QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU
CHUONG TRINH DAN NHAN MOI TRUdNG 6 CHRU RU €U-€COLRR€l.
v n U€N H€ V 6 l VICT NRM
Nguyen Binh Dirong*
Tom tat: Trong bdi cdnh cdc siic ep ve mdi trudng ngdy cdng gia tdng, di cd the phdt trien vd cgnh tranh tren cdc thi tru&ng l&n, cdc doanh nghiep budc phdi cd hdnh dpng ldm gidm nhe nhuTig tdc ddng den moi truang trong qud trinh sdn xudt, kinh doanh. Bdi viit ndy nghiin cuu nhimg npi dung ca bdn cita chuang trinh nhdn mdi truang EU-Ecolabel, ddng thai phdn tich thdnh tuu vd hgn che cua chuang trinh ndy. Song song v&i do, bdi viet phdn tich cdc chuang trinh nhan mdi tnr&ng dang dp dung a Viet Nam hien nay. Tie dd, bdi viet rut ra nhung bdi hpc Idnh nghiem tir viec xdy dung vd dp dung chucmg trinh nhdn mdi trudng EU-Ecolabel a chdu Au hien nay cho Viet Nam .
Tir khoa: EU-Ecolablel, kinh nghiem, mdi tru&ng, nhdn, Viet Nam
Abstract: In the context of increasing environmental pressures today, to increase the competitiveness and survive on the market, enterprises have to focus on the reduction of negative impacts on environment of their production and business process. This article aims to study the main contents of the EU-Ecolabel program, and analyzes the achievements and hmitations of this program. At the same time, the article presents an overview of the current environmental labeling programs in Vietnam. Finally, the article identifies the key lessons of the construction and application of EU-Ecolabel environmental labeling program in Europe and its implications for Vietnam.
Key words: Environment, EU-Ecolablel, implications, label, Vietnam
T r e n the gidi hien cd rat nhieu chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng dugc xay dyng va ap
'TS, Dai hoc Ngoai thugng
Nhdn bdi ngdy: 5/4/2019 Phdn biin xong 20/4/2019 Chdp nhdn dang 5/5/2019
dung thanh cdng. Mdt sd nhan mdi tmdng tieu bieu tren the gidi cd the ke den la cac nhan mdi tmdng ciia EU, Nhat Ban, Singapore, Thai Lan... Nhan mdi tmdng EU- Ecolabel la mdt trong nhiing nhan cd quy md sir dung Idn nhat, dugc Nghi vien va Hdi ddng Chau Au thiet lap de sir dung cho toan
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"5(224h2019
bd khdi Lien minh Chau Au (EU). Day ciing la mdt trong nliu'ng chuong trinli nhan mdi trudng tiianh cdng nhat khi thu hiit sd lugng san pham dang ky tham gia chuong trinh len den hon 70.000 san pham. Do vay viec phan tich nhiing ndi dung co ban ciia chuang trinh nhan mdi trudng EU-Ecolabel va bai hpc kinh nghiera se cd y nghia thyc tien Idn ddi vdi Viet Nam ti-ong viec xay dung chuong tiinh nhan mdi tmdng cua rieng minh.
1. Khai ni^m nhan moi trirong Theo Ngan hang The gidi, thuat ngii
"nhan mdi tmdng - Ecolabels" la nhan cung cap thdng tin ve cac tac ddng mdi trudng lien quan den viec san xuat, sir dung san pham.
Nhan mdi trudng thudng dugc ap dung mdt each ty nguyen nhung ciing cd the la bat budc trong nhiing tmcmg hgp nhat dinh'.
Td chirc Tieu chudn Do lucmg Qudc ti' da dua ra khai niem ve "nhan radi tmong - Environmental Perfonnanee Labels" la td hgp ky ty hoac do hga bieu thi thudc tinh mdi tmdng cua san pham hay dich vu mang nhan. Thudc tinh radi tmdng d day chi hieu u'ng tich cyc den mdi tmdng trong qua trinh san xuat va tieu dimg hang hda gan nhan so vdi nhiing hang hda khdng gan nhan.
2. N6i dung co ban cua chu-ong trinh nhan moi trirong EU-Ecolabel
2.1. Lich sii- ra d&i
' Ahmed Kulsum (2012).
^ ISO (2012).
Tai chau Au, nam 1991, Hdi ddng Bd tmdng mdi tmdng ciia EU da thdng qua Chuong trinh cap nhan mdi tmdng EU nham rauc dich thiic day viec thiit ki, san xuat, ban va su dung san pham/dich vy xanh, giam nhe tac ddng den mdi tmdng trong toan bd vdng ddi ciia san pham, cung cap cho ngudi tieu dimg thdng tin vi san pham xanh.
Chuong trinh dau tien cd su tham gia ciia 18 nude, trong dd 15 nude la thanh vien ciia EU va 3 nude Na Uy, Ireland, Liechtenstein.
