ngfldi Kinh.

Trong khi do cac chi so nay d nam, nfl ngfldi dan tpc H ' mong trong nghien cflu nay la thap hdn. NhU vay, can nang cua tre em dan tpc H'mong vdn thdp hdn so vdi nghien cflu tren cung Ifla tuoi each day gan 20 nam. Dieu nay cung dfldc li giai tUdng tU nhfl sfl tang trfldng vl chieu cao dflng.

2.2.3. Vong ngitc t r u n g binh

Vong ngflc trung binh dfldc xac dinh bang s6 trung binh cong cua s6 do vong ngflc Iflc hit vao tan Iflc va luc thd ra gang sflc, kich thudc nay thudng dUpc phdi hdp vdi chieu cao dflng va can nang de tinh cac chi s6 phat trien cd the, dac biet chi tieu vong ngflc con dfldc dung de danh gia mflc dp phat trien cua phoi, cac xfldng va cd 16ng ngflc. Kit qua nghien cflu vong ng\Sc trung binh cua tre em Ifla tuoi 1 5 - ^ 1 7 dan tpc Kinh va dan tpc H'mong dupc the hien trong Bang 4.

Bdng 4. Vdng ngtfc trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tuoi, dan tpc vd gidi tinh

§•2-

Kinh H'ivlong Tuoi 15 16 17 Chung

Tangtr 15 16 17 Chung

T a n g t r

Nam (1) n

142 145 141 428

X ±sn 71,85 ± 4 , 4 2 76,76 ± 4,35 78,82 ± 4,53 75,81 ± 4 , 4 3 ung binh/nam

140 142 141 423

70,68 ± 4,65 74,91 ± 5 , 1 1 75,60 ± 3 , 7 5 73,74 ± 4 , 5 0 ung binli/nam

Tang 4,91

-

2,06 3,49 4.23 0,69 2,46

NCi (2) n

143 140 141 424

X ±so 73,02 ± 4 , 2 5 7 4 1 4 ± 3 , 6 6 75,19 ± 3 , 4 2 74,11 ± 3 , 7 0 140

140 139 419

7 1 , 8 6 ± 3 , 3 5 72,85 ± 4,02 7 3 , 7 0 ± 3 , 1 2 72,80 ± 3 , 5 0

Tang 1,12

-

1,05 1,09 0.99 0,85 0,92

X,-X, -1,17 2,62 3,63 1,70

P(l-2)

>0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05 -1,18 2,06 1,90 0,94

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

Cac so lieu tren Bang 4 cho thay, giai doan 1 5 - ^ 1 7 tuoi vong ngUc trung binh cua tre em nam dan tpc Kinh la 75,81 ± 4,43 cm, tre em nfl dan tpc Kinh la 74,11 ± 3,70 cm, cao hdn so vdi vong ngflc trung binh cua tre em nam dan tpc H'mong (73,74 ± 4,50 cm) va tre em nfl dan tpc H'mong (72,80 ± 3,50 cm). Vong ngUc trunh binh cua tre dan tpc Kinh cd gia tri tot hdn so vdi cua tre dan tpc H'mong. Dilu nay dfldc li giai la do sfl phat trien kich thfldc vdng ngUc cd nhflng dac diem tUPng ddi gidng vdi sU phat trien vl can nang, cac sd do ve can nang cua tre em ngUdi Kinh co gia iri tdt hdn so vdi cua tre em ngUdi H'mong, keo theo gia tri so do vong ngUc cua tre em ngudi Kinh cung cao hdn. So vdi kit qua nghien cflu neu trdng tai lieu [I] va so vdi nghien cu^ cua mot s6 tac gia khac [2, 6, 7] thi vong ngUc trung binh cua tre em ngUdi Kinh trong nghien cUu cija chung toi Idn hdn. Vong ngUc trung binh cua tre em dan tpc H'mong trong nghien cflu nay cd gia tri 136

Nghien cdu mot sd chi sd nhdn trac co ban ctia tre em ddn tdc Kinh vd H'mong td 15 den 17 tud'i...

nho hdn gia tri tfldng flng neu trong tai Ueu [1] cung nhu trong nghien cflu cua Trdn Thi Loan 16] va co gia tri ldn hdn so vdi s6 lieu neu trong tai lieu [2].

