(1010-1030) VA GIA

CAM THANH THANG LONG THOI LY (1010-1030) VA GIA TRj QUA GAG DAU TIGH KIEN TRUG 0 KHU A

(PHiA TAY GAM THANH)

P H A M VAN TRIEU*

lVJ.iia thu nam 1010, Ly C6ng Uan cimg trilu thin dong thuyin tie'n v l thanh Dai La (nhan su kifn cd rdng vang bay len ma ddi thanh Thang Long) va dinh d6 dung nghifp cho con chau mudn ddi. De'n h6m nay Thang Long-Ha N6i da trdn 1000 nSm tu6i, vin la trai tim, la trung tam ciia da't nude.

Sau khi chon da't dung d6, nha Ly da xay dung Kinh thanh Thang Long xiing tim vdi nOi dd hdi cua bd'n phwong, xky dung nIn thinh tri cho mu6n ddi con chau. Do dd trong sudt giai doan diu, tii nam 1010 de'n 1030 Kinh thanh Thang Long ludn ludn dUdc xay dung va hoan thifn de trd thanh mdt chinh the thd'ng nha't, hoan chinh ciia mdt kinh d6 mang nhiing gia tri rieng ciia dan t6c Vift.

Vl vi tri ciia Ca'm thanh Thang Long cho de'n nay ed nhieu cac y kie'n khac nhau, cd y kieh cho ring nd phai nim vl phia tay ble ciia tiianh Dai La (Bui Thiet 2009; Trin Huy Ba 1959;

Trin Huy Lifu 2000), y kie'n khac cho ring nd n i m trung vdi Ca'm thanh Thing Long thdi Le ma da'u tich hien cdn dudc xac dinh theo true tii ciia Doan Mdn vao de'n thim rdng ciia difn Kinh Thien (Trin Qud'c Vudng, Vu Tuah San 1966; Phan Huy Le 2006; Tdng Trung Tin 2004).

Mac du cac quan diem cdn chua thd'ng nha't vl vi tri ciia thanh Thang Long, nhUng cac nha nghien ciiu diu cho ring cd nhilu cac cdng trinh dUde xay diing ra't quy m6 va da dang vl mat blng kieh triic. Dac biet giai doan tir nam 1010 de'n 1030, Thang Long trd thanh 1 c6ng trudng ldn, vdi mat dd xay dung cac cdng trinh ra't cao.

1. Xay dung Cam thanh Th3ng Long 1010 -1030 qua ghi chep cua su( lieu

Ngay sau khi dinh dd, cdng vifc xay dung kinh thanh dudc khan trUdng tiln hanh, Thang Long tid thanh m6t dai c6ng trudng. Trong khoang 2 thap ky do, cd 3 lln thanh Thang Long dudc tie'n hanh xay dung vdi quy md ldn va d i u dude cac b6 su ghi lai.

1.1. NSm 1010

- Ghi chep ciia Viit sd IttOcv^ vifc xay dung kinh d6 Thang Long "Trong kinh dd ThSng Long, dung diin Trieu Nguyin bin ta dSt diin Tip Hidn, bin hihi dSt diin Giang Vo. Bin ta md cda Phi Long, bin hihi md cda Dan PhifOng. Noi gida d phia nam md Cao diin (difn Cao

* CN. Vidn Khao c6 hoc

Phqm Van Trieu - Cdnn thanh Thcng Long thoi Ly. 37 Minh^, didm dien gpi la Long Tri. Cd nha ciu vong quanh che them, ... sau do ^ h i a sau difn Trilu Nguyen) dung hai diin Long An va Long Thuy. Bin hdn xiy diin Nhit Quang bin taxiy diin Nhit Quang, phia sau cd cung Thdy Hod' (Vift sii lUdc 2005).

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- Sach Dai Viit sdky toan thwd\e-p:

"xiy dung cac cung diin trong kinh thinh ThSng Long, phia tnfdc dung diin Can Nguyin lam chd coi chiu, bin ta lam diin Tip Hien, bin hdu diing diin Giang Vd. Lai mO cwa Phi Long thong vdi cung Nghenh Xuan, cwa Dan Phitcfng thdng vdi cda Uy

Vien, hwdng chinh nam dung diin Cao Minh, diu cd Thim Rdng (Long Tri), trong

Tlidm Rdng cd hanh lang dan ra xung quanh lyd'n phia. Sau diin Can Nguyin dwng hai diin Long An va Long Thuy lam ndi vua nghi. Ben ta xiy diin Nhit thuang l^in hihi xiy diin Nguyit Alinh, phia sau dwng 2 cung Thdy Hoa va Long Thuy lam chd d cho cung nw..." (^gtSiUtn 1998).