Hien nay, cimg vdi sy md rdng cua EU, sd lupng nude thanh vien ciia chuang trinh da len tdi 28 nude: Phap, Dire, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan, Luxembourg, Anh, Ireland, Dan Mach, Hy Lap, Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, Ao, Thuy Dien, Phan Lan, Sec, Hunggari, Ba Lan, Slovakia, Slovenia, Litva, Latvia, Estonia, Malta, Sip, Bungan va Rumani va Croatia.
Nhan mdi tmdng EU-Ecolabel la nhan hieu mdi tmdng ciia chau Au, cap cho hang hoa va dich vu (khdng gdm thyc pham, do udng, dugc pham) la dau hieu nhan biet san pham dich vu cd tac ddng den mdi tmdng giara hon so vdi san pham ciing loai, dap img tap hgp cac tieu chi mdi tmdng cdng bd bdi cac qudc gia thanh vien EU.
Chuong trinh da trai qua nhieu lan sira ddi, lan sira ddi nam 2000 tap trung vao viec phan dinh hoat ddng giiia nhan EU-Ecolabel va cac nhan mdi tmdng ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien. Theo dd, Nghi vien va Hdi ddng Chau Au cho rang: "Trong khi cac chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng mdi ciing nhu hien cd
^hitffnjg trinh dan nhdn... 69 CLia cac qudc gia thanh vien cd the tiep tuc
phat sinh va tdn tai, cac thanh vien can phai dam bao su phdi hgp giira nhan mdi tmdng Cdng ddng EU-Ecolabel va cac chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng khac, de thiic day cac rauc tieu chung ciia tieu diing ben viing cua Cdng ddng Chau Au"'. Lan sira ddi nam 2005 da md rgng Iinh vyc san pham ap dung cho chuong trinh, tir hang hoa da md rdng den cac san pham dich vu.
2.2. Tieu chi cdp nhan moi trir&ng EU Ecolabel
Nhan mdi tmdng EU bao gdm mdt loat cac nhdm san pham, tir cac linh vyc san xuat cho den khach san du lich. Viec lya chgn nhdm san pham se do Uy ban Chau Au hoac Hdi ddng Nhan sinh thai Lien minh Chau Au di xuit vdi viec xem xet cac nhdm san phara dua tren cac can cii bao gdm: i) Sd lugng san phim dupe kinh doanh trong thi tmong EU phai dil Idn. Viec nay nham bao dam hieu qua ciia viec sau khi dua nhdm san pham vao chuong trinh se cd tac ddng thuc te den thi tmdng; ii) Trong vdng ddi san pham, cd it nhat mdt giai doan cd tac ddng den mdi tradng. Myc dich ciia EU-Ecolabel la de giam cac tac ddng mdi tmdng trong toan bg vdng ddi ciia san pham. Do vay, san pham budc phai cd it nhat radt giai doan trong vdng ddi gay ra tac ddng den mdi tmdng thi mdi phil hgp vdi tieu chi can ban ciia chuang trinh; iii) San phim phai dugc danh gia la cd tiim nang cai thien mdi tmdng khi dupe ngudi tieu dimg lya chgn; ddng thdi cung
phai cd kha nang khuyen khich cac nha cung cip/san xuit nhan biit dugc lpi the canh tranh khi tham gia chuong trinh cap nhan; iv) San pham phai cd mdt phan khdi lugng tieu thu thudc cac nhu cau tieu diing cudi cung.
Trong trudng hgp san pham dugc sir dyng toan bd vdi myc dich la san pham tmng gian, vdng ddi san pham se khdng the dupe danh gia trpn ven, khien viec dua san pham vao danh gia la vd nghTa.
Nhan EU-Ecolabel se dupe cap can cii tren hieu suat mdi truang cua cac san phara, ddng thdi ciing xet den cac muc tieu chien luge mdi nhat ciia Uy ban Chau Au trong linh VUG mdi tmdng. Ca sd khoa bgc cua viec cap nhan la viec xem xet toan bd vdng ddi cua san phara vdi cac ndi dung nhu uu tien thay the cac chat ddc hai bang cac chat an toan hon, hoac thdng qua viec sii dung cac vat lieu hoac thiit ki thay thi; kha nang giara tac ddng radi tmdng do dp hen va kha nang tai su dung cua san pham; an toan cho siic khde, dam bao phii hpp vdi cac cdng udc va thda thuan qudc te cd lien quan.
