Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam P l u khi Viet Nam: Co hdi mdi, thach thuc mdi" 339
tTNG CUtJ Sir CO TRAN D A U TAI VIET NAM:
• • •
THU^C TIEN VA THlT THACH
Nguyen Ddc Huynh, Nguyen Quang Huy, Nguyen Trung Thuan TT Nghien ciru vd Phdt trien An todn vd Mdi truang Ddu khi
TOM TAT
Tdng kit thuc tiin ung cim cdc su cd trdn ddu ldn dd xdy ra tgi Viet Nam cho thdy thuc trgng cdng tdc irng cim tgi Viet Nam hien cdn nhiiu bdt cap. Bdo cdo da ddnh gid tdng quan mirc dp nguy ca ciia su cd trdn ddu, hi thdng ca sa phdp ly vd cdc ngudn luc img cim trdn ddu hien cd ciia Viet Nam. Trin nhirng ddnh gid ndy, bdo cdo da nhdn dinh nhirng thu thdch md cdng tdc irng cim tiip tuc cdn phdi hodn thien di ddp irng yiu cdu trong tuang lai
MO D A U
1. Nguy Cff xay ra su cd tran dau tai Viet Nam
Cung vdi tdc do phat trien kinh te cao cua Viet Nam trong thdi gian gan day, cac nganh cdng nghiep dau khi cung dang phat trien manh me. San lugng khai thac dau thd cua Viet Nam hien da tang len 20 trieu tan/nam trong khi nen kinh te phat trien da lam day manh nhu cau nang lugng phuc vu cac boat dgng san xuat va luu thdng. Lfdc tinh mdi nam cac nganh kinh te cua Viet Nam tieu thu khoang 11 trieu tan dau va cac san pham dau. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam cdn nam tren tuyen dudng bang hai qudc te van chuyen dau tu Trung Ddng den Nhat Ban vdi lugng dau dugc van chuyen qua cac tuyen hang hai nay len den 30 trieu tan/nam.
Nhu vay, bang chuc trieu tan dau dang dugc luu thdng tren lanh thd Viet Nam mdi nam. Dieu nay tao ra nguy ca xay ra cac sir cd tran dau rat ldn. Thuc te cung cho thay, cac su cd tran dau da lien tuc xay tu nhieu nam trd lai day. Cd the lay vi du nam 1994 xay ra su cd tau Neptune Aries tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (TP. HCM) va nam 2001 xay ra su cd tau Formosa One tai tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau (BR - VT). Cung tren dia ban Tp. HCM, nam 2003 cd 2 su cd va nam 2005 cd 1 sir cd tran dau thudc loai nghiem trgng da xay ra.
Trong khi do tai khu vuc phia Bae, su cd tau My Dinh da xay ra trong nam 2004. Ngoai ra, cdn cd hang chuc su cd tran dau nhd le khae tren ca hai mien Bae - Nam va ngay ea d trong Nganh Dau khi.
Can cd theo cac yeu cau khaeh quan cua mgt nen kinh te dang tren da phat trien, cd the nhan thay nguy co xay ra sir cd tran dau tai Viet Nam chac chan cdn tiep tuc tang cao trong tuong lai sap tdi. Ngay trudc mat, Viet Nam da cd chien luge xay dung cac nha may loc dau va dieu nay se lam gia tang su van chuyen dau thd tu nude ngoai vao Viet Nam.
Dung trudc nguy ca nay, viec tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien cdng tac dng cdu su cd tran dau la mdt van de cd tinh cap bach va vd cung quan trgng. Do do, bao cao nay dugc xay dung nhim tdng ket thuc tiln cdng tac ung cuu su cd tran diu trong thdi gian qua, de tu dd xac dinh nhung tdn tai hien hanh va cac thu thach trong tuang lai ddi vdi cdng tac nay.
3 4 0 Ung cdu su cd tran dau tai Vi ft Nam;thuc tien va t h d thach
2. Tong quan va thuc tien ung cuu su cd tran dau ldn tai Viet Nam trong thdi gian vua qua
Tu nam 1994 den nay, da cd hang chuc su cd tran dau ldn nhd du loai da xay ra tai Viet Nam vdi muc do thiet hai tu nhd den hang chuc ty ddng. Tren gdc do Nganh, cac su CO tran dau phat sinh trong cac boat dgng tham dd va khai thac dau kbi thudng chi cd tan suat nhd. vdi pham vi anh hudng ban che va mdc do thiet hai thap hoae khdng dang ke [1]. Cac su cd tran dau ldn, gay hau qua mdi trudng va thiet hai kinh te nghiem trgng chi tap trung phat sinh tu tai nan cua cac tau chd dau.