- B6 Khim dinh Viet sw thdng giam cWOng muc vie't: "...khdi cdng xiy dung cung diin: phia trwdc la diin Kidn Nguyen, dung lam chd coi chiu, hai bin ta hdu lam diin Tip Hidn va diin Giang Vu, deu cd diim rdng. Lai md ba cda: cwa Phi Long thdng vdi cung Nghinh Xuin, cwa

Dan Phwpng didng vdi cwa Uy Viin. DSng sau diin Kidn Nguyin cd diin Long An va Long Thuy, lam chd nha vua nghi ngoi. Hai cung Thdy Hoa va Long Thuy cho cac phi tin 6... "

(Vift su th6ng giam cUdng muc 2007).

Trong cac ghi chep cua su lieu, difn tiung tam dUdc ghi la Trieu N g u y e n , Can N g u y e n hay Kiln Nguyen, n h u n g d i u the hifn day la ndi thiet t r i l u cua nha vua. Va cac cung difn khac dUde xay d u n g thed true doc hoae xung quanh difn chinh nay.

1.2 NSm 1017-1020

Giai doan nay, thanh Thang Long d i l n ra nhiing thay d6i rat ldn, ndi "coi chid' bu6c phai dich chuyen d o nhiing bie'n cdciia tu nhien. L l n thii nha't difn Can N g u y e n bi set danh, chuyen sang phia d6ng, sau dd phia ddng lai bi set danh, ndi "coi chid' phai chuyen sang phia tay.

- Theo Viit sWIwpc c)\e^, n a m Dinh Ty (1017) "Diin Can Nguyin bi ddng di'f va de'n n a m Canh Tlidn (1020)...' Xwa diin Can Nguyin bi ddng di't, vua phai coi chiu d Ddng dien, nay Ddng diin lai bi ddng di t, vua phai coi chiu d Tiy diin " (Vif t sii lUdc 2005).

Sadol: Cac cung dien lroii)> Cam ihdiili nam 1010 theo mo id ciia sif lieu: (I): Dien Cao /Vliiih, (2): Sdn Long Tri vd lidiih lang, (J): Dien Can Nguyen, (4): Dien Long An,

(5): Dieu Long Tliiiy, (6): Cinig Thiiy Hoa, (7): Dien Tap Hien,(8): Dien Gidng Vd, (9): Dien Nhdi Quang,

(10): Dien Ngiiyel Minh. (II): Ciia Plii Long.

38 Khdo cd hoc, sd 6/2010

- B6 Dai Viit swky toan tf?i/ghi: Nam 1017 "Dien Can Nguyin bi set danh, vua coi chdu J diin phia ddng'. Va "Nam iy (1020) diin phia ddng bi set danh, vua coi chiu d dien phia tiy.

Dwng ba diin: dien phia trwdc di coi chiu, hai diin phia sau di'nghe chinh sd' (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1998).

- Sach Khim dinh Viit sw thdng giam cwcfng muc chep ve su kien ciia 2 nam 1017 va 1020 nhu sau: "Dinh Ty (1017) thing 3, mua xuin. Diin Kien Nguyin bi set danh... nlia vua coi chiu d diin .phia ddng' va nam 1020 "Diin phia ddng bi set danh...nha vua coi chiu d diin phia tiy. Lai dwng 3 ngdi diin: diin O dSng trwdc dimg lam nOi di'coi chiu, hai diin dSng sa u

ddng dilam viic chinh tri' (Vift sii th6ng giam cUdng muc 2007).

Giai doan nay, eae ngudn su lieu chi cho bie't su tiiay d6i ciia ndi coi chiu, ngoai trii difn Can Nguyen bi set danh (pha bd), cac cung difn khac cdn lai khdng cd ghi chep nen cd the' hieu cac cung difn nay v i n cdn tdn tai nhu thdi diem dudc xay dung nam 1010.

1.3. N5m 1029-1030

De'n nam 1029, Ly Thai Tdng da cho xay dung difn Thien An tren nIn cii ciia difn Can Nguyen.

- Ghi chep ciia Viit swIwOc"...

md rdng thim ra mdt each quy md sWa chwa lai diin dd ddi tin la diin Thiin An. Ben trai diin Thiin An dwng diin

Tuyin Dwc, bin phai dwng diin Diin Phuc, phia trwdc ggi la Long Tri, phia ddng xiy diin VSn Minh, phia tiy xiy diin Quang Vo. Ddi nhau d hai bin ta hwu Long Tri la Chung Liu (liu chudng)....dSng trwdc dSt diin Phung Thiin, d trin xiy liu (Chinh Dwctng....dSng sau xiy diin Trwdng Xuin, 6 trin xiy Long Cac. Bin ngoai dip thanh, ggi la Long Thanh'. Va de'n nam 1030 "Xiy diin Thiin Khanh. d phia sau dwng liu Phwdng Hoang'

(Vift sii lU(?c 2005).