2.3. Minh bgch thong tin, hieu lire vd su- bdo ve cho sdn pham dwac cdp nhan
Mdt ndi dung quan trgng ti-ong chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU-Ecolabel la quy dinh minh bach thdng tin tu danh sach nhdm san phira, rieu chi, ciing nhu san pham dupe chimg nhan, quy trinh thii tuc. Tat ca deu duoc cap nhat day dii tren cdng thdng tm chinh chirc ciia chuong trinh'', ddng thdi
^ Fjirnnean rormnuTiities f2000)
'' Cing thong tin chinh thicc ciia EU Ecolabel: http://
ec.europa.eu/ environment ecolabel/
70 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^5(224).20l9
dugc the hien bang ngdn ngii ciia cac thanh vien, giiip dd cho viec tmy cap va sir dung thdng tin cua khdng chi cac don vi trong khdi raa cdn ca nhung don vi ngoai khdi.
Cac tieu chi cho mdi nhdm san pham dugc siia ddi ba hoac bdn nara mdt lan. Do dd, thdi han su dung tdi da ciia mdt dang ky ciing chi gidi han tai ba hoac bdn nam. EChi bg tieu chi thay ddi, nhiing ngudi sii dyng nhan BU-Ecolabel se tien hanh dang ky lai khi cac tieu chi mdi, sua ddi nay cd hieu luc.
Trong thdi gian ban hanh tieu chi mdi, mdt giai doan chuyen tiep de nhiing ngudi sir dung cd the dieu chinh san pham hoac dang ky danh gia lai thudng dugc cho phep va dugc quy dinh rd rang.
Nhan mdi tmcmg EU-EcoIabel dupe coi la mdt san pham thuong mai, do do bat ky viec sir dung trai phep nao nhan mdi tmdng
nay deu dugc coi la vi phara phap luat cua EU. Nhu da phan tich d phin tren, viec cap quyen sir dung nhan dugc ban hanh nhu mpt hgp ddng, qua dd rang budc nghia vy ciia ngudi sir dung nhan phai thyc hien ciing nhu nghia vu ciia td chiic cip nhan tirong viec dam bao tinh minh bach va uy tin ciia toan bd chuong trinh.
3. Thanh cong va han chi ciia chuong nhan mdi truong EU-EcoIabel
3.1. Thdnh tim
So lugng sdn phdm dugc cdp nhdn ngdy cdng tdng
Ciing nhu viec thuc hien chiic nang radi tmdng, cac thanh tuu ve kinh te cua chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU- Ecolabel dugc the hien tiidng qua sd lupng giay phep dugc cap ciing nhu sy nhan biet ciia thi tmdng ve nhan.
Hinh 1: So lirgng sdn phdm dieffc cdp nhdn EU-Ecolabel tur 2010 den 2018
• 80000
, 60000
j 40000
i
! 20000
72227 54113 •
1
432g7 44713 1 1
1' 11 i 11
2.301 224^ 1 1 1 1 1 1
ratmJl
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2CI7 2018• S5si „ p h 4 .
Ngudn: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/
Phii^ng trinh ddrt nhdn.... 71
Tinh den nam 2018, giay phep nhan mdi tmdng EU-EcoIabel da dupe trao cho 72.227 san pham va dich vy cd san tren thi tmdng.
Hinh I cho thay su tang tmdng cua sd lugng san pham dupe chimg nhan EU-Ecolabel k i tii nam 2010 d i n nam 2018.
Tiem nang cho doanh sd tii cac san pham cd chimg nhan mdi tmdng EU- Ecolabel la rat Idn. Sd lieu thdng ke tai Ao cho thay, doanh tbu cac san pham dugc gan nhan EU-Ecolabel tang dan ttr khoang 100 tiieu EUR vao nam 2002 len 694 tiieu EUR vao nam 2 0 I 0 l
Ve khia canh tieu dimg, mdt cupc khao sat dugc thyc hien bdi Eurobarometer vao thang 4/2009 cho thay 4 0 % sd ngudi dugc hdi d chau Au biet ve nhan mdi trudng EU- Ecolabel. Hon 80% sd ngudi dugc hdi ndi rang hp chu y den cac khia canh mdi trudng khi mua va 47% ndi rang hp cd xu hudng chii y den viec dan nhan mdi tmdng. Ro rang, nhan mdi tmdng da ddng vai trd chinh trong hanh vi mua hang ciia cua cac khach hang nay.
Ngdy cdng nhiiu cdc doanh nghiep tham gia chuang trinh
Nhan mdi tmdng EU Green Label khdng chi nhan dugc mdi quan tara cua cac doanh nghiep ndi khdi EU ma cdn gianh dupe sy quan tam ciia doanh nghiep nude ngoai. Theo bao cao ciia Wools of New Zealand (2018), mpt cdng ty san xuat sgi den tir New Zealand, ciing la cdng ty dau tien
nude ngoai tren the gidi dugc thanh cdng gia nhap chuang trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU- Ecolabel vdi san pham sgi ndng nghiep.