Theo phan cap quy dinh trong Ke hoach ung cuu tran dau qudc gia do Thu tudng chinh phu ban hanh, cac su cd tran dau cd lugng dau tran ra ngoai mdi trudng trong khoang 100 - 2.000 tan thudc loai su cd nghiem trgng. Cho tdi nay, hien chua cd su c6 tran dau nao cd lugng dau tran ra ngoai mdi trudng ldn ban 2.000 tan. Trong sd cac su c6 nghiem trgng theo phan cap tren, cac su cd dien binh nhat dugc tdng ket dudi day.
fl. Su cd trdn ddu tdu Neptune Aries [2]
Su cd tran dau tau Neptune Aries, xay ra ngay 3-10-1994 do tau Neptune Aries dam vao cau cang Cat Lai. sdng Sai Gdn, Tp. HCM. Su co nay da lam tran dd han 1.600 tin dau DO ra sdng Sai Gon va he thdng cac sdng nhanh va kenh rach trong khu vuc lan can cang Cat Lai. Tdng thiet hai ve mdi trudng va kinh te xa hgi do bau qua cua su cd dugc danh gia rat nghiem trgng. Chu tau Neptune Aries da bdi thudng 4,2 trieu USD dk khic phuc su cd va den bu cho cac thiet hai do sir cd gay ra. Theo thong ke, su cd tran diu tau Neptune Aries la su cd cd lugng dau tran dd ra ngoai mdi trudng ldn nhit tai Viet Nam cho tdi nay.
b. Su cd trdn ddu tdu Formosa One [3]
Su CO tran dau tau Formosa One xay ra ngay 7-9-2001 tai vinh Ganh Rai tinh BR - VT. Do khdng tuan thu dung cac chi din cua cang vu Vung Tau, tau Formosa One da dam va vdi tau Petro!imex-01 dang neo dau trong vinh Ganh Rai, lam tran dd khoang 900m'' (- 750 tan) dau DO. Dau tran da anh hudng d6n toan bg cac khu vyc Bai Trudc, mui Nghinh Phong, dao Long Son cua tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, gay thiet hai nang ne din cac hoat dgng danh bat va nuoi trdng thuy san, cac be rdng phdng hg ven biSn. cac bai tim du lich va sue khde cua ngudi dan dia phuong. Sau hon ba nam giai quyet khieu nai d6n bu. chu tau Formosa One da bdi thudng hon 4 trieu USD cho cac thiet hai do su co tran diu gay ra.
Do su cd xay ra luc khoang 3h sang va tai vi tri each bd khoang 2km, dung vao luc trieu dang len trong vjnh Ganh Rai vdi van tdc ddng triSu khoang 2knot, toan bg lugng dau tran da nhanh chdng tap vao bd biin vung vinh Ganh Rai bao gdm Bai Trudc, Long Son, Sao Mai, Ben Dinh, v.v. va khdng cho phep cac bien phap ung cdu cd Xhk dugc triln khai kip thdi. Ngay 8-9-2001 (mgt ngay sau su cd), tau Petrolimex-01 dugc keo din cang Nha Be de giai phdng toan bg lugng diu cdn lai trong tau.
Chinh quyen dia phuong da nhanh chdng trien khai nhieu bien phap khic phuc nhim han che cac thiet hai do dau tran gay ra nhu canh bao day du den ngudi dan dia phuang, trong do dac biet cho cac hg lam nganh nghi nudi trdng thuy san, ddng cua cac bai tim bi
Tuygn tap bap cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Pau khi Viet Nam: Cff hdi moi, thach thde mdi" 341
nhiem dau. va buy dgng cac luc lugng cua dia phuang thuc hien cac bien phap lam sach cac khu vuc bi d nhiem. Mac du cac bien phap khae phuc da mang lai nhieu hieu qua tich cue. nhung do cac khu vuc nhay cam cao nhu rung ngap man. cac bai nudi trdng thuy san, cac bai tam da khdng dugc che chan va bao ve kip thdi, su cd tran dau tau Formosa One van gay ra thiet hai nang ne tdi kinh te va mdi trudng cua tinh Ba Ria- Vung Tau.
c. Su cd trim ddu tdu Fortune Freighter [4]
Su cd tran dau tau Fortune Freighter, xay ra ngay 12-1-2003 tren sdng Sai Gon do va cham giua tau bien Fortune Freighter va doan phuang tien tau keo cua tinh dgi An Giang.
Su CO nay da lam tran khoang 300 tan dau DO vao moi trudng. Udc tinh thiet hai kinh te va mdi trudng cua su co khoang ban 2 ty ddng.
Ngay sau khi su cd xay ra 1 gid, Cdng ty Dai Minh da buy ddng luc lugng den bien trudng, trien khai cac phao quay va may hut dau tai khu vuc xay ra su co. Cung ngay trong ngay 12-1-2003, UBND Tp. Hd Chi Minh cung da nhanh chdng thanh lap Ban chi dao ung cuu su cd gdm Sd Khoa hgc cdng nghe va Mdi trudng. luc lugng CSGT Dudng thuy, canh sat PCCC, Cang vu Tp.HCM, Ban quan ly khu dudng sdng, Cdng ty Dai Minh va Cdng ty Khoan va Dich vu Khoan Dau kbi (PVDrilling) de lap ke hoach va trien khai cdng tac ung cdu nham dam bao thdng ludng tau, thu gom dau tdi da va giam thieu anli hudng cua dau tran. Dudi sir chi dao cua Ban chi dao ung cuu su cd, Cdng ty PVDrilling cung da nhanh chdng trien khai luc lugng va cac phao quay tai khu vuc su cd de hd trg cdng tac ung cuu cung vdi Cdng t>' Dai Minh. Den tdi ngay 13-1-2003, toan bg lugng dau cdn lai trong xa lan bi tai nan da dugc bom chuyen ra ngoai va den sang ngay 14-1-2003, ludng tau da dugc hoan toan giai phdng.
