QUAN HE VIET NAM - LIEN XG GIAI DOAN 1945-1991
TRAN THI MINH TUYET
Tom tat: Trong lich su quan he ngoai giao cua Nha nuac Viet Nam Dan chii Cgng hoa va sau nay la Nha nuoc Cpng hoa xa hoi chu nghta Viet Nam niJca cuoi the ky XX, quan he vai Lien X6 co mot vj tri quan trong dac biet. Sir hop tac ciing nhu sir giup da to Ion cua Lien X6 trong g4n niia th^ ky da gop ph§n quan trong vao thang Iai cua each mang Viet Nam va tao nen m6i quan h8 dac biet than can giua 2 nuoc. Vice nhin nhan Iai m6i quan he Viet Nam - Lien X6 khong chi giiip ta hoi tuang ve thoi thinh vugng ciia he th6ng xa hgi chii nghia (XHCN) ma con nhan dugc nhung bai hgc quy bau ve cong tac d6i ngoai ciing nhu cam nhan dugc tinh nghia sau dam giua hai quoc gia - dan tgc.
Tit" khda: Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo; hiep uoc hgp tac toan dien; dong minh chien luge; doi tac chien luge.
Ma Sau
Khi dat nuac Lien X6, thanh tri trong he th6ng XHCN con ton tai, quan he toan dien voi Lien X6 iaac coi la .hon (?fl tdng cua nen ngoai giao Viet Nam. Mac du, mile do lien ket a tirng giai doan co khac nhau nhtmg xet ve tong the, do vln la moi quan he ben chat nhat, hieu qua nhat trong lich su ngoai giao Viet Nam the ky XX. Viec tim hilu moi quan he Viet Nam - Lien X6 trong gkn nira the ky ton tai khong chi giiip ta h6i tuong ve thoi thjnh virging ciia he thflng XHCN ma con nhan dugc nhiing bai hoc quy bau ve chinh sach dfli ngoai cung nhu cam nhan dirge tinh nghia sau dam giua hai quoc gia - dan tgc.
1. Sff \vtoc moi quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo giai doan 1945 - 1991
Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo dugc mo dau bang su ra doi cua Nha nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa nam 1945 va ket thiic bang su sup dfl cua Nha nuoc Xo Viet nam 1991. Trong gan 50 nam ton tai, quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl co thS chia lam 4 chang duong nho 1945 1950, 1950 - 1954, 1955 - 1975, 1975 - 1991 voi cac mile do gJn kk khac nhau.
Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo giai cloan 1945 -1950
Sir hinh thanh quan he Viet Nam Lien Xfl gan lien voi ten tuoi cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh - nguai dat nhn mong
Tien sT, Hgc vien Bao chf va Tuyen truyen.
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi Vict Nam, so 1(86) - 2015
cho moi quan he do. Vao nhOng nSm 20 cua the ky XX, nguod thanh nien yeu nuoc Nguyen Ai Quflc tren hanh trinh van dam di tim con duong cilu nuoc da tim den chu nghia Mac - Lenin, di theo tieng ggi ciia Quoc te Cgng san (QTCS).
Hoat dflng lau nam trong QTCS nen Nguoi CO thoi gian dai gan bo voi dat nuoc Lien Xfl. Khi tro ve nuoc va lanh dao thanh cflng Cach mang thang Tam, vao ngay 22 thang 9 nam 1945, tiep do la ngay 21 thang 10 nam 1945, voi tu each la nguyen thu ciia Nha nufltc Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa, Hfl Chi Minh da giii 2 birc cong dien cho D?i nguyen soai Xtalin de nghi Lien Xo cong nhan n6n dgc lap cua Viet Nam va giiip do, iing hg Viet Nam. Tiec la 2 biic cflng dien nay khong dugc tra Iai. Su im lang ciia Lien Xo luc do dugc ly giai boi 2 ly do. Thir nhdt. nhirng nam dau sau Chien tranh The gioi thir II, moi quan tam lan nhat ctia Lien Xfl la ciing cfl cac nuoc dan chii nhan dan a Dong Au con khu vyc Dong Nam A xet ve chinh tri con kha xa so vai lgi ich truoc mat cila Lien Xfl; thit hai, theo thfla thuan tai hpi nghi lanta (thang 2 nam 1945) va hgi nghj Pflxdam (thang 7 nam 1945) giiia cac nuoc dong minh, Viet Nam va Dflng Duong van thugc pham vi anh huong truyen thflng ciia cac nuoc phuang Tay.