Bang each tham gia chuong trinh, cdng ty cung cap su minh bach cho khach hang doanh nghiep cung nhu nhiing ngudi su dung cudi cung la ngudi tieu diing hang det len. Hanh dgng nay ciing giiip WNZ loai bd nhiing trd ngai de gia nhap thi trudng EU, vugt qua nhung rao can ve quy dinh ky thuat, ciing nhu tang gia tri ciia san pham sgi^
Ming Fai la cdng ty dau tien d Hdng Kdng dugc chiing nhan EU-Ecolabel trong Iinh vuc dich vu khach san. Tap doan hien dang cung cap san phara my pham cd nhd cho cac chudi khach san nhu Novotel, Mercure, hay Gothia Tower. Nhiing san p h i m tham gia chuong trinh EU-EcoIabel gdra dau gdi - xa, sGa tam, xa phdng dung trong cac he thdng phdng khach san da giiip Ming Fai giam thieu cac tac ddng den mdi tmdng nhieu nhat cd the, va ddng gdp cho sy phat triin ben viing. Sy tham gia chuong trinh ciia Ming Fai ciing la mpt can cii de cdng ty phat trien cac san pham cua minh trong cac chudi khach san tai EU, dac biet la cac chudi khach san ciing tham dy chucmg trinh EU Eco Label tai Italy hay Phap'.
La mdt trong nhiing thanh vien dau tien ciia Mang ludi nhan mdi tmdng toan cau GEN, EU-Ecolabel da dat dugc vi the viing
' Blanca Morales & Michela Vuerich (2014).
^ Wools of New Zealand (2018).
'Ming Fai (2018).
72 NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5{224).2019
manh sau 27 nam ra ddi va phat trien. Ben canh do, EU-Ecolabel cdn ddng thdi ddng vai trd diu dat cho nhiing chuang trinh nhan mdi tmdng ciia cac qudc gia, td chirc ra ddi sau.
Thdnh tuu ve mdi trudng
De cd the trd thanh thanh vien cua EU- Ecolabel, cac san pham se phai dap img day dil cac tieu chi khoa hpc do chuang trinh dat ra. Cac tieu chi dd da la nhiing quy chuan cao nhat the hien nd lyc vi mdi tmdng ciia san phara gan nhan EU-Ecolabel khi so sanh vdi cac san pham cdn lai. Viec khach hang lya chpn rapt san pham EU-Ecolabel thay the cho san pham khdng gan nhan la mdt hanh ddng the hien tac dgng tich cyc den mdi tmdng, it nhit la giam dugc tac ddng trong giai doan san xuat.
Nhiing san pham va dich vu tren thi tm'dng da dupe trao tang Nhan mdi tmdng EU-BcoIabel cd dp bao phii rdng, hi chit tay rira, giay dep, son hay giay in... Tuy chua cd nhiing nghien ciiu hay thdng ke cu the ve viec nhiing san phim gin nhan EU-Ecolabel mang lai bao nhieu loi ich cho mdi tmdng song chimg ta cd the dya tren nhiing tmdng hgp cdng ty tieu biiu thuc hien chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU ddng gdp cho mdi tmdng ra sao dk hiiu dupe tac dung ciia chuong trinh.
Theo tdng kit ciia EC Q-ong ITnh vuc khach san, lupng khi tieu thy ddi vdi nhiing khach san tham gia vao chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU- Ecolabel da giam 16%,
lugng nude tieu thy giam 32% trong khi so lugng khach tang len chi sau mdt nam tham gia chuang trinh EU Ecolabel .
Ben canh do, European Environment Agency cho biet trong giai doan 1990 - 2016, hieu qua sir nang lugng ciia tieu dimg cudi cimg trong khdi EU dugc cai thien 30% giiip tiit kiem nang lugng dang ke dii nen san xuat phat trien vugt bac. Nhiing thanh tuu mdi trudng nay ddng gdp vao muc tieu thuc hien chuong trinh phat trien ben viing cita chau Au, ciing nhu sy cai thien cac chi sd mdi trudng ciia ca khu vuc .
3.2. Hgn chi ciia chirang trinh nhdn moi trir&ng EU-Ecolabel
La mdt ti-udng trinh nhan radi tmdng lau ddi va da trai qua nhieu sira ddi, trong qua trinh phat triin, EU-Ecolabel da the hien mdt sd ban che nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, vi danh muc san pham dupe dang ky tham gia chuong ti-inh. Trong nhung nam dau tien, EU-Ecolabel chi quan tam den cac san phim huu hinh la hang hda dugc san xuit bdi cac nha may. Trong nhimg nam tiep theo, EU-Ecolabel da dua danh myc cac dich vu vao viec lya chgn san pham va xay dung tieu chi cip nhan. Hien nay, chuang trinh loai tni thuc phim va thudc khdi pham vi lya chgn san pham do nhiing dac tinh khac biet cua cac loai san pham nay.