Ket thuc cac cdng tac ung cuu su cd, lugng dau DO thu gom dugc la khoang 170 tan, chiem hon 36% lugng dau da tran ra ngoai. Cdng tac img cdu hieu qua nay da dong g6p quan trgng vao nhiem vu giam thieu muc do thiet bai do dau tran gay ra ddi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va cac boat dgng kinh te xa hgi trong khu vuc.
d. Su cd trdn ddu tdu Hdng Anh [5]
Sir cd tran diu tau Hdng Anh, xay ra ngay 20-3-2003 do tau Hong Anh bi dam do song ldn trong khu vuc vinh Ganh Rai, lam tran khoang 100 tan dau FO anh huong true tiep den khu vuc rung phdng hd Can Gid va cac khu virc nudi trdng thuy san cua huyen Can Gid.
Tong thiet hai ve kinh te va mdi trudng do su cd gay ra dugc udc tinh khoang 23 ty dong.
UBND huyen Can Gid da nhanh chdng td chuc cdu bg cac thuyen vien va thdng bao cho cac CO quan chuc nang cua Tp. HCM. Sau khi nhan dugc thdng bao, cac luc lugng ling cuu tren dia ban Tp. HCM va tinh BR - VT bao gdm Xi nghiep Lien hiep True \6t Cuu hg (VISAL), Trung tam Ung cdu Su cd Dau tran qudc gia khu vuc phia Nam. cong ty Ha Dat, cdng ty Dai Minh va cac ca quan chuc nang da dieu dgng luc lugng va phuong tien din khu vuc su cd. Dgi thg lan cua VISAL da tien hanh bit kin cac nap va van de ngan chan rd ri trong khi dau lan nude dugc hut ra ngoai. Cac don vi khae nhu PVDrilling, Lien dganh Dau khi Vietsovpetro (VSP), Cdng ty Dai Minh. v.v... trien khai phao quay de cung phdi hgp trong edng tac thu gom dau.
342 Ung cdu su- c6 tran dau tai Vi et Namithuc tign va thu thach
Din ngay 26-3-2003, tau Hdng Anh duge lam ndi va dua vl cang VISAL Vung Tau.
Hoat dgng cdu bg chim dirt luc 17h cung ngay. Tdng lugng dau va nude bam chuyen tu trong tau ra ngoai la 567 tan.
e. Su cd trdn ddu tdu Kasco Monrovia [6]
Su cd tran diu tau Kasco Monrovia, xay ra ngay 21-1-2005 do tau Kasco Monrovia dam vao tru cang trong khi cap cang Saigon Petro tren sdng Sai Gdn, thanh phd Ho Chi Minh. Hem 500 tin diu DO da tran dd ra mdi trudng. Tdng thiet hai dugc udc tinh khoang
15 ty ddng Viet Nam.
Chi 1 gid sau khi sir cd xay ra, Cdng ty Dai Minh, dugc su huy dgng cua Sd TN&MT Tp. HCM, da triln khai lire lugng gdm 25 nhan vien, 4 tau ung cdu, cae tau va ca nd phu trg, cac phao quay diu, phao tham dau, va cac may hut dau den hien trudng su cd. Cac lire lugng khae nhu ddi ung cuu cua cang Saigon Petro, Sd TN&MT, CSGT Dudng thuy. Ban Quan ly Khu Dudng sdng deu cd mat ngay tai hien trudng de giai quyet su ed.
Mae du cac luc lugng ung cuu da dugc trien khai nhanh chdng, nhung do su cd xay ra dung luc trieu len gan dat dinh, ddng trieu da lam dau phan tan nhanh chdng vao be thong kenh rach chang chit trong khu virc, tao dieu kien khdng thuan lgi cho cdng tac thu gom dau tran. Den ngay 24-1-2005, cac boat ddng iing cuu dugc cham ddt, tau Kasco Monrovia dugc keo den cang Nha Be de sda chua. Tdng lugng dau thu dugc la khoang 50 tan.
Thue tien ung cuu cac sir cd da neu tren cho thay hien cdng tac ung cdu sir cd d Viet Nam van chua dugc phat trien manh ma mdi ehi ehu yeu la thu gom don gian. Cae dia phuong noi xay ra sir ed ehua cd cac bien phap bao ve san sang eho cac khu vuc nhay earn cung nhu cac ngudn lgi kinh te quan trgng. Chinh vi vay, khi dau khdng the thu gom dugc do cac yeu td tu nhien khdng thuan lgi (gid to, sdng ldn, va ddng chay manh), dau da anh hudng true tiep vao cac ngudn lgi kinh te rat quan trgng nhu nudi trdng thuy san va du lich, gay ra thiet hai hang tram ty ddng. Day thuc su la mdt bai hgc can dugc rut kinh nghiem nham nang cao tdng bude va hoan thien nang lire edng tac ung cdu tran dau tai Viet Nam.