Luc nay. Lien Xfl dang muon tranh thu Phap de Phap khflng dimg ve phia My trong cupc chien tranh lanh nen Lien Xfl khong mufln dung cham den quyen lgi ciia Phap o Viet Nam. Vi the, trong giai
doan nay, quan he ngoai giao giila 2 nuoc vSn chua dugc thiet lap.
Quan he Viet Nam Lien Xo giai doan 1950 -1954
Ciing voi nhttng thay dfli trong tuong quan luc lugng Viet Nam - Phap theo chiSu huong ngay cang co lgi cho Viet Nam Dan chu cgng hoa, ciing voi su ra dofi cua nuoc Cgng hoa dan chu nhan dan ~ Trung Hoa va su thiet lap quan he ngoai giao giiia 2 nude Viet Nam - Trung Quflc vao ngay 18 thang 1 nam 1950, quan he ngoai giao Lien Xo va Viet Nam da chinh thirc dugc thiet lap ngay 30 thang 1 nam 1950. Tuy nhien, quan he moi chi ii mire do "khflfi dong". Thang 2 nam 1950, Chii tich Hfl Chi Minh sang tham Lien Xfl nhung do la cuge gap khflng chinh thuc. Sy ung hfl cua Lien Xfl voi Viet Nam trong giai doan nay tap trung 6 cac ITnh vuc sau day;
+ Tren ITnh vuc chinh tri - ngoai giao, vai tu each la Uy vien thuang tryc Hfli dflng bao an Lien Hgp Quoc, thang 2 nam 1952, Lien Xfl phii djnh de nghj cua chinh quyen Bao Dai xin ra nhap tfl chitc nay. Thang 9 nam 1952, Lien Xfl de nghj Hgi dong bao an ket nap Viet Nam Dan chii Cgng hoa vao Lien Hgp Quflc nhung bj Anh, Phap, My phu quySt.
+ Tren ITnh vice qudn su, Li§n Xfl vien trg cho Viet Nam 76 khiu phao 37 ly, 12 dan hoa tien Caehiusa, mpt sfl tiiu lien K50, 685 xe van tai va so lugng Ion thuoc ky ninh. Tuy so vien trg nay khong nhieu nhung day la nhimg vu khi co sire tan cflng cao, uy lyc manh truorc ke thu.
Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo giai dogn 1945 - 1991
+ Tren ITnh vuc vdn hoa. Lien Xo da tiep nhan dao tao sinh vien, thyc tap sinh, nghien ciiu sinh Viet Nam de chuin bj ngufln nhan lyc tri thirc cho Viet Nam.
Tir nam 1953, so lugng nguai hgc tap tai Lien Xo da len tai 200 nguoti"'.
Khi cuoc khang chien chflng Phap ciia nhan dan Viet Nam buoc vao giai doan cuoi, Hpi nghj Gionevo ve van de Dflng Duong da duge ma ra. Voi tu each la mot trong hai ddng chu tich ciia hfli nghj. Lien Xfl vofi quan diem ung hfl giai phap hoa binh 6^ Dflng Duong co tieng noi rat quan trpng a hpi nghj. Ket qua la hiep djnh Gionevo da dugc ky ket. Ngay sau khi hoa binh lap lai, ngay 4 thang 11 nam 1954, Lien Xo lap dai sir quan tai Viet Nam. Tir day, quan he Viet Nam Lien Xfl buoc sang mgt trang sii mdi.
Quan he Viet Nam Lien Xo giai doan 1955 - 1975
Giai doan 1955 1975 la giai doan nhan dan Viet Nam phai tien hanh cuoc khang chifln gian khfl chflng de quflc My. Ngoai giao Viet Nam budc vao tran chi6n dau mdi vdi nhiing dieu kien quflc ti vira thuan lgi, vira kho khSn.