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So do 2: Cde cung dien Irong Cdm thdnh ndm 1017-1020 theo mo td cua sir lieu: (1): Dien Cao Minh,(2): Sdn

Long Tri vd hdnh lang, (3): Dien Long An,

(4): Dien Long Thuy, (5): Cung Thuy Hoa, (6): Dien Tap Hien, (7): Dien Gidng Vd, (8): Dien Nhdt Quang, (9): Dien Nguyet Minh,

(10): Ciia Phi Long, (II): Cua Dan Phugng, (12): Dien coi chdu, (13-14): Dien nghe chinh su, (15): Ldi vdo.

- B6 Dai Viit sw ky toan thw ghi: nam 1029 " Thing 6, rdng hiin lin

d ndn diin Can Nguyin... sai Hiru ty md rdng quy md, nhSm laiphwcfng hwdng ma lam led,

dd'i tin la diin Thiin An. Bin ta dwng diin Tuyin Dwc, bin hWu dwng diin Diin Phdc, thdm

trwdc diin ggi la Long Tri (Thdm Rdng). Phia Ddng Thdm Rdng dSt diin VSn Minh, phia Tiy

dSt diin Quang Vu, hai bin ta hu'u Thim Rdng dat liu chudng ddi nhau di din chdng ai cd

viic kiin tung oan ud'ng thi danh chudng lin. Bd'n xung quanh Thim Rdng diu cd hanh lang

di'tu hgp cac quan va sau quin tdc vi. Phia trwdc lam diin Phung Thiin, trin diin dung liu

Phqm Van Trieu - C d m thanh Ttiang Long thdi Ly... 39

Chinh Dwc/ng lam ndi trdng coi tinh toan gid khSc, phia sau lam diin Trwdng Xuin, trin diin dwng gae Long Dd lam ndi nghi ngdi du ngoan. Bin ngoai dap mdt lin thanh bao quanh ggi la Long

Thanh" ((Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1998).

De'n nam 1030 " Mua xuin, thing 2, lam diin Thien Khanh d trwdc diin Trwdng Xuin di lam chd nghe chinh sw. Diin lam kiiu bat giac, trwdc sau diu bic ciu Phwdng Hoang' (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1998).

- Theo Khim dinh Viit sw thdng giam cWdng muc nam 1029 "dWng diin

Thiin Am, hai bin ta hdu lam dien Tuyin Dwc va diin Diin Phdc. Sin dSng trwdc ggi la sin rdng; phia ddng va phia tiy sin rdng lam diin VSn Minh va diin Quang Vu; hai bin ta hdu sin rdng dwng gae chudng; bd'n xung quanh sin rdng diu lam hanh lang va giai vu. Phia

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So do 3: Cde cung dien trong Cdm thdnh ndm 1029-1030 Iheo mo Id cua su lieu: (I): Phung Tien, (2): Sdn Long Tri vd hdnh lang, (3): Ldu chudng, (4): Dien Thien An,

(5): Dien Thien Khdnh, (6): Dien Tru&ng Xudn,

trwdc Idm diin Phung Tiin, trin diin co liu Chinh Dwdng... Phia sau lam diin Trwdng Xuin, trin cd gae Long Dd. Ngoai dd dip mdt lin thanh bao xung quanh ggi la Long Thanli'.

Va de'n nam 1930, sU chep: "Dwng diin Thiin Khanh dphia trwdc dien Trwdng Xuin lam ndi lam viic chinh bd- Diin nay lam kiiu bit giac; phia trWdc va phia sau diin deu bSc ciu, ggi la du Phwdng Hoang' (Vift sii thdng giam cUdng muc 2007).

NliU vay, tien dai the, mac dii cd nhiing ghi chep cdn khac nhau vl chi tie't, nhung cac ngudn sii lifu da the hifn dudc su thd'ng nhat vifc md ta vi tiri cae cung difn tirong mdt pham vi hep vdi diem chung nha't la ndi thiet tiilu ciia nha vua. Trong cac md ta, ld'i vao d day khdng cd ten cu the, nhUng day khdng phai la cua Dai Hung, cd le cua nay d ben ngoai vl phia nam de cimg vdi cUa phia tay (Quang Phiie), phia ddng (Tudng Phii) va phia bic (Difu Diic) tao thanh m6t vdng thanh khep kin bao boc trung tam ciia Ca'm thanh.