2.2.4. Vong dau

Kit qua nghien cflu ve vong dau cua tre em ngudi Kinh va H'mong dUdc trinh bay d Bang 5. Cac s6 lieu tren Bang 5 cho thay, vong ddu trung binh cua tre em dan tpc Kinh trong nghien cflu cao hdn so vdi tre em dan tpc H'mong. Cu the, tre em 15 — 17 tuoi ngUdi Kinh co vong dau trung binh ldn lUdt la 57,00 ± 1,34 cm va 55,32 zb 1,36 cm so vdi 54,05 ± 1,38 cm va 53,23 ± 1,35 cm 6 tre 15 -^ 17 tuoi ngUdi H'mong. Su khac biet nay co the do tre em ngfldi Kinh cd su phat trien vl he xUdng va nao bp d giai doan nho tuoi tdt hdn so vdi d tre cm ngUdi H'mong.

Bdng 5. Vdng ddu trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tuoi, ddn tpc vd gidi tinh

i#

Kinh Tuoi

15 16 17 C h u n g

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

X ±so 56,45 ± 1,44 57,11 ± 1,31 57,43 ± 1,26 57,00 ± 1,34 Tiing trung binh/niiin

H'Mong ¹⁵

16 17 C h u n g

140 142 141 423

53,61 ± 1,22 54,15 ± 1,53 54, 3 9 1 1,38 54,05 ± 1,38 Tiing trung binh/nam

Tang 0,66 0,32

0,49 0,54 0,24 0,39

NO (2) n

143 140 141 424

,V ± .SD 55.15 ± 1,32 55.32 ± 1,4!

55,56 ± 1,35 55.32 ± 1.36

140 140 139 419

53,16 ± 1,-36 53,21 ± 1.29 53.33 1 1.40 53,23 ± 1,35

Tang 0,17 0,24 0,21 0,05 0,12 0,09

,V, -X.

1,30 1,79 1,87 1,68

P ( l - 2 )

<0,05

•: 0,05

<0.05

<0.05

0,45 0.94 1,06 0,82

>0,05

<0.05

<0,05

< 0,05

So sanh vdi nghien cflu ciia Bd Y tl, vdng dSu trung binh cOa tre dan tdc Kinh trong nghien cflu cua chung tdi cd gia tri ldn hon. Trong khi dd chi sd nay d tre dan toe H'mong cung Ifla tudi la tflong dfldng [1]. So sanh vdi ket qua cua Mai Viin Hflng va cong stt tren ddi tfldng ngfldi Kinh cung dp tudi d vung sinh thai Nam Bo thi gia tri vdng dau trung binh d tre nam trong nghien cflu ciia chung tdi thap hon cdn d tre nfl thi tfldng dfldng [5].

2.2.5. Vong CO

Ket qua nghien cflu ve vdng cd cua tie em ngudi Kinh vit H'mong dfldc trinh bay d Bang 6. Ket qua nghien cflu cho thay, vdng ed trung binh ctia tre em dan tdc Kinh trong nghien cflu cao hdn so vdi tre em dan tdc H'mong. Cu the, vong cd trung binh tre em 15 -=- 17 tudi ngfldi Kinh cd gia tri lan Ifldt la 34,61 ± 2,58 cm va 33,08 ± 2,56 cm so vdi 33,82 ± 2,74 cm va 32,29 ± 2,35 cm d tre 15 -^ 17 tudi ngfldi H'mong.

Vdng dau trung binh cua Ire dan tdc Kinh trong nghien cflu eua chung toi cd giti tri ldn hon so vdi kit qua nghien cflu cua Bd Y te. Trong khi dd chi sd niiy d tre dan tdc H'mong cimg Ifla tuoi lit tfldng dfldng [1]. So sanh vdi ket qua ctia Mai Van Hflng va cdng sit tren doi tfldng ngfldi Kinh ciing do tudi d vung sinh thiii Nam Bd thi gia tri vdng cd 137

Trdn Long Giang va Mai Van HUng

trung binh d tre nam trong nghien cflu cua chung toi thap hdn con gia tri nay d tre nfl lai cao hdn [5].