Thuan lgi la Viet Nam tiip tuc nhan dugc sy giup da ngay cang ldn cua cac nude XHCN, dirng diu la Lien Xfl, Trung Quflc. Khd khan la nSn ngoai giao non tre cua Viet Nam phai chflng chpi vdi nin ngo?i giao sieu cudng ciia My, phai tim ra dfli sach hgp ly de han chi tac hai eua sy bat hoa Lien Xfl -
Trung Quflc va duy tri dudng Ifli dgc lap, tu chii trudc sire ep cua cac dflng minh than can. Trong thdi ky nay, quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo co sy khac biet kha ldn d 2 chang dudng nho 1955 - 1964 va 1965- 1975.
Trong giai dogn 1955 - 1964, quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo phdt trien len cao mot buoc so voi giai doan tru&c nhung do Lien Xo dang mong muon day nhanh tien trinh hoa hoan vdi My de My va cac dflng minh eiia My cong nhan nguyen trang Chau Au sau chien tranh nen quan diem cita Lien Xo luc ndy Id giii hien trang 2 mien Nam - Bdc d Viet Nam.
"Lien Xo khong tan thanh vdi viec dau tranh vu trang de giai phong mien Nam dugc thflng qua tai hfli nghj Trung uong lan thll 15 (thang 1 nam 1959) va tai Dai hpi Dang III (thang 12 nam I960) cua Dang lao dpng Viet Nam *. Quyet tam danh My ciia Viet Nam Dan ehu Cflng hda khflng phu hgp vdi chinh sach hoa hoan eiia Lien Xo dudi thdi bi thu thit nhat Khorusflp. Vi the, sy giiip dd cua Lien Xo trong giai doan nay kha chimg myc, chi de xay dyng ca sd vat chat va dilu kien phdng thu cho mien BJe.
Tham chi, ban than Lien Xo cung khong
' " H6ng Hanh, Hai Ha (2000), "Tim hieu sir giup da cua Lien Xo trong hai cuoc khang chien ciia nhan dan Vi?t Nam (1945 - 1975)", Tap chi Lich sic quan sir, so 4, tr.9.
'"' Nguyen Nggc Mao, Vu Thj Hong Chuyen (2005), "Nhin lai quan he Xo - Viet thoi ky 1945 - 1975", Tap chi Nghien ciru Lich sir, s6 thang3,tr.61.
5
Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hoi Viit Nam. so 1(86) - 2015
mufln cflng khai sy giiip &o nay. Nha sii hpc ngudi My John Prados da khai quat ve moi quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl d giai doan nay nhu sau: "Dudi thdi Khorusflp, Matxcova da tiep Ha Ngi mgt each khflng that giau cam xiic. Vien trg va kim ngach bufln ban luon d miic khiem tfln bdi mfli quan tam ciia Lien Xo chu yeu lue nay la cai thien quan he vdi Hoa Ky""'.
Tuy nhien, chang dudng tiep theo 1965 - 1975 da chiing kien su thay doi ve chdt trong quan he hai nude vd su giup dd cua Lien Xo Id vo cung to Ion.
Dilu gi da din den su nflng am dac biet nay? Theo ehung tfli, dd la nhiing ly do sau. Thu nhdt, khi My bj ca nhan loai len an vi dua quan My vao tryc tiep tham chien d mien Nam Viet Nam va diing chien tranh pha hoai dfl huy diet mien Bac theo chien luge "chien tranh Cue bg" thi Lien Xo khong the tiip tuc chinh sdch hoa hodn vai My bdng moi gid. Dieu dd se lam the gidi nghi ngd ve kha nang va trach nhiem eiia Lien Xfl trong viec bao ve dflng minh. Han nflra, viec Lien Xfl tich cyc iing hg Viet Nam cung se la mgt con bdt dl Lien Xo thuang lugng vdi My trong nhirng van de lien quan den lgi ich cua minh. Thir hai, sau khi bi thu thu nhat Khdrusop bj lat dfl (1964), ban ldnh dgo mat cua Bdng Cong sdn Lien Xo dimg ddu la Bregicmhep di theo lap truang ung ho Viet Nam ddnh My. Thic ba, khi mau thuln Lien Xo - Trung Quflc dang ngay
cang cang thing thi viec Lien Xo tich cue irng ho Viet Nam ldm Trung Quoc khong the ndm iron vdn de Viet Nam de roi don phuang mac ca vdi My. Thic tu, quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl chat chS lam tang uy tin cua Lien Xfl vi liic nay danh My da trd thanh thieac do lucmg tri, phim gia con ngudi va tinh than quflc te vfl san. Ket qua la, trong chuyen tham ehinh thiic Viet Nam thang 2 nam 1965, Chil tjch Hfli dong bg trudng A.N Cflxughin tuyen bfl: "Tir nay. Lien Xfl hoan toan iing hfl cac cufle dau tranh chflng My citu nude cua Viet Nam"'"'.