Th-ir hai, EU-Ecolabel la chuong trinh chung ciia toan khdi EU, song song vdi
European Commission (2018).
^ European Environment Agency (2019).
&ue&ng irinh ddn nhdn... 73 chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng rieng ciia cac
qudc gia trong khdi. Viec nay, trong thdi gian dau, gay ra khd khan cho cac nha san xuat khi khdng biet phai lya chgn chuong trinh nao cho san pham cua minh. Bang nd luc ciia EC, EU-Ecolabel da trd thanh chuong trinh dugc toan khdi uu tien ap dyng
khi dimg trong tirang quan vdi cac chuong trinh nhan mdi trudng qudc gia. Ddng thdi, the hien dugc vai trd ciia chuong tiinh ddi vdi toan khdi va qudc te.
Thir ba, chi phi chuong trinh do tung co quan cd tham quyen d mdi qudc gia quy dinh.
Bang 1: Mirc phi EU-Ecolabel d' mot so nir&c chauAu
Italy
Phap
Phi dang ky / Phi dang k^ min
Tieu chuiin
1.200
1.215 SME/tCt nuoc DPT(i)
600
600 Doanh nghiep sieu nho
350
350
Phi gia han / Phi sira diri
Tieu chuiin
100
920 SME/
hi nuoc DPT(i)
100
(•)
460 Doanh nghiSp sieu nho
100
(•)
308
Phi thirong nien
Tigu chuan
500- 25.000
(")
1.543 SME/tU nuac DPT(i)
350- 18.750
(**)
774 Doanh nghiep sign nho
100- 3.000
(**)
363
Phi di Idem t r a ciia CB
Chau Au
600- 1500
6 5 5 - 1635
Ngoai Chau Au
100
200
Tat ca cac chi phi d u g c the hien bang E U R
(*) 100 EUR chi ap dung nka cac san p h i m khong thay doi hoac co nhirng thay doi nho, ngu khong thi ap dung phi diing ky / diing ky moi.
{**) Phi hang nam: dugc tinh tren % doanh thu cua cac san pham d u g c ban Co g i n nhan E U Ecolabel. Thu phi 0,15% voi san pham, 0,10% vai dich vu-
(***) Chi ap dung cho cac san phSm / dich vu d u g c ban tir nam 2018 trg di, va chi danh cho cac doanh nghiep sieu nho. Mirc phi co dinh la 100 E U R se d u g c ap dung, bat ke doanli thu la bao nhieu.
(i): Cac doanh nghiep vua va nho hoac cac to chuc dSn tir cac n u a c dang phat trien
Ngudn: Tdc gid tong hpp tir http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/documents html
74 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5(224).2019
Bang 1 cho thay miic phi nay la khac nhau, va cd nhirng sy chenh lech ro rang trong mirc phi. Lay vi du, phi tieu chuan dang ky tai Phap la 1.215 EUR trong khi tai Italy la 1.200 EUR, su chenh lech ve chi phi nay cd the khuyen khich cac nha san xuat chuyen don ve cac qudc gia cd le phi thap hon trong tmdng hgp phi di chuyen la khdng dang ke. Van de Ie phi chenh lech la ket qua cila viec EU-Ecolabel hoat ddng dua tren cac quy dinh ciia co quan cd tham quyen dat tai nude thanh vien, va mdi thanh vien cd mgt gia tri tien te hay trinh dp kinh te khac nhau.
Van de nay gan nhu la khdng the khac phyc dupe.
4. Tong quan ve cac chirffng trinh nhan moi trirdng cua Viet Nam
Viet Nam hien nay dang ciing liic ap dung nhieu chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng d ca quy md nha nude va dia phuong. O quy md nha nude cd chuang trinh Nhan xanh Viet Nam, Nhan nang lugng, Nhan bdng sen xanh. CJ quy md dia phuong cd chuong trinh Nhan canh budm xanh
Chuong trinh Nhdn xanh Viet Nam Chuong trinh cip nhan sinh thai ciia Viet Nam (Nhan xanh Viet Nam) dugc Bd tmdng Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tiirdng phe duyet nam 2009 theo Quyit dinh sd 253/QD- BTNMT ngay 5/3/2009 nhim tang cudng su dung bin viing tai nguyen thien nhien va bao
ve mdi tmdng thdng qua viec khuyen khich cac mau binh san xuat va tieu dimg cac san phim than thien vdi mdi tmdng dugc Nha nude danh gia, chiing nhan. Ve ndi dung, chuong trinh dugc ti-iin khai lam hai giai doan ndi dung cy tiie, bao gdm giai doan xay dung he thdng danh gia, chimg nhan va cap
"Nhan xanh Viet Nara" cho san pham, dich vy than thien vdi mdi tmdng, va giai doan van hanh nham mang lai nhiing hieu qua tdt nhat. Ddi vdi giai doan xay dung "Nhan xanh Viet Nara", Viet Nam da tien hanh hoan thien co cau td chiic quan ly chuong trinh, tiin hanh lua chpn san pham nghien cim, va thiet lap tieu chi cap nhan. Trong giai doan van hanh, Viet Nam da tien hanh thuc hien cac cdng viec lien quan den sy cdng khai, tinh tu van ciia chuong trinh, ciing nhu hoan thien quy trinh dang ky va cap giay chiing nhan, di kem vdi dd la cac quy dinh vi hieu luc va su bao ve cho san pham dugc cap nhan.