Bdng 6. Vdng co trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tuoi, ddn tpc vd gidi tinh

Kinh Tudi

15 16 17 C h u n g

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

X ±StD 33.52 ± 2 . 7 5 34,46 ± 2,56 35,85 ± 2,43 34,61 ± 2 , 5 8 Tiing trung binh/nam

H'Mong ¹⁵

16 17 C h u n g

140 142 141 4 2 3

32,89 ± 2,52 33,75 ± 2,94 34.82 ± 2,76 3 3 . 8 2 1 2 , 7 4 T a n g trung binh/nijm

T a n g 0,94 1,39 1,17 0,86 1,07 0,97

-

NCr(2) n

143 140 141 424

'x ±S/J 31,53 ± 2 , 4 4 33,09 ± 2 , 5 1 34,63 1 2,74 3 3 , 0 8 1 2 , 5 6 140

140 139 419

31,01 ± 2 , 3 4 32,25 ± 2.59 33.61 ± 2 , 1 1 32,29 ± 2,35

T a n g 1,56

-

1,54 1,55 1,24 0,68 0,96

X,-X, 1,99 1,37 1,22 1,53

P ( l - 2 )

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05 1,88 1,50 1,21 0,53

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

2.2.6. Vong canh tay trai duoi

Vong canh tay trai duoi la mot kich thudc de xac dinh va da dUdc sfl dung rpng rai tren the gidi de danh gia tinh trang dinh dfldng cua tre, dac biet la nhflng khu vUc co nhflng tinh hudng khan cap xay ra (nhfl khflng hoang lUPng thUc, chiln tranh,...). Stevens va cong su cho biet, so vdi kich thudc bl day Idp md dudi da tai cd tam ddu canh tay thi vdng canh tay trai duoi la kich thUdc dang tin cay hdn khi danh gia ve tinh trang dinh dudng cua tre, bdi vi viec xac dinh be day idp md dudi da tai cd tam ddu canh tay thudng cho ket qua rdt sai lech, dac biet la d cac be trai [9]. Ket qua nghien cflu ve vong canh tay trai duoi cua tre em ngUdi Kinh va H'mong dUdc trinh bay d Bang 7.

Kit qua nghien cflu cua chung toi cho thdy, vong canh tay trai dudi trung binh cua tre em dan tpc Kinh trong nghien cflu cao hdn so vdi tre em dan tpc H'mong. Cu the, vdng canh tay trai dudi trung binh tre em 15 -^ 17 tuoi ngudi Kinh co gia tri ldn Iflpt la 22,32

± 1,92 cm va 22,04 ± 1,88 cm so v6i 21,37 ± 1,93 cm va 21,10 ± 1,79 cm d tre 15 -^

17 tuoi ngUdi H'mong. Nguyen nhan la do che dp dinh dUdng cung nhfl sy cham soc d tie ngfldi Kinh tdt hdn so vdi tre ngfldi H'mong, so Ifldng tre ngfldi Kinh bi coi va com it hdn so vdi d tre ngudi H'mong. T6C dp tang vong canh tay trai duoi trung binh/nam cua tre nam d ca 2 dan toe ldn hdn so vdi gia tri tUdng flng cua tre nfl. Dieu nay la do Ifla tuoi nay tre nam dang hoac vfla trai qua giai doan day thi va bat ddu qua trinh tang manh ve can nang va tich md dudi da, trong khi qua trinh nay d tre nfl dien ra sdm hdn d tre nam tfl khoang 1 den 2 nam.

So sanh vdi ket qua nghien cflu cua Bp Y tl dfldc neu trong tai lieu [1] thi kit qua so do vong canh tay trai duoi d ire ngfldi Kinh giai doan 15 4- 17 tuoi trong nghien cflu cua chung tdi la cao hdn. Trong khi dd, gia tri nay d tre ngfldi H'mong la tUdng dudng.

138

Nghien cdu mdt .sd chisd nhdn trdc ca ban cua tre em ddn tdc Kinh vd H'mong tit 15 din 17 tudi..