Trong vong 10 nam (1965 - 1975) giOa Viet Nam va Lien Xfl cd 51 cuge gap Clip cao tir uy vien Bp Chinh trj trd len*^'.
Quan he chinh tri mat thiet da tao dieu kien cho qua trinh hgp tac song phuong ve ngoai giao, kinh te, van hda va dac biet la d ITnh vye quan su - dieu can nhat cho Viet Nam khi phai chien dau tryc dien vdi My. Tit nam 1965, Lien Xo da vien trg nhieu vii khi quan su hien dai cho Viet Nam nhu ten lua "dat dfli khflng" (Viet Nam vin ggi la SAM II), eac loai may bay phan luc, siing phdng khflng... Lien Xo da cung cip cho Viet Nam khoang tren 2 ty nip hang vien trg
"' Jond Prados (2005), "Con duong huySt rajch mang ten Ho Chi Minh tron^ cuge chien Viet Nam", Tap chi Xira vd Nay, so 241, tr.21.
'"' (2002), Ngoai giao Vi$t Nam 1945 - 2000, Nxb Chi'nh tri qu6c gia. Ha Ngi, tr.201.
' " Nguyin Nggc Mao, VD Thj H6ng Chuyen, s<W, tr.64.
Quan he Viil Nam - Liin Xo giai doan 1945 -1991
quan su"'. Ciing vdi viee vien trg vQ khi, Lien Xo da dao tao giup Viet Nam dgi ngO can bg quan sy tai gidi de van hanh cac vii khi hien dai do. Trong dien van ngay 23 thang 9 nam 1967, Chu tjch Hfli dflng bp truong Cflxughin da ndi:
"Nhirng ngudi Xfl Viet dang giiip dd va tham gia vao eugc dau tranh anh hiing ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va thay rang, vii khi vien trg cho nhan dan Viet Nam dang dugc nhiing ban tay tin cay sit dung, ring vii khi dfl dang giang tra ke xam luge mpt each dich dang"' '. Ben canh sy giup dd to Idn va cflng khai do, vi Igi ich ciia minh. Lien Xfl ciing chap nhan de nghj eiia My nen da thuyet phuc Viet Nam di vao dam phan vdi My.
Tren tinh than hgp tac chat che, thau hieu va tfln trgng lan nhau, giai doan 1965 - 1975 la giai doan hgp tac rit hieu qua giiia 2 nude. Sy giiip dd to ldn cua Lien Xfl trong giai doan nay la mgt trong nhiing nhan tfl din den thang Igi cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong cupc khang chien chflng My.
Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo giai dogn 1975 -1991
Vdi thing lgi vT dai miia xuan 1975, Ijch sir Viet Nam budc sang mpt trang mdi va quan he giiia 2 nude tiep tuc duge cung cfl, phat triin tren mgt tam cao mdi. Ngay sau khi giai phdng mien Nam, Bi thu thii nhit Dang Lao dgng Viet Nam Le Duin da di tham hOu nghj chinh thiic Lien Xfl dl cam on su giup da to Idn ma Lien Xfl da danh cho Viet
Nam nhu ldi nhan nhu cua Hfl Chu tjch trong ban Di chiic Ijch sir. Tuyen bfl chung eua 2 nude khi dd da khang djnh:
"Cupc di tham nay da md ra 1 giai doan quan trpng tren con dudng tiep tue cung cfl va phat trien toan dien mfli quan he anh em giiia Viet Nam va Lien Xo"' . Ba nam sau, ngay 31 thang 11 nam 1978, tai Matxcova da diln ra 1 sy kien chinh trj trgng dai quan he 2 nude: Viet Nam va Lien Xfl ky Hiep udc Him nghi vd Hap tdc todn dien. Hiep udc nay cd y nghTa dac biet trong hoan canh quan he Viet Nam - Trung Quflc, Viet Nam - Campuchia xau di nghiem trgng va chien tranh vdi 2 nude dd da xay ra. Sau su kien ngay 3 thang 1! nam 1978, quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl phat triin manh me tren tat ca cac ITnh vuc. Lien Xfl danh cho Viet Nam nguon vien trg vfl eiing to ldn. Chi trong vdng 5 ndm (1976- 1980), khoi luong vien tra dd bdng cd 20 ndm truac do (1955 - 1975f I
Den giiia thap nien 80 eua the ky XX, do tinh hinh quflc te va mfli nude, nhirng nhan tfl mdi bat dau xuat hien trong quan he Viet Nam Lien Xo. Nam 1985, Dai hgi Dang lin thir XXVII ciia Dang Cgng san Lien Xo chinh thirc
*' Nguyen Nggc Mao, Vu Thj Hong Chuyen, sdd, tr.65.
' " (1983), Viil Nam - Liin Xo: 30 nam quan hi (1950 - 1980),'Nxb Ngoai giao. Ha Ngi, tr.l75.
'" Nguyin Qu6c Himg, Nguyin Thj Thu (2002), Lu^c sir Lien bang Nga, Nxb Giao dye, tr.311.
'"Sdd. tr.3\3.
Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viil Nam. so 1(86) - 2015
thflng qua dudng Ifli cai tfl. Ci Viet Nam, Dai hfli Dang lan thit VI eua Dang Cflng san Viet Nam cflng thflng qua dudng Ifli dfli mdi. Khi ca 2 nude ciing tiln hanh dfli mdi, trong chuyin tham Lien Xfl ciia Tflng BI thu Nguyin Van Linh (thang 5 nam 1987), hai ben ra Tuyen bo chung khang djnh se duy tri va phat triin sy hgp tae. Dang chii y la ngay ca khi lam vao khung hoang kinh tl (1986 - 1990), Lien Xfl van vien trg cho Viet Nam 8,7 ty riip - gan 14 ty dola theo gia hfli doai chinh thirc'"". Tuy nhien, tir nam 1990, do sy thay dfli trong chu truong dfli ngoai ciia mfli nude va khd khan vl kinh te cua Lien Xfl, lien minh Viet Nam - Lien Xfl dimg trudc nhttng thii thach ldn. Hai ben deu nhan djnh rang, khflng the duy tri mai phuong thirc "xin - cho"
va "da tdi liic phai Iuc phai chuyen su hgp tac kinh te - thuong mai theo ehilu hudng dua tren cae chuan muc quflc tl chung" nhu Dai sir Lien Xfl Khamidumin phat bieu vao thang 12 nam 1990 khi sang nhan ehilc tai Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te thi hai ben khflng cd co hpi thyc hien ehii truang mdi dd vi su tan ra ciia Lien bang Xo Vilt da diln ra vao nam 1991.
2. Vai tro ciia quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xo doi vdi su- phat trien ciia moi nuoc
Trong giai doan 1945-1991, vi quyln lgi cua mfli quflc gia - dan tgc cung nhu sy tuong dflng vl y thirc he, Viet Nam va Lien Xo da dan dan dua mfli quan he len tam dong minh chien Itrac. Mfli quan
he chat che da dem lai nhung lgi ich thiet thuc cho ca hai ben.
Doi vai Viet Nam
Vdi truyen thflng "cm ai mflt chiit de ben da nay", Viet Nam khflng bao gid quen su giiip dd to ldn ve mpi mat cua Lien Xfl va lufln ghi nhan dd la mgt nhan td quan trgng gdp phan vao thang lgi eua each mang Viet Nam. Ve phuang dien ngogi giao, bang uy tin, quyen han cua mgt uy vien thudng true Lien Hgp Quflc, bang vai trd try cot trong he thong XHCN, Lien Xfl lufln tim each nang cao vj the eiia Viet Nam tren truomg quoc te. Ve phuong dien qudn su, trong cuge khang chien chflng My, 80 - 85% vu khi hang nang ma Viet Nam diing de duong diu vdi ke thii la do Lien Xfl vien trg"". Ve phuang dien kinh te, quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - Lien Xfl chiem 70% hoat dpng ngoai thuang Viet Nam. Ngoai sy hgp tac kinh tl. Lien Xo cdn danh cho Viet Nam sy vien trg to ldn dl duy tri nIn kinh tl Viet Nam trong thdi gian chiln tranh eung nhu trong thdi gian hda binh lap lai. Phin ldn vien trg cua Lien Xfl danh cho Viet Nam la vien trg khflng hoan lai. Ve phuang dien vdn hoa - gido due.