2. Gia tri ciia cac dau h'ch kien tnic

Khu vuc phia tay d day bao gdm toan b6 khu vuc khai quat khao c6 hpc 18-Hoang

Difu vdi diem nhan ndi net trong khudn khd bai vie't nay la khu A (khu vuc khai quat nim

gin trung tam). Khu A n i m each khoang 110m vl phia tay ciia difn Can Nguyen (hay Thien

An) thdi Ly, tai day da xua't Id nhilu mat blng cac da'u tich kie'n triic cung difn, liu gae, trong

dd cd 2 da'u tich ciia biic tudng ldn ma da'u vet cdn lai la cac mdng diXcSc gia cd blng sdi va da't

set rat kien cd. Su xua't hifn ciia cac da'u tich mdng tudng cd the giiip hinh dung ra su phan

chia cac khu vuc khac nhau trong Cain thanh.

40 Khdo cd hgc, sd 6/2010

Tren tdng tiid toan bd khu A da xae dinh dudc da'u tich ciia 06 cdng tiinh kien tirue, va 11 kien h^c cd mat blng hinh "luc giac" xe'p tiianh m<3t hang tiieo chilu bic-nani. Cac cdng brinh khdng n i m tiieo m6t hudng nha't dinh, ma quay theo cac hudng khac nhau tao tiianh kieu bd cue mat bang "tda ngang - day doc".

Phia nam ciia khu A cd dau tieh ciia biic tudng ldn chay dai theo chilu ddng-tay (dai 170,8m, r6ng 1,9m), sang tdi khu B (da'u tich cdn tie'p tuc phat tiridn v l phia tay). Day la biic tudng quan trong cd the lien quan de'n cdng nang eiia cae cdng trinh kie'n triic d phia bic va phia nam ciia biic tudng. Qua nghien ciiu dUa tren su phan bd' va dac die'm chi tie't tren tdng the chung thi cd the cac cdng trinh kie'n triic d phia nam ciia biic tudng lien quan de'n cac boat d6ng tirilu chinh, d phia ble cd the' la cac cung difn sinh boat hing ngay ciia nha vua va Hoang gia.

2.1. Cac cdng trinh kie'n true dphia bSc

Cac mat bang c6ng trinh kie'n triic d phia ble nam trong tdng the', cd mdi lien hf chat che vdi cae da'u tich kie'n tiriie da xae dinh dude d khu B, C va D, dilu dd eho tha'y cac cdng trinh nay da dU(?c n i m tirong thiet ke' quy hoach tdng the chung m6t each chuan muc va khoa hoe. Minh chiing rd nha't la vifc cac cdng trinh nam dang dd'i, hai hda theo timg cum kie'n true thd'ng nha't tren mdt tdng the chung, dac bift, cae sd do kich thude trong cac cdng trinh dd diu cd the chia he't cho 3, tii dd tao nen m6t chuan mUc v l sd do, dua de'n sU thdng nha't cao giiia cac c6ng trinh xay dung.

- C6ng trinh kie'n triic da xua't 16 dly dii nha't cac mdng tru sdi n i m h phia ble ciia khu A, tdng the mat blng dai theo chilu bic-nam, r(3ng theo chieu d6ng-tay, cac mdng tru da xua't Id phan bd thanh mat bang gdm 09 gian va

01 chai phia nam. Kie'n triic vin cdn nhan difn dudc cac thanh phln ca'u thanh gdm cac dudng cd'ng nudc phia ddng, phia tay va phia nam bao quanh kie'n tiriie. Phia tay ciia kie'n triic nay cd 11 kie'n tnic cd mat blng kieu "luc giac", n i m each hang mdng tru ngoai cimg ciia kie'n true khoang 1.4m.

Giiia kie'n tnic "lue giac" thii 3 va thii 4 (theo chieu tif ble xud'ng nam) cd da'u tich ciia 1 con dudng chay theo chilu d6ng-tay ma diem d i u phia d6ng dude xac dinh tir gian giiia ciia kie'n tiriie.

- Tie'p theo vl phia nam, xua't 1(3 lien tie'p 2 c6ng trinh kie'n tiriie cd mat blng chay dai theo chilu ddng-tay, r6ng theo chilu bIc-nam, cd 2 hang cdt. Cdng trinh phia nam thu6c pham vi hd A3 cd mat blng tdng the gdm 6 mdng tru, trong dd 4 mdng tru d 2 d i u cd hinh chii nhat (2,1m x

Ban vei: Mat bdng tdng the ddu tich kie'n true cung dien, ldu gdc thdi Ly. Vi tri khu A ndm ngodi cung phia dong.

(Tdng Trung Tin, Bui Minh Tri 2010:22)

Phqm Vdn Trieu - Cdm thanh Ttidng Long thdi Ly... ⁴¹ 1,1m), day la kieu m d n g tru kep (tiic cd 2 ehan tang

da dat ben tien), cac m d n g tru d giiia cd hinh v u d n g (1,1m x 1,1m). Mdt so m d n g tru ciia kie'n tiiic van cdn ehan tang da dat ben tren.