Bang 7. Vdng canh tay trai duoi trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tuoi, ddn tdc vd gidi tinh

§•2-

Kinh Tuoi

15 16 17 C h u n g

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

Jc ±so 2 I , 3 7 ± 1 , 9 0 22,36 ± 1,95 23,25 ± 1,87 2 2 . 3 2 1 1,92 T a n g trung binh/niim

H'Mong ¹⁵

16 17 C h u n g

140 142 141 423

20,42 ± 1,88 21,53 ± 1.92 22,16 ± 1,96 21,37 ±1.93 T a n g trung binh/nam

Tang 0,99 0,89 0,94

-

1,11

-

0,63 0,87

-

Nil (2) n

143 140 141 424

! Y ± S £ ) 21,50± 1,85 2 2 , 0 6 1 1 , 7 9 2 2 , 5 7 1 2 , 0 1 22,04 ± 1,88 140

140 139 419

20,39 ± 1,78 21,40± 1,65 21,50± 1,95 2 I , 1 0 ± 1,79

Tane 0,56

-

0,51 0,54 1,01

-

0,10 0,56

X. - !<:

-0.13 0,30 0,68 0,28

P ( l - 2 )

>0,05

<0,05 c 0 , 0 5

<0,05 0,03 0,13 0,66 0,27

>0.05

< 0.05

<0,0S

<0,0S

2.2.7. Vong bung

Vong biing qua r6n cd lien quan chat che din gidi tinh, dp beo gay cua cd the va the trang cua tre em. Kit qua nghien cihi vl vong bung qua r6n cua tre ngUdi Kinh va H'mong dUdc trinh bay d Bang 8.

^ang 8. Vdng bung qua rdn trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tudi, ddn tdc vd gidi tinh

C u

§2-

Kinh Tuoi

15 16 17 Chung

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

^ ±SD 7 1 , 6 7 1 4 , 2 5 73,95 1 4,67 75,51 ± 4 , 5 9 73,71 ± 4 . 5 0 Tiing trung binh/nam

H'Mong 15

16 17 Chung

140 142 141 423

66,24 ± 3 , 9 8 67,56 ± 4 7 5 70,25 ± 4,66 68,02 1 4.47 T a n g trung binh/niim

Tang 2,28 1,56 1,92 1,32 2.69 2,01

.

NO (2) n

143 140 141 424

X ±SL) 6 6 , 8 5 1 4 , 4 1 68,08 ± 4,59 6 9 , 7 0 1 4 , 7 3 6 8 , 2 0 1 4 , 5 8 140

140 139 419

6 2 , 8 8 1 4 , 1 8 64,01 1 4 , 9 2 65,32 1 4,72 64,07 ± 4 . 6 1

Tang 1,23

-

1,62 1,43

.

1.13 1,31 1,22

-

X, - X.

4.82 5,87 5,81 5,51

P ( l - 2 )

<0,05

<0,05

<0,05

<0.05 3,36 3.55 4,93 3,59

•= 0,05

<0,05

< 0,05

<0,05

Kit qua nghien cflu cho thdy, vdng bung qua rdn trung binh cua tre ngUcii Kinh cao hdn vdi tre ngU5i H'mong. Cu the, vong bung qua ron d tre ngubi Kinh la 73,71 ± 4,50 cm va 68,20 ± 4,58 cm so vdi 68,02 ± 4,47 cm va 64,07 ± 4,61 cm d tre ngudi H'mong.

T6C dp tang vong bung qua ron d tre nam trong giai doan nay luon cao hdn so vdi tre nfl (p < 0,05). T 6 C dp tang vong bung qua rdn trung binh/nam d tre trai la 1,92 cm (nam dan tpc Kinh) va 2,01cm (nam dan tpc H'mong), trong khi dd gia tri nay d nfl IUdng flng la 1,43 cm (nfl dan tpc Kinh) va 1,22 cm (nfl dan tpc H'mong). Dieu nay cho thdy, sU phat trien vong bung qua ron cd the cd hen quan din giai doan day thi cua tre.

So sanh vdi nghien cflu cua Bp Y tl [1], vong bung trung binh qua rdn cua tre trong nghien cflu cua chung toi cao hdn d ca 2 dan tpc.

139

Tran Long Giang va Mai Wn HUng 2.2.8. Vong mong

Cung gidng nhu vong bung, chi tieu vong mong ndi len sfl phat trien b l ngang cua cd the va cung dfldc sfl dung de danh gia dp beo gay va the tang cua cd the, chi tieu nay mang dac tinh troi cua nfl gidi.

Kit qua nghien cflu ve vong mong cua tre em ngudi Kinh va H'mong dfldc trinh bay d Bang 9.