THlTC TRANG CONG T A C ITNG ClTU T R A N D A U TAI VIET NAM 1. Cac Cff sd phap ly
He thdng cac van ban phap luat lien quan den cdng tac ung cdu su ed tran dau tai Viet Nam hien nay bao gdm:
- Luat Mdi trudng va Nghi dinh 175/CP vl viec Hudng din thuc hien Luat Moi trudng.
- Nghi dinh 26/CP ve Quy dinh xd phat vi pham hanh chinh ve bao ve mdi trudng.
- Thdng tu 2262/TT-MTg cua Bd KHCN-MT vl viec Khic phuc sir cd tran diu.
- Cdng van sd 3054/DK cda Van phdng Chinh phu ve viee U'ng cdu su cd tran dau trong cae hoat dgng eua Tdng cdng ty DIU khi Viet Nam.
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Diiu khi Viet Nam: Cff hdi mdi, thach thde mdi" 343
- Quylt dinh sd 395/1998/QD-KHCN&MT cua Bd KHCN-MT quy dinh cac quy che bao ve mdi trudng trong cac boat ddng tim kiem, tham dd, phat trien md, khai thac, tang tru, van chuyen, ebl biin diu khi va cac dich vu cd lien quan.
- Quyet dinh 129/2001/QD-TTg phe duyet Ke hoach qudc gia ung phd sir cd tran diu giai doan 2001 -2010.
Nhin chung, be thdng cac van ban phap luat hien nay, dac biet la Ke hoach qudc gia ung phd sir ed tran dau giai doan 2001 - 2010 da quy dinh kha rd va ehi tiet ve trach nhiem bao cao, ung cuu, khae phue cung nhu chi tra chi phi thuc hien cac bien phap ung cuu ddi vdi cac ca quan nha nude, td chuc va ea nhan.
2. Ke hoach qudc gia dng phd sy cd tran dau giai doan 2001 - 2010 [7]
Ke hoach Qudc gia iing phd su cd tran dau giai doan 2001 - 2010 dat muc tieu den nam 2010, Viet Nam se san sang va ting phd kip thdi, hieu qua mgi trudng hgp xay ra sir CO tran dau de giam tdi muc thap nhat thiet hai ddi vdi mdi trudng, anh hudng den cae nganh kinh te va ddi sdng cua nhan dan. Ben canh do, ke hoach cung hudng den nhiem vu hoan chinh he thdng ca che, chinh sach, td chuc tu Trung uong den ca sd, va xay dung luc lugng chuyen nghiep lam ndng cdt cho boat ddng ung phd su cd tran dau. Tuy nhien, muc tieu trudc mat cua ke hoach la den nam 2005 se bao dam san sang ung phd hieu qua d mdt sd khu vuc cd nguy ca cao xay ra su cd tran dau, gay tac hai ldn la cae vung bien thudc tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, vdng sdng Sai Gdn - Da Nang, vung bien mien Trung tu Da Nang den Nha Trang, vung sdng bien thuge thanh phd Hai Phdng va vinh Ha Long.
Pham vi thuc hien ke hoach qudc gia gdm toan bd vung dat lien, cac hai dao va vung bien (vung ndi thuy, vung lanh hai, vung tiep giap, vung dac quyen kinh te va them luc dja) eua Viet Nam. U'ng phd sir cd tran dau dugc tien hanh trong mgi trudng hgp tran dau do mgi nguyen nhan, mgi td chuc, ca nhan trong nude va nude ngoai gay ra.
Ke hoach da phan cap cdng tac dng cdu sir cd tran dau theo ba cap: cap co sd doi vdi tat ca don vi cd kha nang gay ra sir cd tran dau, cap khu vuc ddi vdi ba khu vue Bae - Trung - Nam, song song vdi viec thanh lap ba trung tam img cuu tran dau eho tung khu vuc, va cap qudc gia trong eae trudng hgp su cd tran dau vugt qua kha nang ung cdu cua mgt trung tam dng cdu khu vuc hay cua qudc gia.
Cu the, cap ca sd phai tu xay dung ke hoach ung phd, dau tu va td chuc (hoae hgp ddng thue) cac trang thilt bi va lire lugng dam bao ngan ngua, dng phd kip thdi va hieu qua ddi vdi su cd tran dau d muc do tuong dng vdi kha nang tran dau do co sd gay ra, va san sang tham gia vao boat ddng chung ung phd su cd tran dau theo su dieu dgng chi huy thdng nhat cua cac ca quan cd tham quyen.