Lien Xfl lufln quan tam dap tao nhan lyc chp Viet Nam. Trong tirng iy nam gin
"°'Wrf,tr.314.
" " Ban long kit chien tranh thugc Bg Chinh trj (2000), Chiin tranh each mang Viet Nam 1954 - 1975: IhSng igi va bdi hgc, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Npi, tr.60l.
Quan hi Viit Nam - Lien Xo giai dogn 1945 -1991
bd, hang chuc ngan sinh vien, thyc tap sinh, nghien cuu sinh da dugc tiep nhan nen hge van bai ban cua mai trucmg Xo Viet. Luc lugng tri thuc dd da cd nhung ddng gdp dang k l trong sy phat trien eiia nen khoa hpc kT thuat Viet Nam va la cau nfli vtrng chac chp tinh httu nghj gitta 2 dan tfle.
Doi vai Lien Xo
Su hgp tac, giup dd cua Lien Xo vdi Viet Nam trong gan mia the ky qua khflng chi xuit phat tu tinh than quflc te vo san va sy tuong dflng ve y thirc he ma cdn mang lai cho Lien Xo nhihig lgi ich nhat djnh, gdp phan nang cao vi the cua Lien Xo tren trudng quoc te.
Thit nhdt, tir chfl khong co vi tri d Dflng Nam A ndi rieng, Chau A ndi ehung, thflng qua mfli quan he chat che vdi Viet Nam, Lien Xfl da dan xac lap, ciing cfl dja vi eua minh d khu vuc nay va trd thanh dfli trgng cua My d dja ban nay dieu rat can thiet vdi Lien Xfl trong thdi ky chiln tranh lanh.
Thir hai, viec vien trg vu khi cho Viet Nam cung la ca hpi de Lien Xfl thir nghiem vii khi mdi tren chien trudng.
Dong thdi. Lien Xfl cung thu thap dugc nhirng thflng tin mdi nhat ve vii khi ciia My khi nghien cim chiln Igi phim tren chiln trudng Viet Nam. Tir dd. Lien Xfl tim each dieu chinh vii khi cua minh trong eugc chay dua vu trang vdi My.
Thir ba, khi vien trg cho Viet Nam danh My, My da bj sa liy d Viet Nam thi dd cung la cd hpi de Lien Xfl ciing co
tiem lyc cua minh tren nhieu ITnh vyc.
Thic tu, khi tich cue ling hp Viet Nam danh My, uy tin va dja vj cua Lien Xfl dugc nang cao tren trudmg qudc te va trong he thflng cac nude XHCN vi da thyc hien nghTa vu vdi dflng minh va gdp phan kien tao hda binh the gidi.
Nhd dd, kha nang hda giai, dam phan vdi phuong Tay cua Lien Xfl ciing dugc nang cao.
Tdm lgi, sy hgp tac ciia Viet Nam - Lien Xfl trong gan niia the ky da dap irng nhitng ddi hdi cua mfli nude trong nhung hoan canh cu thi. Sy giup do cua Lien Xfl da mang lai cho Viet Nam nhttng lgi ich thiet thyc trong tat ca ITnh vuc hoat dpng ciia dat nude, edn sy hgp tac vdi Viet Nam chu yeu mang lai cho Lien Xfl nhttng lpi ich ve mat chinh trj, ngoai giao... Ben canh nhung lgi ich ed the dong dem, dieu vfl gia la nghTa tinh dam tham, gan bd gitta hai dan tpc.