Bdng 9. Vdng mdng trung binh (cm) cua tre em theo tuoi, ddn tpc vd gidi tinh

C (J

Kinh H'Mong Tudi

15 16 17 C h u n g

Tiing tr 15 16 17 C h u n g

T a n g tr

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428 j n g bi

140 142 141 423 ling bi

'x±SD 83.15 ± 4 , 8 9 87,11 ± 4 , 7 5 89,43 ± 5,01 8 6 , 5 6 1 4 8 8 h/niim

8 1 , 0 1 1 4 . 7 2 84,17 ± 4 , 9 6 87.21 1 4 , 6 8 8 4 , 1 4 1 4 . 7 9 h/nam

Tiing 3,96 2,32 3,14 3,16 3,04 310

-

N i J ( 2 ) n

143 140 141 424

J^ ±si:>

80,45 ± 4,53 84,07 ± 4,67 87,32 ± 4,59 83,93 ± 4,60 140

140 139 419

7 9 , 1 9 1 4 , 3 9 83,11 ± 4 , 6 8 85,36 ± 4,55 82,55 ± 4 5 4

Tang 3,62 3,25 3,44 3,92 2,55 3,24

-

X, -X, 2,70 3,04 2,11 2.63

P(l-2)

<0,05

<0,OS

<0,05

<0,05 1,82 1,06 1,85 1,59

<0,05

< 0,05

<0,05

<0,05

Kit qua nghien cflu cho thay, vong mong trung binh cua tre ngudi Kinh cao hdn so vdi tre ngudi H'mong. Cu the, vong mong trung binh d tre ngUdi Kinh Ifla tuoi 15 4- 17 la 86,56 ± 4,88 cm (d nam) va 83,93 ± 4,60 cm (6 nfl) so vdi 84,14 ± 4,79 cm (6 nam) va 82,55 ± 4,54 cm (d nfl) cua tre dan tpc H'mong. So sanh vdi kit qua nghien cflu cua Bp Y te dfldc neu trong tai Heu [1], vdng mong trung binh cua tre ngudi Kinh trong nghien cflu cua chung toi cao hdn so vdi trong nghien cflu cua Bp Y tl. Trong khi gia tri nay d tre ngfldi H'mong la tfldng dfldng (5 tre nam) va thdp hdn (d tre nfl).

2.2.9. Chi so BMI ciia tre em

Chi so BMI dfldc sfl dung de danh danh gia mflc dp gay hay beo cua mot ngudi. Ket qua nghien cflu chi s6 BMI cua tre em dflpc trinh bay trong Bang 10.

Cac so lieu trong Bang 10 cho thay, chi so BMI tre 5 ca hai gidi cfla hai dan tpc van tang nhe theo tuoi. Mflc tang trung binh d giai doan nay cua tre ngfldi Kinh va ngfldi H'mong lan Ifldt la 0,23 kg/m^ (nam Kinh); 0,18 kg/m^ (nfl Kinh); 0,13 kg/m^ (nam dan tpc H'mong); 0.25 kg/m^ (nfl dan tpc H'mong). Dilu nay chflng td, giai doan 15 -^ 17 tudi, toe dp lang chieu cao cua tre vdn thap hdn so vdi toe dp tang can nang. So sanh vdi kit qua nghien cflu cua Trdn Thi Loan [6] tren tre em Ha Npi (nam 2001) thi chi BMI trong nghien cflu cua chung toi d ca hai dan tpc la tfldng dfldng. Con co sanh vdi ket qua nghien cflu cua Bo Y te [1], chi s6 BMI 5 ca hai dan tpc Kinh va H'mong trong nghien cflu nay deu cao hdn.

140

Nghien cdu mdt .so chi sd nhdn trdc ca ban cua tre em ddn tdc Kinh vd H'mong tif 15 den 17 tuoi...

§-s

Kinh

Bdng 10.

Tuoi 15 16 17 C h u n g

Chi so BMI cda tre em theo tudi, ddn toe vd gidi N a m ( l )

n 142 145 141 428

x + su 17,87± 1,35 18,09 ± 0 , 8 3 18,32 ± 0 , 8 2 I8,09± 1,00 T a n g trung binh/niim

H'Mong 15

16 17 C h u n g

140 142 141 423

17,6710.80 17.8910.89 17.9210,91 17,83 ± 0 , 8 7 Tiing t m n g binh/nam

T a n e 0,22 0,23 0.23 0,22 0,03 0,13

-

N i r ( 2 ) n

143 140 141 424

A''± 5 0 18,27 = 0,78 18,561 0.82 18.6310,86 18,4910,82 140

140 139 419

18,0210.79 18.33 1 0 7 5 18.5110,62 18.29 ± 0 , 7 2

Tang 0,29 0.06 0,18 0,31 0,18 0,25

-

n'nh

Y,-Y.