- V l phia nam, thudc p h a m vi h d A15, xua't Id da'u tich kie'n tnic cd m a t b l n g chay dai theo chilu ddng-tay, rdng theo chilu bac-nam cd 4 h a n g cdt trong 1 vi kie'n tnic. Kie'n tnic mdi xua't 16 da'u tich ciia 2 gian va 1 chai phia d d n g tren tdng the 338m-. Dang chii y, d day da tim tha'y m d t sd bang chiing n h u cdt gd, cac ehan tang cdt a m p h a n bd' d mat phia bac va n a m ciia cdng trinh cho tha'y ban d i u cd the cd cac cdt am bao quanh e6ng trinh kie'n tnic, tUdng t u vdi mat b l n g kie'n triic d hd' B3.

- Phia tay ciia k h u A, cd 11 mat bang kie'n tnic hinh "luc giac" xe'p thanh m6t h a n g tir bac xudng nam. 6 mdng tru hinh trdn cd d u d n g kinh trung binh 1.1m bao quanh 1 m d n g tru vudng d giiia (1,1m x 1,1m) tao thanh hinh trdn cd d u d n g kinh 3.5m. M(3t sd kieh tiiic cdn n h a n difn d u d c nen gach ben ngoai va cac hang gach via diing bao xung quanh kie'n tiiic.

Trong p h a m vi hd' D6 ciing tim d u d c 03 mat bang kie'n tnic kieu n h u vay n i m d a n g ddi va each cac kie'n tiue "luc giac" d khu A khoang 208.5m, tao nen mdt khdng gian q u y l n uy ciia H o a n g gia.

- Phia d d n g ciia k h u A cd da'u tich ciia mdt biic tudng ldn chay dai theo chilu bac-nam (78,0m), r6ng 1,2m, n g i n each p h l n phia tay va phia d6ng cua biic tudng. Tren da'u tich ciia n I n mdng, mdt sd vi tri cd d u d n g cd'ng thoat nUdc c i t ngang cdn xac dinh dude cac ldp gach xay d u n g than tudng. Dd deu la cac

loai gach bia m a u dd, kich thudc kha ddng nha't 17,0cm x 5,0cm (rdng x day). Day la mdt biic tudng cd the' lien quan de'n vifc phdn dinh chiic nang ciia cac cdng trinh phia ddng va phia tay ciia tudng, trong dd phia d d n g cd the' la trung tam ciia Ca'm thanh vdi difn Can Nguyen (hay Thien An) la hat nhan, phia tay la cac cung difn sinh boat ciia Hoang gia.

2.2. Cac cdng trinh kieh true dphia nam

Trong khu A, phia n a m ciia biic tudng, tai vi tii cac hd' A20 va A5 da xac dinh d u d c m(3t td h d p cae cdng trinh kie'n tnic quy md ldn ve mat b l n g , kien cd v l ky thuat xay d u n g .

C6rig trinh d phia b l e , g i n vdi tUdng bao, cd mat b l n g chay dai theo chilu ddng-tay (29,2ni), rdng theo c h i l u b l c - n a m (14,2m), vdi 14 mdng tiu da xua't 16, tiong dd cd 8 m d n g tru cdn ehan tang da n i m n g u y e n ven dudc cham k h i c hoa v i n canh sen tinh xao dac trUng ciia

A

Ban ve2: Mat bdng kien true khu A:

(1) ddu tich tudng bao phia dong, (2) ddu tich lu&ng bao phia nam,

(3) ddu tich du&ng di.

42 Khdo cd hgc, sd 6 '^

thdi Ly. Trong mdi vi cua kie'n tiriic cd 3 mdng tru, k h o a n g each m d n g tru ngoai ciuig phia bac de'n mdng tru d giiia la 2,4m, tir m d n g tiu giiia de'n mdng tr^

ngoai ciuig phia n a m la 5,1m. Khoang each giiia cac m d n g tru n h u vay n e n cd the day la m d t cdng tiinh kieu h a n h lang bao q u a n h m d t cdng trinh kie'n tnic ldn va q u a n tirong.

Cach m d t k h o a n g san dUdc lat gach v u d n g rat quy chuan, r d n g 5m, v l phia n a m la m d t cdng trinh d a xuat Id 3 h a n g m d n g tru. N i n da't ciia c6ng trinh nay cao h d n cac kie'n tnic khac trong k h u vUc. H d n niia, ne'u n h u cac m d n g tru ciia kie'n tiiic khac trong k h u vuc cd kich t h u d c trung binh 1,5m x 1,5m va h d m d n g tru sau t r u n g binh k h o a n g 1,4m, thi d day cac m d n g tru cd kich thude t r u n g binh la 1,9m x 1,9m va hd' m d n g tru sau tdi 1,9m vdi eac loai vat lieu d u d e d i m ra't ky t h a n h t i m g ldp rieng bift. Mat khac, d p h l n phia b l e da xua't Id bd n I n d u d c xay d u n g hoan toan b l n g gach bia cdn lanh nguyen, khac vdi vife tan d u n g cae m a n h gach bia v S d cac kie'n tnic khac de xay d u n g bd nen. N i n kie'n tnic d u d c giat thanh 2 cap tao thanh k h o a n g hien bao q u a n h d phia nam, cac m d n g tru d dd d u d c d a t tren nhiing ehan tang d u d c cham k h i c hoa v a n canh sen.