v l cip khu vuc, cac trung tam dng cijru khu vuc dugc td chuc boat dgng theo quy che cua doanh nghiep nha nude boat ddng cdng ich, cd luc lugng chuyen nghiep lam ndng cdt bao dam du dieu kien san sang thuc hien nhiem vu ung phd sir cd tran dau tu cap do 2 trd len trong khu vuc dugc phan cdng. Trung tam ung cuu khu vuc chiu sir quan ly Nha nude cua bg, nganh chu quan, va Uy ban qudc gia tim kiem cdu nan true tiep chi dao trung tam dng cdu khu virc trong ITnh virc ting phd su cd tran dau. Thu tudng Chinh phu cung da giao trach nhiem cho Bg Qudc phdng xay dimg trung tam ung cdu tran dau mien
344 Ung cdu su c6 tran dau tai Vi et Nam:thuc tien va thd thach
Trung va Tdng cdng ty Dau khi Viet Nam xay dung trung tam dng cdu tran dau mien Nam trong giai doan ban dau. Tu kinh nghiem xay dung va td chuc eua hai trung tam ung CUU nay, Uy ban qudc gia tim kiem cdu nan se xay dung trung tam ung cdu mien Bae sao cho den nam 2010, ca nude se cd 3 trung tam ung phd sir cd tran dau khu vuc boat ddng.
Trong ban ke hoach nay, Thu tudng Chinh phu da phan cdng trach nhiem day du den cac ca quan chuc nang nhu Uy ban qudc gia tim kiem cuu nan, Bg KHCN-MT (nay la Bd Tai nguyen-Mdi trudng), Bg Qudc phdng, Tdng cdng ty Dau khi Viet Nam, cac bo nganh lien quan, va UBND cac tinh va thanh phd true thudc trung uong. Dieu nay dam bao cho cdng tac ung cuu su ed tran dau dugc quan ly mgt each thdng nhat va tap trung.
dam bao tinh kip thdi cung nhu bieu qua trong cac tinh hudng khan cap.
Ben canh he thdng van ban do Chinh phu ban hanh va dugc ap dung tren ca nude.
Tdng cdng ty Dau khi Viet Nam cung da xay dung Ke hoach ung phd tran dau [8] de ap dung trong cac boat dgng dau khi trong cac don vi cua Tdng edng ty, cac Lien doanh Dau khi va cac Nha thau Dau kbi dang boat dgng tai Viet Nam. Ke hoach da xem xet cac tinh hudng tran dau chinh cd the xay ra, xay dung cac chien luge dng ciki, trong do uu tien cho cdng tac ngan chan va thu gom dau tran.
Ban ke hoach cung da quy dinh rd td chuc chi huy ung cdu, phan cdng cdng viec va sir phdi hgp dong bo giua lanh dao Tdng cdng ty vdi lanh dao cac don vi thanh vien, cQng nhu quy dinh sir phdi hgp giua Tdng edng ty vdi cac co quan quan ly nha nude trong cac trudng hgp su cd.
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghi KHCN "30 nam DIU khi Viet Nam: Co hdi mdi, thach thde mdi" 345
Cap chi dao dng curu
TAI TRU SO CUA DON VI CO S6 Tong chi huy ung cuu
(Ban chi huy)
Chi huy khu vuc ngoai khoi
Cac bo phan giup viec (Ke hoach, Dieu hanh, Hau can.
Tai chinh, Thong tin bao chi)
Chi huy khu virc ven bd
TAI HIE^
Chi huy khu vuc tren bd
TRUONG
Ngudi lien lac vdi CQDP
NGOAI KHOI GAI"! BO
Chi huy tai hien trudng ngoai khoi
Chi huy tai hien truong gan bd
Doi trudng doi ung cuu ngoai khoi
Doi trudng doi un^
cuu ven bd
TREN BO T Chi huy tai hien
trudng tren bd
Co van lam sach bai bien
Dpi truong dpi lam sach bai bien
Dudng day quyet dinh Dudng day lien lac
Chinh quyen dia phuong
Hinh l:Sff do t6 chiic boat dong iing cun cua Tong cong ty Dau khi Viet Nam ( d p II, HI)
346 Cng cdu su- c6 tran dau tai Vi ft Nam:thue tign va thd thach
B.C.D.lT.C.S.C DON VI CO sd
L/LU'ONG ir/CUU TAI CHO
CHINH QUYEN DIA PHU'ONG
B.C.D.T.H.K.C TONG CONG TY
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U/B QUOC GIA T/KIEM - C/NAN U/B PHONG CHONG
LUT BAO TW
TO CHUC LTNG ClTU QUOC TE
B O QUOC PHONG B O TU' LENH
H Q , K Q , B P
c u e CANH SAT BIEN BO CONG AN c u e CANH SAT PCCC
BO GIAO THONG c u e HANG HAI VN TT PH/HOP TK-CN HH
BO TN - MT c u e MOI TRUONG
BOYTE
BO THUY SAN
B.C.H.PH/CHONG
L U T B A O & TK-CN BO L/D, T/B & X/H
c u e H/KH D/D VN TT PH/HOP TK-CN HK Hinh 2: Sff do phoi hop ung ciin su co va tim kiem - cihi nan cua
Tong cong ty Dau khi Viet Nam 3. Nguon luc va trang thiet bi hien cd
Hien tai, Viet Nam khdng cd nhilu ngudn lire phuc vu cho dng cdu tran diu. Ben canh eae trung tam ting cdu khu vuc dang dugc thiet lap, tai thdi diem nay d Viet Nam co mgt sd ngudn lire ung cuu nhu Cdng ty Sdng Thu (tai Da Nang), VSP va PVDrilling tai tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Doanh nghiep tu nhan Dai Minh tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh, v.v.. Cac
Tuygn tap bao eao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu khi Viet Nam: Cff hdi mdi, thach thuc mdi" 347
trung tam ting ctiu tran dau chinh dugc dat tai khu vuc phia Nam do dae thu eua cac boat ddng dau khi va cac boat ddng van chuyen cac san pham dau tap trung chu yeu tai day.