-0,40 -0.47 -0.31 -0.40

P ( l - 2 )

<0,05

< 0,05

< 0,05

< 0,05 -0.35 -0,44 -0,59 0,46

< 0.05

< 0.05

<0.05

< 0.05

2.2.10. Chi so Pignet cua tre em

Sfl tang trfldng the luc bieu hien bdi hai chi s6 danh gia the luc thudng dupc sfl dung de nghien cflu tren ngUdi Viet Nam lii chi so Pignet va chi s6 QVC. Chi so Pignet dupc tinh toan thong qua tdm vdc cd the (chilu cao dflng, can nang, vdng ngUc trung binh) nen sfl tang trudng the luc cung tuan theo cac quy luat phai trien cua cac kich thudc lam vdc cd the ndi tren.

Kit qua nghien cflu chi so Pignel cua Ire em dupc trinh bay tren Bang 11.

Bdng II. Chisd Pignet ciia tre em theo tuoi, ddn tdc vd gidi tinh Q '2'

Kinh

Tuiii 15 16 17 C h u n g

N a m ( l ) n

142 145 141 428

'.\ I . s o 42.50 ± 6 . 6 5 3 8 . 7 7 1 5 7 8 37.01 ±4,64 39,43 1 5.69 T a n g trung binh/nam

H'Mong ¹⁵

16 17

1 4 l P 142 141 423

42,46 1 3,60 39,86 1 5,37 39.86 ± 4.66 40,72 ± 4,55 T a n g Irting binh/nani

(liam 3.73 1,76 2,75 2.60 0.00 1,-30

Nil (2) n

143 140 141 424

X ± .su 38,34 ± 3.37 37,04 ±3,42 36,23 ± 3,80 37,21 ±3.53 140

140 139 419

38,52 ±3,11 37,21 ± 3 , 1 9 36.20 ±2.87 37,31 ± 3 . 0 6

Ciiam 1,30 0,81 1.06 1,31 1,01 1.16

A', - X 4 1 6 173 0,78 2.22 3,94 2.65 3,66 3,41

P ( l - 2 )

~< 0.05

<0,05

>0,05

< 0,05

< 0.05 '. 0.05

•: 0,05 [_< 0.05

Cac so lieu tren Biing 1 1 cho thSy. chi sd Pignet ciia Ire giam diin d cac Ifla tuoi nghien cflu. Dieu ntiy It) do d Ifla tudi nhd (6 4-14 tudi d nam vii 6 = 13 tuoi d nfl) chieu cao ctia tre em tiing nhanh hdn so vdi can nang vii vdng ngiK, cdn d Ida tudi 15 : 17 d nam vii 14 -;- 17 tudi d nfl thi can nang va vdng ngilc lai phat trien nhanh hdn chi6u cao.

Nhfl vay, Ifla tudi 15 -i- 17 d nam vii 14 -f 17 tudi d nU, cd the ciia tre em Ird len can ddi hdn vii sflc khde cua cac cm cung tdt htm.

141

Trdn Long Giang va Mai \ ^ HUng

Chi so Pignet cua tre dan tpc Kinh nho hdn so vdi 6 tre dan tpc H'mong d ca hai gidi, vdi p < 0,05. Cu the, chi s6 Pignet trung binh d tre ngU5i Kinh Ifla tuoi 15 -:- 17 la 39,43 ± 5,69 cm (d nam) va 37,21 ± 3,53 cm (6 nU) so vdi 40,72 ± 4,55 cm (d nam) va 37,31 ± 3,06 cm (cf nu) cua tre dan tpc H'mong.

So vdi kit qua nghien cflu cua Bo Y t l 11] cho thdy, chi so Pignet cua tre ngudi Kinh va ngUdi H'mong trong nghien cflu cua chung toi co gia tri nho hdn d ca hai gidi.

Dilu nay cho thdy, the Iflc cua tre trong nghien cflu cua chung toi co gia tri tdt hdn so vdi nghien cflu each day gdn 20 nam.