Day la m d t c6ng trinh kie'n tnic quan trong ed the' la ndi lien q u a n de'n vifc t r i l u chinh.

Anh 1: Ddu deh mong tudng bao phia dong

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Anh 2: Ddu tich ggch xdy dung thdn tudng bao phia dong

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3. T a m ket

3.1. N a m 1010, kinh d 6 d u d c ehuye'n v l tinanh Dai La, va ddi tiianh Thang Long. Trong sudt giai d o a n tii n a m 1010 de'n n a m 1029 trung tam eiia Ca'm thanh, ndi thie't t r i l u ciia n h a vua, cd 3 su thay ddi v l vi tri. Trong do, giai d o a n tir n a m 1020 de'n n a m 1029 ndi thie't tirilu ciia n h a v u a n i m v l phia tay. Thed cac n g u d n sii lifu ghi chep lai cd the thay.

- Vi tri cic cung dien. Cac ghi chep mieu ta mdt q u i n tiie' cac cung difn lien hoan tren p h a m vi hep,

khdng gian ngoai cung gidi ban p h a m vi cac cdng tiinh la mdt biic tirdng (ghi chep n a m 1030 cho tiia'y: "Ngoai do dip mdt lin Oianh bao xung quanh ggi la Long Thanh"), tir ben ngoai di vao p h l i qua ciia Phi Long d phia ddng va ciia Dan Phudng d phia tay, cd biic tirdng ngan cac cdng ti'inh vdi ben ngoai dudc goi la Long Thanh. Do dd, day la khu vUc Cam tiianh - ti^mg tam d i u nao ciia thanh Thang Long.

Anh 3: Ddu tich mong tudng bao phia nam

Ptiqm Vdn Trieu - C d m thdnh Thang Long thoi Ly... 43^

- Mat bSng tdng thi Cirn thanh: Cac cdng trinh d u d c xay d u n g lien tie'p, d u d c b d tiri g i n nhau, m a n g tinh lien hoan, cd sU thdng sud't giiia cac cdng trinh. Tren tdng the, mat bang ca'm thanh d u d c xay d u n g theo Idi h u d n g tam theo true va h u d n g tam theo diem, la'y mdt cdng tiinh chinh lam trung tam (difn Can N g u y e n hay Thien An), rdi cac cdng trinh khac theo dd ma xay d u n g bao x u n g q u a n h (dd la su p h a n bd' hai hda, d a n g dd'i giiia cac cdng trinh cung difn ciing n h u cac hanh lang bao quanh). Cach b d tri mat bang cae cdng trinh n h u vay lam tang ve tdn nghiem cho cdng trinh chinh. Day la kieu mat bang ciia cac cdng trinh trong giai doan 1010 va 1029 -1030.

Giai doan 1017-1020, khi ndi thie't trilu thay ddi sang phia d d n g va phia tay, sach Cwdng muc chua: diin phia ddng la diin Tip Hien vi diin phia tiy la diin Giang VH (Vo). Cd le cac sii gia da l l m khi chii thich n h u vay, vi tren mat bang tdng the chung theo md ta ciia cac bd sii, hai difn tien rat g i n vdi difn Can Nguyen. Hdn niia, khi chuyen v l phia tay, ngoai dien chinh cdn cd them 3 difn khac dudc xay dung them, tiong dd chiic nang ciia cac difn d u d c dinh rd "diin phia trwdc di coi chiu, hai diin phia sau di nghe chinh sw". N h u vciy, vdi vi tri trUdc sau, cac difn da tao thanh m(3t true chinh doc, tao cho khu vUc nay cd mat bang h u d n g tam theo true, khdng cd h u d n g tam theo diem n h u d cac giai doan tiUdc (1010) va sau (1029 -1030).

- Pham vi trung tim cua Ci'm thanh: TrUde day khi nghien ciiu v l cac vdng thanh, vdng tiong ciing cdn cd n h i l u y kie'n do xua't hifn cac ten khac n h a u cd the chi cimg m d t hay khac ddi tUdng. Tuy nhien ciing cd nha nghien dUa ra quan diem cho r i n g "Phwdng thanh.