Cdng ty PVDrilling hien cd 1.000m phao quay xa bd, 250m phao quay ven bd, 900m phao quay tren sdng, 500m phao hut dau, 100m phao hut hda chat, cung vdi cae thiet bi hut dau, thiet bi phun chat phan tan dat tren tau va true thang, bdn chua, 10.000 lit chat phan tan va cac chat hap thu cung nhu cae phuong tien phu trg. Cdng ty PVDrilling cd the huy dgng den 8 tau tren bien va 10 tau tren sdng td cac don vi cd hgp ddng vdi cdng ty.
Ngudn lire eua VSP hien dang ed khoang 1.800m phao quay xa bd, 2.000m phao quay tren bd, cac thiet bi but dau kieu dap va hut chan khdng vdi tdng cdng suat len den khoang 400m^/gid. VSP cung cd cac thiet bi phun nude ap lire de phuc vu edng tac lam sach, 15.000 lit chat phan tan, 10 tan cac chat hap thu, cac bdn chua va cac thiet bi phu trg nhu bam chuyen dau. Ddi tau phuc vu cdng tac iing cuu su ed tran dau cda VSP hien dang bao gdm cac tau chuyen dung Sao Mai 01, Phu Quy 01, Bin Dinh Olva Hoa Mai 93.
Cdng ty Sdng Thu tai Da Nang bien dang cd khoang 2.000m phao quay, 2 thiet bi hut dau, thiet bi phun chat phan tan dat tren true thang, bdn chua, 1 tau, xe chua va cac thiet bi phu trg. Hien cdng ty mdi chi du kha nang dng cdu cho cac sir cd tran dau tren sdng.
Cdng ty Dai Minh tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh hien cd khoang 600m phao quay dau tren song, 320m phao hut dau, 6.000m bay dau, 4 tau va sa lan chuyen dung. Id dot, bdn chua va cae thiet bi phu trg.
Tdng quat, cac ngudn lire va trang thiet bi dng cdu tran dau cua cac don vi dng cdu tren hien nay chi cd the dap dng viec ting cdu tran dau vdi khdi lugng dau tran khoang
1.000 tan, tuong duong vdi cap do 2 theo phan cap cua Ke hoach qudc gia.
NHUNG THU^ T H A C H V A V A N DE BlfC THIET DOI V 6 l CONG T A C ITNG
CUtJ SU' CO TRAN D A U TAI VIET NAM
• • •
Thirc tien cac cdng tac ung ciiu va muc do nguy ca cua sir cd tran dau dang dat ra nhieu thd thach va van de buc thiet ddi vdi cdng tac ung ctju sir cd tran dau tai Viet Nam, trong dd bao gdm:
- Tiep tuc xay dung va hoan thien he thdng phap ly lien quan den cdng tac ung phd va khae phuc sir cd tran dau, dac biet la trong mang den bu thiet hai do d nhiem dau.
- Day manh viec xay dung cac ke hoach ung cuu tran dau chi tiet cho tung dia phuong. Tien hanh danh gia rui ro tran dau va du bao thiet hai ve kinh te - mdi trudng - xa hgi do d nhiem tu dau gay ra de tu do bd sung cho eae chien luge va ke hoach ung cdu.
- Tiep tuc cung cd va hoan thien ca sd vat chat ddi vdi cac trung tam dng cuu tran dau, va xay dung cac cdng cu hd trg ung cuu cho su cd.
Trong hau het cac su cd tran dau ldn, thudng tau nude ngoai la nguyen nhan true tiep gay ra sir cd. De cd ca sd phap ly qudc te trong cdng tae khieu nai den bu thiet hai do d nhiem dau gay ra, Viet Nam hien da phe chuan Cdng udc Qudc te ve Trach nhiem Dan su (Cdng udc 1992 CLC). Nhin chung, Cdng udc 1992 CLC da cung d p mgt eo sd phap ly kha diy du giup cac td chde va ca nhan khieu nai va nhan duge din bu tu chu tau (hoae
348 U'ng cdu su cd tran dau tai Vi et Nam.-thuc tiln va thd thach
bao hiem cua chu tau) gay ra su cd. Mac du va\-. ddng trudc nguy ca tran dau rat ldn.