Tren co sd viec thuc hien Quyet dinh sd 253/QD-BTNMT, ngay 02/12/2013, Bd TMMT tiip tuc ban hanh Thdng tu sd 41/20I3/TT-BTNMT bd sung va sira ddi vi trinh ty, tbu tuc, chiing nhan va gan nhan sinh thai cbo cac san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng. Theo dd, toan bd qua trinh dang ky va sii dung Nhan xanh Viet Nam cho doanh nghiep dugc hudng dan mpt each toan dien va chi tiet. Ben canh viec lam ro quy
^hit^ng. trinh ddn nhdn*.. 75 trinh, Thdng tir sd 41/20I3/TT-BTNMT
ciing lam ro cac quy dinh ve trudng hgp sira ddi, thay ddi trong viec sir dung Nhan xanh Viet Nam theo nhiing thuc te sir dyng chuong trinh.
Chuang trinh Ddn nhdn ndng lugng Chuang trinh Dan nhan nang lugng bat dau trien khai tir nam 2008 theo hinh thiic ty nguyen. Tir ngay 01/03/2013, chuong trinh Dan nhan nang lugng trd thanh yeu ciu bit budc theo Quyit dinh 51/2011/QD- TTg ban hanh ngay 12/09/2012 cua Thii tudng Chinh phii.
Myc tieu Chuong trinh Dan nhan nang lupng nhim dan nhan nang lugng cho cac san phim ap dung raiic hieu suat nang lugng tdi thiiu de tiit kiem tieu dimg tich liiy. Dy kiin, Viet Nara se tiit kiera dugc khoang 10 nghin ti ddng (480 trieu USD) tirong duong se giara lugng khi thai carbon dioxide cua 34 trieu tin vao nam 2030. Lupng tiet kiem dien qudc gia hang nam se vao khoang 6.000 GWh/nam, giam dugc nhu ciu tucmg duong vdi khoang hai nha may dien dot than 500 MW, tuong duong I ti USD diu tu nha may dien (Vu Tiit Idem ndng lugng vd Phdt trien bin vimg, 2018).
Bd Cdng Thuong phdi hgp Bd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe xay dung Bp tieu chuan ky thuat Viet Nam vi phuong phap do va danh gia hieu suit nang lugng cho phuong
tien, thiet bi thuc hien dan nhan nang lugng.
Chuong trinh dan nhan nang lupng do Bp Cdng Thuong chii tri thyc hien da nhan dupe su triin khai ddng bd, tich cyc, dupe phdi hpp bdi nhiiu bd, nganh cd lien quan; dugc trien khai ddng bd tir tmng uong tdi dia phuang trong hoat ddng kiem tra san xuat, nhap khau va giam sat san pham sau chiing nhan khi san phim luu thdng tiren thi trudng.
Trong dd, ddng gdp vao thanh cdng cua chuang trinh Nhan Nang lupng phai ke den sy tham gia tich cyc ciia cita Tdng cyc Hai quan, Bg Tai chinh, Bd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe, Ca quan thanh tra va quan ly thi tmdng tai Sd Cdng Thuong cac tmh thanh phd.
Chuang trinh Nhdn bong sen xanh Day chuong trinh do Tdng cyc Du lich thupc Bd Van hda, Thi thao va Du lich trien khai theo Quyit dinh sd 3 849/QD- BVHTTDL ban hanh nam 2010. Nam 2012, Tdng cue Du lich da xay dyng va trinh Bp VHTTDL phe duyet ban hanh Bp tieu chi Nhan du Hch bin viing Bdng sen xanh cho cac CO sd luu tni du lich tai Viet Nam, md diu cho viec xay dung he thdng tieu chi du lich bin vung d Viet Nam. Chirng nhan Nhan du lich ben viing Bdng Sen Xanh (gpi tit la Nhan Bdng Sen Xanh) cap cho cac ca sd luu tni du lich da dap ung dupe cac tieu chuin bao ve mdi tmdng va phat trien ben viing.