Long thanh. Long Phwdng Uianli, Cung thanh. Cam thanh di'u la chi vdng thanh dphia trong ngSn each va bao ve kliu trung tim chinh tri diu nao cua vwdng triiu" ( N g u y i n (Juang Ngoc 2005). Vifc phan bift cae ten goi khd xac dinh dude chinh xae vi, ten Long thanh d u d e n h i c de'n khi m 6 ta de'n vifc xay d u n g difn Trudng Xuan va tien dd xay gae Long Dd, cac cdng trinh nay d i u n i m v l phia b l e ciia true trung tam tiong Ca'm thanh. H d n niia, d phia b l e nay cd su trimg k h d p giiia cae ldp t u d n g thanh. Minh chiing ciia khao cd hoc cho tha'y, tiong Cahn thanh cd cac biic tUdng bao quanh ngan each mdt q u i n the cung difn hay mdt cung difn rieng le. N h u vay, vifc cd mdt biic t u d n g d u d c xay dung n g i n each k h u tiung tam ciia Ca'm thanh vdi cac khu vUc khac trong Ca'm thanh hoan toan cd the cd. Va d day, cd the biic tUdng ngan dd dudc goi la Long thanh.

3.2. Tir n a m 1020 de'n n a m 1029, theo ghi chep ciia cac su lifu thi ndi thie't trilu ciia nha vua n i m d phia tay (ciia difn Can Nguyen), va cho xay d u n g cac cung difn khac phuc vu cho vifc d i l u h a n h da't nUdc. Cac ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia khao cd hoc da xac dinh d u d c d phia nam ciia khu A (pham vi h d A20-A5) cd da'u tich ciia q u i n thf (bao gdm hanh lang d phia b l e va cung difn) kieh tiiic cung difn cd quy md ldn, cac m d n g tiu d u d c xay d u n g kien cd', cac cdng trinh p h u trd d phia bac d u d e xay d u n g hai hda bao quanh eung difn ehinh. Phia b l e ciia q u i n the' cd da'u tich ciia t u d n g bao ngSn each vdi khu vuc phia bac. Do mat bang kie'n tnic chua xua't Id he't, n h u n g vdi cac thanh p h l n ca'u tao nen kie'n tnic da dUdc xac dinh thi day la mdt cdng trinh kie'n tiiic cd quy md ldn, dudc xay d u n g kien cd, memg tinh bieu trung ciia q u y l n lUc - day cd the la ndi thie't tiilu ciia nha vua trong giai doan tir 1020 -1029.

Vdi dac trung la cac biic t u d n g bao quanh mdt quan the hay mdt kie'n tnic, nen vifc xua't hifn cac da'u tich t u d n g bao cd the giiip cho vifc phan dinh cac k h u vuc cung n h u cd the d u a ra cac gia thie't v l cdng n i n g su d u n g cac c6ng trinh ben trong dd.

44 Khdo cd' hgc, sd 6/2010

Bang phu luc ghi cac sir kien trieu chinh

trong giai doan 1020-1029 khi noi thiet trieu cua nha vua ndm a phia tay TT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Thai gian

Nam 1022

Nam 1023

Nam 1024

Nam 1025

Nam 1026

Nam 1027

Nam 1029

Sukien

Vua .sai Dire Thanh vucmg di dep Dai Quang lich.

Dgi Viet sd ky loan thu chep la chau Dai Nguyen lich; Cuffng muc chep: sai Dire Thanh vuong di danh va pha dirpc man Dai Nguyen lich)

Thang 9, xuong chie'u chep kinh Tam tang de a kho Dai Hung

Vua sai Thai tir danh chau Phong Luan, Khai Qu6c vuong danh chau Do Kim (DVSKTT va Cuong muc chep: Khai Thien vuong di danh Phong Chau, Khai Qu6c vuong di danh Do Kim)

Xay thanh Thang Long (Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu va Cuffng muc chep: sira chua kinh thanh Thang Long).

Chan Lap tdi cd'ng {Dgi Viet sir ky loan thu chep:

thang 2, nuoc Chan Lap sang cong)

Xudng chieu lap trai Dinh Phien d dia gidi phia nam chau Hoan.

Vua sai Thai tit di dep DiSn Chau Dgi Viet sirky todn thir va Cuang muc chep: xuong chieu cho Khai Thien vuong di danh giac d Di6n Chau)

Vua .sai sir sang Tong (Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu chep:

thang 8 sai Ly Tnmg Hien va Le Tai Nghiem sang nudc Tdng kei hao)

Thang gieng, xudng chie'u lam Ngpc diep (Citcmg muc chep: sira Ngpc diep)

Mua ddng, thang 11, nudc Chan Lap sang cdng Vua sai Thai tit di dep chau Thai Nguyen, Dong Chinh vuong dep chau Van (Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu va Cuang muc chep: thang 8 xudng chieu cho Khai Thien vuong (Phat Ma) di danh chau Thai Nguyen, Dong Chinh vuong di danh Chau Van)

Thang 8, xudng chieu chep kinh Tam tang.