3. Cac bai hgc riit ra
Trong hoan canh quoc te phirc tap hien nay, viec nghien ciru mfli quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl mang lai cho ngoai giao Viet Nam nhieu bai hpe quy gia, cy the nhu sau:
- Khi giira cdc nude lan co lien quan ton tgi mdu thudn thi nuac nho phdi giii the trung dung, quyet khong bi 161 cuon vdo vdng xody he luy. Tren thue te, khi sy bat dflng giu-a Lien Xfl va Trung Quflc ngay cang sau sac, Dang ta vua kien tri han gan sy ran nirt, vua chu truong gitt the can bang chien luge.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd 1(86) - 2015
khflng nga ve ben nay chflng ben kia, vira neu cao tinh chinh nghTa cua each mang Viet Nam dl tranh thu sy giup dd eua hai ben. Ket qua la, tuy bit dflng sau sac vdi nhau nhung ca Lien Xfl va Trung Quflc diu tich cyc iing hg Viet Nam danh My. Danh gia cao ban ITnh cua Viet Nam trong viee xir ly tam giac Vi?t Nam - Trung Quflc - Lien Xfl, nha sii hpc ngudi My John Prados viet:
"Tren ddi co it nhat 1 nai Xfl - Trung hgp tae hda thuan, dd la Viet Nam""^'.
- Trong quan he vdi cdc nude ldn, mot mgt ta phdi co gdng duy tri sir hop tdc chat che, mdt khdc vdn phdi giir vOng su ddc ldp, tir chu ciia minh, khdng bao gid vl vdn de vien tra md chdp nhgn nhicng dieu ldm tdn hgi den chu quyen qudc gia - ddn tdc. Khi dat nude cd chien tranh va phai xay dyng XHCN trong nhung dieu kien het sure khd khan, Viet Nam rat can sy giiip dd eua cac nude dflng minh. Vi the, ta thudng xuyen thflng bao va giai thich eho hp chii truong, dudng Ifli eiia minh de hp thiu hieu quan diem cua ta. Mat khae, ta lufln duy tri sy dpc lap, tu chil trpng duong Ifli dii dieu dd dfli liic dan den sy khong hai Idng eua dong minh. Ro rang, trong quan he quflc te, ta lufln phdi tinh tdo nhin ra tinh duy lai eua nd de vua tran trgng sy giiip dd eiia eac nude khac, vua than trgng de khflng bj ai thao tung dan den sy phu thugc, le thugc.
- Quan hf ciia mrdc ta vdi cdc nude khdc, ke cd cdc mrdc cung chung the
chi chinh tri vdn Id mdi quan he vira hap tdc vira ddu tranh. Sy duy lgi trong quan he quflc te la mgt thuc te hien nhien nen nlu ta khflng ed thye lye, khflng cd gi de nude khac trflng dgi va lam lgi cho hg thi khflng the cd sy hgp tac chat che, co sd ciia mgi su ben vttng trpng quan he quflc te lufln la hai ben eiing ed lgi. Quan he Viet Nam - Lien Xfl d tirng giai doan da cd mirc dp gan ket khac nhau nhung nhin ehung la ben chat vi dam bao nguyen tac dd.
Nhin lai moi quan he Viet Nam Lien Xfl trong gan 50 nam tfln tai, ta nhan thiy day vin la quan he mang lai hieu qua cao nhit cho each mang Viet Nam. Sau khi Lien Xfl tan ra. Lien bang Nga la nude thira ke chu yeu ve quyln Igi va nghia vu cua Lien bang Xd Vilt va quan hd Viet Nam - Nga chuyin sang giai doan mdi. Cung phai mit mpt thdi gian dai de mfli nude hieu ehinh dudng loi dfli ngoai eiia minh. Din nam 2001, hai nude mdi thilt lap quan he ddi tdc chien luac va sy hgp tac sau do ngay cang dugc tang cudng. Tuy nhien, tren thye tl, quan he giua 2 nude van ehua thyc sy tuong xung vdi tiem nang va quan he truyln thflng. Su hgp tac se mang lai Igi ich cho ea Viet Nam lin Lien bang Nga va gdp phin tao dyng mgt thi gidi hda binh, httu nghi va hgp tae.
"" Jond Prados, "Con duong huylt mach mang ten Ho Chi Minh trong cuge chien Vi$t Nam"
sdd, tr.22.
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