76 NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5(224).2019
Chuang trinh Nhan cdnh budm xanh Chuong trinh Nhan Canh budm xanh do dy an JICA - du an bao ve mdi tmdng Vinh Ha Long do UBND tinh Quang Ninh, Co quan Hpp tac Qudc ti Nhat Ban (JICA) va Vien Du lich ben viing Viet Nam phdi hgp xay dung. Nhan sinh thai Canh budm xanh la nhan hieu cap cho cac tau thiiy du lich dat tieu chuan ve bao ve mdi tmdng va trach nhiem xa hdi. Tau thuy du lich dugc cip Canh budm xanh la cac tau thiiy da cd nhirng nd luc trong viec bao ve radi tmdng, sir dyng hieu qua tai nguyen nang lupng, gdp phin bao ve di san, phat trien kinh te, van hda, xa hdi ciia dia phuong de phat tridn du lich bin viing. Nhan Canh budm xanh dugc cap tren CO sd ty nguyen tham gia va dap img day dii cac tieu chi va quy trinh thii tuc danh gia, Nhan sinh thai Canh budm xanh ciing chinh la mdt trong nhiing tieu chi de nhan biet chat lupng tau thuyen tham quan Vinh Ha Long do du an JICA, du an bao ve mdi tmdng Vinh Ha Long ciing Vien Du lich ben •viing Viet Nam phdi hgp xay dyng. Nhan hieu Canh budm xanh la yeu td quan trpng gdp phan nang cao nhan thirc va tang cudng bao ve mdi tmdng trong hoat ddng tau du lich d vinh Ha Long.
Cac chucmg trinh nhan mdi tm'dng d Viet Nam da thu dupe nhieu thanh tyu- Tuy nhien, van tdn tai nhieu ban che trong viec ap dung cac chuong trinh nay.
Han che dau tien cua cac chuong trinh nhan sinh thai d Viet Nam dd chinh la viec cd qua nhieu chuang trinh d quy md qudc gia lan quy md dia phuong dupe dua ra. Mdi chuang trinh do mgt co quan true thudc mdt bd quan ly, mdi chuang trinh ciing hudng muc tieu den mdt ITnh vuc hoac nganh nghe khac nhau. Han che tiip theo ciia cac chuang trinh nhan sinh thai d Viet Nam la viec thyc hien duoc tien hanh mdt each khdng lien tijc.
Trong giai doan dau cua cac chuang trinh, cac CO quan quan ly rat nd lyc trong viec xay dung khung tieu chuan, khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tham gia dang ky. Tuy nhien, sau 3-5 nam thyc hien chuong trinh, do khdng nhan dugc lgi ich thiit thyc tii viec tham gia cac chuong trinh nay, sd doanh nghiep dang ky va duy tri chiing lai, va tham chi khdng cd thay ddi mdi dugc cap nhat tren cac cdng bao ciia cac co quan van hanh.
Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh van hanh td chiic cac chuang trinh nhan sinh thai, ciing tdn tai nhung han che ve mat chinh sach khi cac hudng dan thyc hien chua dugc ro rang di cac ben cd the tham gia ap dung.
4. Bai hoc kinh nghiem cua EU cho qua trinh xay dung chirong trinh nhan moi truong tai Viet Nam
Thdng qua viec phan tich noi dung chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng ciia EU ciing nhu cac chuang trinh nhan mdi tmdng tai Viet Nam d tren, chiing ta nit ra dugc cac bai
&ut£fng trinh ddjt nhdn... 11
hpc cho qua trinh phat trien chuong trinh nhan radi tmdng ciia Viet Nam hien nay.
Ddi vdi cdng viec cdng khai thdng tin, Viet Nam can phai hpc tap chuong trinh ciia EU trong viec tien hanh sir dung ngdn ngir qudc te hda. Cdng thdng tin tryc ridp noi cung cap cho cac ddi tupng hen quan cac thdng tin ve chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng ciia Viet Nam mdi chi dugc thuc hien bang tieng Viet. Tai EU, ngdn ngii cua toan bd cac qudc gia thanh vien deu dugc dua vao hudng dan chuong trinh. Viec thieu phuong tien lien lac bang ngdn ngii qudc te nhu tieng Anh ciia cac chuang trinh nhan mdi trudng tai Viet Nam, vd hinh tmng da giam di kha nang hpp tac mang tinh qudc te ciing nhu nhu cau thamg gia chuong trinh ciia cac ddi tac nude ngoai khi gap khd khan trong viec tim hieu thdng tin.
Su bat ddng ngdn ngii ciing khien cho vai trd tu van cua chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng d Viet Nam khdng dat hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Ngoai tinh tu' van khi cd td chirc thanh lap tir nhieu dai dien, ciing nhu tinh tu van trong qua trinh lay y kien cho bd tieu chi, sy tij van cdn cd the hieu thera theo nghia den la su giai dap thac raac cua cac don vi lien quan den chuang trinh. Rao can ngdn ngii khien viec dua ra thac mac va giai quyet thac mac deu gap trd ngai, ddng thdi lam giam tinh ddng gdp ciia nhiing nha san xuat cd trinh dp phat trien ca tam qudc te.