Cho xay dirng dien Thien An va cac cung dien bao quanh.

Thang 6, dung dien Thien An

Nguon

Viet sir lupc 2005: 77.Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998:

246. Cuong muc 2007: 279.

Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998:247.

Viet sir lupc 2005: 77.Dai Viet sit ky toan thu 1998:

247.Cirong muc 2007: 280.

Viet sir lupc 2005: 77. Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998:

247.Qrang muc 2007: 280.

Viet sir lupc 2005: 77.Dai Viet sir ky loan thu 1998: 247.

Dai Viet sir ky toan thir 1998:247.

Viet sit lupc 2005: 77. Dai Viet sir ky loan thu 1998:

247. Cuong muc 2007: 281.

Viet sir lupc 2005: 77. Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998: 247.

Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998:

247. Qrcmg muc 2007: 281.

Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998: 247.

Viet sit lupc 2005: 77.

Cuong muc 2007: 281.

Dai Viet sir ky loan thit 1998: 247.

Dai Viet sir ky toan thu 1998: 247.

Dai Viet sir ky loan thu 1998:

254.Vietsuluoc2005:80.

Cuong muc 2007: 289.

TAI LlfiU D A N

BUI THIET 2009. Ddi ihogi Tlidng Long-Hd Ngi. Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, Ha Ndi.

TRAN HUY BA 1959. Thir ban ve vj tri thanh Thang Long ddi Ly. Nghien ciru Lich sd, s6 6.

TRAN HUY LIEU (chii bien) 2000. Lich sir llm do Hd Ngi, Nxb. Ha Ndi, Ha Npi.

P h q m V d n Trieu - C d m t h d n h T h d n g L o n g t h d i Ly... 45^

TRAN QUOC VUDNG, VU TU-W SAN 1966. Ban them ve thanh Thang Long ddi Ly Tran. Nghien ciru Lich su, so 85.

PHAN HUY LE 2006. Vi trf khu di tich khao co hpc 18 Hoang Dieu trong cau tnic thanh Thang Long - Ha Npi qua cac thdi ky lich sir. Khdo cd hgc, so 1: 3-24.

TONG TRUNG TIN 2004. Kei qua tham do khao co hpc Doan Mdn, BSc Mon, Hau Lau, 62-64 Tran Phu va van de vi trf, quy mo ciia Hoang thanh Thang Long thdi Ly-Tran-Le. Khdo cd hgc, so 4: 10-20.

Viei sir luge 2005. Tran Quoc Vupng (dich). Nxb. Thuan Hoa. Hu^.

Dgi Viet sirky loan ihir 1998. Tap 1, Nxb. Khoa hpc xahpi. Ha Npi. . Viet sirihong gidm cuang muc (Cuang muc) 2007. Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi.

NGUYEN QUANG NGOC 2005. Thanh Thang Long thdi Ly-Tran-Le doi ldi ban them ve pham \i. vi tri cua Hoang thanh va cung thanh. Nghien ciru Lich sir. so 2.

TONG TRUNG TIN, BUI MINH TRI 2010.Tlidng Long-Ha Ngi lich sir ngdn ndm tir idng ddt.^ixh.Kho-d hoc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.

THANG LONG FORBIDDEN CITADEL IN LY PERIOD (1010 - 1030), AND VALUES OF ARCHITECTURAL VESTIGES IN

SECTION A (WESTERN CITADEL)

PHAM VAN TRI$U According to the historical records, from 1010 to 1030, the centre of the Forbissen Citadel, where the King gave audience, there were 3 times of change in location and at each time, palaces were built to serve the King anf his royal family. Those works were built in a narrow scale, uninterrupted and well-propotioned. Between 1010 and 1029 - 1030, the composition of the the centre of the forbissen Citadel was in accordance with the axis and location of other constructions arranged around. Since 1020, when the royal audience hall was removed to the west, the pain of the central Forbidden Citadel was located along with the front - back palaces. Those palces were enclosed by a great wall called Long Thanh.

The results of the archaeological research on the Section A (nearest to the western citadel centre) of the 18 - Hoang Dieu Street, Ha Ndi, shows that the architectural works were closely connected to the common area of the sections B, C and D. The appearance of the southern area had separated the archectures in the Section a into 2 parts: The northem and sountern parts. The architecture of the northern part da identified as a residence of the royal family, whereas the southern architecture whichs was very large was where the King gave audience durong 10 years (1020 - 1029).

The combination between the ild annals and archahitectural data confirms the values of the architecutural vestiges in the area of 18 - Hoang Dieu Street, Ha Ndi, which were not just royal palaces in the 10 years (1020 - 1029); the western area was where the king controlled the national affairs.