3. Ket luan

Tre em tfl 15 -^ 17 tuoi ngfldi dan tpc Kinh d Yen Bai co tdm voc va the Iflc vao loai trung binh theo thang phan loai 6 Viet Nam. Sfl chenh lech v l cac chi s6 nhan trac gifla nam va nfl d ca hai dan tpc la co y nghia th6ng ke. Sfl tang trfldng cac chi s6 nhan trac va the lUc cua tre em trong nghien cflu tuan theo cac quy luat tang trfldng binh thfldng d ngfldi Viet Nam.

Tre em tfl 15 -f- 17 tuoi ngudi dan tpc H'mong d Yen Bai co tdm vdc vao loai thdp, nho so vdi nhilu nghien cuM cua cac tac gia khac. Mflc chenh lech ve cac chi so nhan trac cua tre em ngUdi H'mong vdi nghien cflu cua Bp Y t l each day gdn 20 nam la khong dang ke. Dilu nay phan anh gia tdc phat trien kinh te cung nhfl dieu kien sinh thai da anh hfldng ldn tdi sfl tang trfldng vl tam vdc cua ngfldi dan tpc H'mong noi rieng va ngUdi dan tpc thieu so song d vung cao ndi chung.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Bp Y te, 2003. Cdc gid tri sinh hpc ngudi Viet Nam binh thudng thap ky 90 the ki XX. Nxb Y hpc. Ha Npi.

[2] Bp Y t l , \915. Hdng so sinh hpc ngudi V/e?/Vam. Nxb Y hpc. Ha Npi.

[3] Trdn Long Giang, 2014. Dac diem tdng trudng vd sd lupc nghien cdu tdng truong tre em d Viet Nam. Tap chf khoa hpc, TrUdng Dai hpc Hai Phong, s6 2, 2014.

14] Trdn Long Giang, Mai Van Hung, 2013. A'g/i/en cdu mot so chi sd hinh thdi cHa tre em td 6 den J 7 tuoi tai tinh Yen Bdi. Tap chi Y hpc Viet Nam, tap 411.

[5] Mai Van HUng, Hoang Quy Tinh, 2013. Sd dung phdn mem WHO Anthroplus trong nghien cdu mdt sd chi sd nhdn trdc cua tre em phd thdng trung hpc theo viing sinh thdi Nam Bd. Tap chi Y hpc Viet Nam, tap 411.

[6] Dao Huy Khue, 1991. Dac diem ve kich thudc hinh thdi, ve sU tdng trUdng vd phdt trien ca the cua tri em pho thdng 6-17 tuoi (thi xd Hd Ddng, tinh Hd Son Binh).

Luan an Pho tien si Tre em hpc, TrUdng Dai hpc Tong hdp Ha Npi.

[7] Tran Thi Loan, 2002. Nghien cdu mdt sd chi deu the'luc vd tri tue cua tre em tif 6 - 1 7 tudi tai quan Cau Gidy, Hd Ndi. Luan an Tiln si Sinh hpc, Trudng Dai hpc SU pham Ha Npi.

Nghien cdu mdt .sd chi so nhdn trdc cO ban cua tre em ddn toe Kinh vd H'mong td 15 din 17 tuoi...

18] Nguyin Quang Quyen, 1984. Nhdn trac hpc vd su dung nghien cdu tren ngudi Viet Nam. Nxb Y hpc. Ha Npi.

[9] Hoang Quy Tinh, 2010. Nghien cdu mot so dac dii'm hinh thdi co the tre em ngUdi ddn tpc Thdi, H'mong, Dao d tinh Yen Bdi vd cdc yiu td lien quan. Luan an tiln si Sinh hpc, Trfldng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.

ABSTRACT

The basic anthropometric indexes of 15 - 1 7 year old Kinh and H'mong children in Yen Bai Province

This study was conducted to determine the basic anthropometric index changes of Kinh and H'mong children in Yen Bai Province. The research was carried out on target groups that consisted of 1694 children (851 males and 843 females) aged 15 to 17. The research results show that the children'standing height, weight, average chest size, average head size, average neck size, average left arm length, average abdomen size average buttock size and BMI increased with age. The basic anthropometric indices of Kinh children are larger than for H'mong children. According to the Pignet index, the average size of both Kinh and H'mong children is in the weak groups. The morphological-physical indexes of Kinh students have improved when compared to the Biological norms for Vietnamese people in the J990s found in previous studies while these indicators are equal to or lower for H'mong children.