cung vdi muc do thiet hai kinh te cang ngay cang gia tang, nhu hien nay cung nhu trong tuong lai, Viet Nam van can phai tiep tuc tham gia cac cdng udc qudc te khae trong ITnh vuc tran dau, dac biet la Cdng udc Quy 1992 la cdng udc md rdng td Cdng udc 1992 CLC. Khong chi nang cao gidi ban den bu cac thiet hai do tran dau gay ra, Cdng udc Quy
1992 cdn cd nhieu diem tich cue khae nhu chi tra cac den bu ngay ca khi khdng xac dinh dugc chu tau. chu tau khong dugc bao hiem, hoae khi chu tau ed the dugc mien mgt phan trach nhiem theo Cdng udc 1992 CLC [2, 9, 10],
Ben canh viec tham gia cac cdng udc qudc te, Viet Nam cung can phai xay dung cac hudng dan cua rieng minh de giai quyet cac khieu nai den bu trong trudng hgp su cd tran dau do cac tau va cac eo sd noi dia gay ra. Cac hudng dan nay can phai dugc thdng nhat ap dung trong mgi nganh va toan lanh thd Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, cae van ban phap quy vl hudng dan danh gia thiet hai mdi trudng, quan ly chat thai, quan ly cac van de an toan va sue khde trong cac cdng tac dng phd su cd va hudng dan cdng tac khdi phuc mdi trudng sau su cd cung can phai dugc gap rut xay dung, nham muc dich hoan thien he thdng phap ly de dap ung vdi nhu cau thuc tien.
Viec xay dung cae ke hoach ung cdu cu the cho tdng dia phuang hien cung dang la mot van de cd tinh cap bach. Ke hoach qudc gia dng phd tran dau mdi chi giao trach nhiem. phan cong cac cdng tac vT md va hudng dan sir phdi hgp giua cac ca quan chuc nang. Do dd cac dia phuong, dac biet la cac dia phuong cd nguy ca tran dau cao, can phai lir xay dung mgt ke hoach ung phd cu the va chi tiet, phu hgp vdi muc do rui ro, dieu kien tu nhien va cac nguon luc ung cdu rieng biet cua dia phuong. Mgt ke hoach hanh ddng chi tiet va hgp ly chinh la yeu td quyet dinh trong viee dam bao hieu qua cae edng tae ung cdu, ddng thdi giam tdi da cac tac dgng tieu cue va thiet hai kinh tl do diu tran gay ra.
Trudc mat cac dia phuang cd nguy ca xay ra su cd tran dau can phai nhanh chong lap dugc ban do nhay cam mdi trudng cho dia phuang va ed kl hoach cap nhat ban dl mot each lien tuc do ban dd nhay cam la edng eu ehu dao dl xac dinh cae chiln luge va quyet dinh cac bien phap ung cdu su co tran diu. Mat khae, dia phuang cung cin phai thuc hien ngay cac danh gia rui ro nguy co su cd tran diu cung nhu muc do thiet hai tdi kinh te, xa hgi va mdi trudng khi cd sir cd xay ra, dl tu cac co sd nay xay dung cac kl hoach phdng ngua, td chuc lire lugng ung cuu, v.v... Kinh nghiem qua eae su cd tran diu cho thay dau tran td sir cd thudng dl lai nhung hau qua rit nghiem trgng ddi vdi hai nganh thuy san va du lich. Neu cac khu vuc nay cd dugc kl hoach bao ve hgp ly ngay td diu, muc do thiet hai kinh te se giam dang kl.
Tai mgt so dia phuong ldn nhu Tp. HCM, tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, v.v. da xay dung ke hoach ung cuu tran dau cho rieng minh va cac kl hoach nay da mang lai cac hieu qua dang ke. Cd the thay dieu nay thdng qua thue tien img cdu cae su cd tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh trong thdi gian gan day nhu da neu tren. Trong tit ea cac sir cd td nam 2003, lire lugng ung cdu su cd va cac ca quan chuc nang cd lien quan cda Tp. Hd Chi Minh diu din ngay hien trudng trong vdng 1 gid sau khi su ed xay ra, dam bao cdng tac ung cuu dugc triln khai nhanh chdng va giam thieu anh hudng din mgi mat kinh te, giao thdng va moi trudns.
Tuygn tap bao cao Hdi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dau khi Viet Nam: Cff hdi mffi,J1iach thde jndi" 349
Hien nay, cac sir co tran diu ldn tai Viet Nam mdi chi lien quan den dau DO la loai dau kem ben vijng trong mdi trudng. Trong tuong lai, edng vdi su xuat hien cua cac nha may loc dau, quy md va tinh chit cua cac su cd tran dau se ngay cang da dang vdi nhieu loai dau tran, nhieu loai hinh d nhiem, nhieu yeu cau khae phuc, v.v... Dieu nay ddi hoi cac luc lugng ung cdu can phai tiep tuc dugc tap trung dau tu manh, sao cho cac trung tam ung cdu ed du cac thiet bi ung cuu de ddi phd vdi mgi tinh hudng va dugc tap huan thudng xuyen de tich luy kinh nghiem, nang cao tinh san sang va dam bao hieu qua cdng tae dng cuu.