Kinh nghiem ve quy trinh va viec phe duyet chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdngve san pham dugc nit ra tir viec md rdng dang ky don tryc tiep thanh true tuyen. Ve nguyen tac, toan bd cac hd so giay td cua san pham deu phai duoc giri den co quan quan ly chuong trinh nhan mdi trudng de tien hanh xet duyet. Tuy nhien, viec dang ky hd so tryc tuyen, sau do giii hd so qua dudng buu dien tao thuan lgi cho doanh nghiep trong viec tiet kiem chi phi di lai ciia ca nhan phai tien hanh dang ky. Trong bdi canh khoa hgc cdng nghe thdng tin ngay cang phat trien, tiet kiem thdi gian va chi phi thdng qua viec img dyng cac cdng nghe ky thuat, ngay ca trong viec tien hanh nhiing cdng viec thuan tiiy nhu dang ky ciing la hinh thuc the hien nd luc trong viec tiet kiem tai nguyen, tang hieu qua lao ddng.
Kinh nghiem cudi citng dupe nit ra tir phuang thirc bao hd ciia chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng EU-EcoIabel thdng qua each thyc hien chuang trinh. Cac chuang trinh nhan mdi tmdng hien tai d Viet Nam thuan tuy la chuong trinh chung nhan. Theo dd, viec cac nha dang ky sau khi dat dupe chiing nhan ma khdng thuc hien theo cam ket se khd cd the dugc giai quyet bang cac cdng cu phap luat. Trai lai, trong EU- Ecolabel, viec sir dyng nhan hieu cua chuang trinh nhan mdi tmdng dugc thyc hien nhu mdt hgp ddng nhupng quyen. Thdng qua do, chuang tiinh nhan mdi tmdng va ngudi sir dung rang
78 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N'*5{224).2019
budc lan nhau thuc hien quyen lgi va nghia vu, day chinh la ddng lyc de ca hai phia ciing chap hanh tdt chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng.
Ket luan
Nhan EU Ecolabel dugc cdng nhan tren khap chau Au va tren toan the gidi. Vdi 27 nam hinh thanh va phat trien, EU Ecolabel la nhan hieu xuat sac ve mdi tmdng dugc trao cho cac san pham va dich vy dat tieu chuan mdi tmdng cao trong sudt vdng ddi ciia chiing: tir khai thac nguyen lieu, san xuat, phan phdi va xii ly. Chuong trinh Nhan sinh thai EU Ecolabel cung cap cac hudng dan cap thiet cho cac cdng ty dang tim each giam tac ddng mdi tmdng va dam bao hieu qua ciia cac hanh dgng radi tmdng ciia hp. Hon niia, nhieu cdng ty chuyen sang cac tieu chi Ecolabel ciia EU de dupe hudng dan ve cac thyc hanh tdt nhat than thien vdi radi tmdng khi phat trien cac ddng san pham cua hp. Bai viet nay nghien cim nhiing ndi dung co ban cua EU-Ecolabel ciing nhu nhiing thanh tyu, ban chi ciia chuong trinh nay. Ngoai nhung thanh tiju dat dugc nhu sd lupng va danh muc cac san pham dupe cap nhan ngay cang rad rdng, quy md cac cdng ty thara gia EU- Ecolabel ngay cang gia tang nhanh chdng, cac doanh nghiep tham gia dat dugc nhiing thanh tiru dang ke ve mdi tirudng, thi chuang trinh nay van tdn tai mdt sd han che den tir viec thdng nhat cac quy dinh chung ciia chuong trinh ap dyng cho toan khdi EU va
quy dinh rieng ciia timg nude thanh vien EU.
Ngoai ra, danh myc cac san pham dugc cap nhan bi gidi han, le phi cip nhan chenh lech giiia cac nude thanh vien ciing la nhiing han che ciia chuong trinh EU-EcoIabel. Thdng qua viec phan tich thuc trang cac nhan mdi tmdng ap dung d Viet Nam hien nay, bai viet nit ra mpt sd bai hpc kinh nghiem de chuong trinh nhan mdi tmdng ciia Viet Nam boat ddng cd hieu qua nhu bd sung ngdn ngii qudc te tren tren cdng thdng tin dien tir va, cho phep nop don cap nhan true tuyen va thay vi viec cap nhan nhu mdt chuong trinh chiing nhan, cd the thyc hien cap nhan mdi tmdng nhu mdt hpp ddng nhupng quyen.
Nhiing kinh nghiera nay cd the giiip ich cho Viet Nam trong qua trinh xay dung va ap dung chucmg trinh nhan mdi tmdng mdt each cd hieu qua.
Tai li§u tham khao
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^hit&ng tvinlt ddn nfidn... 79
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Organisation Internationale de Normalisation, Switzerland, 2012
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