Ngoai ra, de cho ke hoach ung ciiu tran dau la mdt ke hoach sdng - co the sd dung trong bat ky tinh budng nao tbi vai trd hay sir tham cua eae cdng tac khoa hgc ky thuat (KHKT) trong viee xay dung ke hoach la vd cung quan trong va khdng the thieu. Vdi su tham gia day du KHKT, ke hoach ung cuu tran dau se chinh xac hon, cu the ban. va hieu qua hon. Vay vai trd hay sir tham gia cua KHKT trong Ke hoach ung cdu tran dau nam d nhung khau nao?
Cd the ndi, su tham gia cua KHKT nam d tat ca cac phan cua Ke hoach dng cuu tran dau: td khau nghien cdu danh gia rui ro, xay dung ban do nhay cam mdi trudng, lua chgn chien luge ung cdu, cho den cac ky thuat dng cdu, lam sach, thu gom va xd ly chat thai.
Ca cac giai doan thu thap chung cu, danh gia thiet bai va phue hdi mdi trudng, \'.v... deu yeu cau cd su tham gia tich cue cua cdng tac KHKT. Dae biet gan day mgt sd nude tien tien tren the gidi, di dau la nude My, da su dung he thdng thdng tin dia ly (GIS) de xay dung cac ke hoach ting ciju tran dau vdi do chi tiet rat eao. Loai ke hoach nay dugc ggi la Ke hoach ung cihi tran dau dia hinh (Oil Spill Geographical Response Plan) [11]. Day la phuang phap nghien cuu mdi, hieu qua va it tdn kem, tuy nhien phuang phap lai doi hoi eao ve KHKT ddi vdi eon ngudi va phuong tien ung cuu.
KET LUAN
Cae su cd tran dau ludn mang lai eae hau qua bet sue nghiem trgng ddi vdi kinh te va mdi trudng. Mdi ehi qua cac su cd ldn neu tren, tdng thiet hai kinh te da len tdi hang tram ty dong. Tuy nhien, tdng ket thuc tien dng cdu trong cdng tac ung cdu tran dau tai Viet Nam da cho thay, mac du nguy co tran dau d Viet Nam ngay cang gia tang ca ve sd lugng lan muc do thiet hai ddi vdi kinh tl, xa hgi va mdi trudng, he thdng dng cdu sir ed d Viet Nam vin dang d mdc kha thap. Ddng trudc thd thach nay, viec phai day manh thuc hien cac giai phap neu tren la cap bach va vd cung can thiet, de khdng chi bao ve moi trudng ma cdn dam bao dn dinh sir phat trien kinh te cua dat nude.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Bui Hue Cau. 2000, Qudn ly sir cd mdi truang trong hogt dpng ddu khi a Viet Nam.
Hgi nghi KHCN 2000 "Nganh DIU Khi trudc thim tbi ky 21". NXB Thanh nien. Ha Ndi, tr. 451 -459.
350 ling cdu su cd tran diu tai Vi et Nam-.thuc tien va thu thach
2. Trung tam An toan Mdi trudng DIU Khi, 2004. Nghien cim. xdy dung phuang phdp ddnh gid mirc dp thiit hgi mdi trudng do su cd trdn ddu a Viet Nam. Bao cao tdng ket dl tai NCKHKT d p Nganh. HaNdi, tr. 5 - 14, 19 - 23.
3. Sd KHCN-MT tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau & Trung tam An toan Mdi trudng DIU Khi, 2002. Ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng vd thiit hgi kinh te ciia sir cd trdn ddu do tdu Formosa ddm va tdu Petrolimex-Ol 7/9/2001 tgi Vinh Gdnh Rdi, tinh Bd Ria - Viing
Tdu. Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
4. Sd KHCN-MT Tp. Hd Chi Minh & Trung tam An toan Mdi trudng DIU Kbi, 2003.
Ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng vd thiit hgi kinh ti ciia su cd trdn ddu do ddm va giira tdu biin Fortune Freighter vd tdu keo AG-7174H lai dp mgn xd lan AG-6139H. Tp.
Hd Chi Minh.
5. Sd KHCN-MT Tp. Hd Chi Minh & Trung tam An toan Mdi trudng DIU Khi, 2003.
Ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng vd thiet hgi kinh ti tir sir cd trdn ddu do tdu Hdng Anh bi chim tgi khu vue phao sd 7. Vinh Gdnh Rdi, tinh Bd Ria- Viing Tdu. Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
6. Sd TN-MT Tp. Ho Chi Minh & Trung tam An toan Mdi trudng Dau Khi, 2005. Ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi trudng vd thiit hgi kinh ti tir sir cd trdn ddu ngdy 21/01/2005 do tdu Kasco Monrovia va vdo cdu cdng Saigon Petro tgi Cdt Ldi. Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
1. Quyet dinh 129/2001/QD-TTg phe duyet Ke hoach Qudc gia ung phd su cd tran dau giai doan 2001 - 2010, HaNdi, 2001.
8. Tdng Cdng ty Dau Khi Viet Nam, 2001. Ki hogch irng phd sir cd trdn ddu. Hd NpL 9. International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992. Texts of the 1992 conventions on
liability and compensation for oil pollution damage. 2001 Edition. United Kingdom.
70. International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1992. Claim manual. United Kingdom, 2002.
77. Maine and New Hampshire Area Committee. Maine and new hampshire area contingency plan. USA, 2005.
