34 Nghien ctru T6n giao. Set'10-2012
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TON GIAO VA DAN T A C
PHONG TRAO YftU NU<f)C CUA N(;i/6l CONG GIAO V I £ T N A M 6 SAI GON Di;6l CH^^ DO NGUYftN VAN THifeU
(1967-1975)
MM'YKN T i n KIM THOA'*' giao d S&i Gdn. V& d&y !& ndi dung ma b&i vid't nay de c&p.
L Bdi canh lich sfl
Sau n a m 1954, stf xua't hien cua ngtfdi My lam t a n vd kh&t v p n g thd'ng nhat hda binh cua t o a n the nh&n d&n Viet Nam. Dflng ldn c h i n h quyen tay sai ket hdp vdi 1& bai Cdng giao, dd' qud'c My am mtfu chia cat l&u dai Vict Nam. D&c biet tfl n a m 1965, khi trtfc tie'p dtfa vao chie'n trfldng Mien Nam g a n nfla trieu quan.
My lam dao ldn nhflng g i a t r i van hda t r u y e n thd'ng va gioo r a c d a u thtfdng len d&'t ntfdc Viet Nam. Trtfdc hpa ngoai xam, toan thd nh&n d&n Viet Nam quyet tam d a n h My va c h i n h quyen tay sai de bao vc nen ddc l&p, t o a n ven lanh thd cua To qud'c.
Trong khi chie'n t r a n h tid'p dien d Viet Nam, cac p h o n g t r a o p h a n chie'n cua n h a n d a n thd' gidi, dac bidt d My phat trien m a n h md va cd tac dpng k h d n g nho de'n p h o n g t r a o d&'u t r a n h cua nh&n d&n t r o n g ntfdc.
Dtfdc du n h a p vao Vidt Nam tfl the' ki XVI, nhflng do n h i e u nguydn n h a n nen Cdng g i a o "chtfa Vict Nam h d a dtfdc vdi va'n de ydu ntfdc ndi ngtfdi Cdng gi&o
Vict Nam nhtf the' nao cho dd'n nay v&n chtfa cd nhieu cdng trinh n g h i e n cflu de cap. Ndi de'n t h a i dp cua ngtfdi Cdng gi&o Viet Nam vdi d&n tdc, ngtfdi ta thtfdng ndi tdi "ddng due", cd luc la mpt ddng ldn, nhtfng k h d n g the nao phu n h a n dtfdc
"ddng trong" du cd luc la ddng nhd nhflng lai dtfdc cho la "ttfdng lai cua Giao hdi Cdng gi&o Viet Nam".
Trong bd'i canh da't ntfdc cd chie'n tranh, truyen thd'ng yeu ntfdc ndi ngtfdi Viet Nam Cdng giao dtfdc d&nh thtfe, gdp ph&n v&o svf n g h i e p g i a i phdng, thd'ng nhat Td qud'c. Dd'i vdi lich sfl Giao hdi Cdng gi&o Vidt Nam ndi ridng v& vdi lich sfl dan tpc ndi chung, cac p h o n g trao yeu ntfdc cua ngtfdi Cdng gi&o Viet Nam m a n g nhieu y n g h i a dac bidt. Md'i quan he giiia ngtfdi Cdng gi&o Vidt Nam vdi dan tdc cd lich stf d&c bidt, bdi v&y truyen thd'ng yeu ntfdc cua ngrfdi Cdng gi&o du d giai doan nao ciing de'u d&ng tr&n trpng.
Trong cudc k h a n g chie'n chd'ng My cifu ntfdc cua d a n tpc Viet Nam, giai doan 1967-1975 la mdt t r o n g nhiing g i a i d o a n t i e u b l e u d a n h d a u stf t r d i d a y
p h o n g t r a o y e u ntfdc c u a n g t f d i C d n g *. NOV .Vian Nghien cuu Tdn giao.
Nguy^enjh[^irn trd 'ao ven nitac. 35
ngtfdi Viet Nam". Khi xam Itfdc Viet Nam, thrfc dan, dd' qud'c ldi dung mau thu&n gifla hiiu than va vd th&n dd' chia re d&n too Vidt Nam. "Ludng gid" canh t&n, hda giai cua Cdng ddng Vatican II (1963 1965) ciing vdi khuynh htfdng
"Cdng gi&o tie'n bd" tren the' gidi anh htfdng kh& s&u sac va lam Gi&o hdi Cdng gi&o Mien Nam Viet Nam bi ph&n hda:
chd'ng Cdng"'; yeu ntfdc, ca'p tid'n'=> va trung l&p.
Stf chuyen bie'n trong ttf ttfdng ydu ntfdc cua ngtfdi Cdng g i a o d Mien Nam Viet Nam dtfdc ghi nhan la cd nhflng btfdc tie'n d&ng ke, l&m nay sinh khuynh htfdng "tim vc dan tdc", chang nhifng tim ve dan tdc, ma cd ca khuynh hrfdng di ve vdi nhan dan lao dpng dang da'u tranh. Ngrfdi Cdng san cung phai cdng nhan sflc manh, tinh than ai qud'c cang n g a y cang manh cua ngrfdi Cdng gi&o: "Ridng ve Cdng gi&o d Sai Gdn, hidn da hinh th&nh mdt nhdm tie'n bd, cd lien he it nhidu vdi nhan dan lao ddng; vi v&y can tranh thu Itfc Itfdng nay v& trong cac ban lam cdng t&c d&n van cua c&'p uy, ngoai Ban Ph&t giao van, nen cd thd cd Ban Cdng giao van do ch&m lo vide van ddng quan chung giao d&n-f^).
Tha't bai cua c&c hinh thtfe chie'n tranh: chie'n tranh dac biet {Special War), chie'n tranh cue bd (Limited War), Viet Nam h o a chie'n tranh, Ddng Dtfdng hda chie'n tranh, c&c cudc nem bom pha hoai Mie'n Bac My v& chinh quyen tay sai phai kl Hiep dinh Paris.
Cupc Tong tid'n cdng ndi d&y Mua Xu&n nam 1975 cua nh&n dan Viet Nam da d&nh cho "Nguy nhao", thd'ng nhat da't ntfdc...
2. C&c dang thflc hoat ddng cua ngrfdi Cdng gi&o Viet Nam d sai Gdn drfdi thdi Nguyen Van Thidu
S.1. Phong trdo tranh dd'u cua ngifdi Cdng giao dtfdi s^ lanh dao cua Dang Cdng sin Vict Nam
S&i Gdn, thu dd cua chlnh quyen th&n My, la ndi bd m&y t&m 11 chie'n ciia nguy quyen boat ddng manh mc nha't. Vi vay, vice gay dtfng Itfc Irfdng chinh tri d Sai Gdn drfdc Dang va Mat tran Dan tdc dac bidt chu y.
Trrfc tid'p lanh dao cudc dau tranh d Sai Gdn la Dang bp Sai Gdn - Chd Ldn va Gia Dinh''". 6 thanh pho. Dang bd btfdc dau g&y dtfng dtfdc Itfc Itfdng va cd sd trong c&c nganh, cac gidi (ndng d&n, cdng nhan, hpc sinh, sinh vien, tiou thtfdng, ki gia, van nghd si ) day manh phong trao dau tranh cho cac quyen dan sinh, d&n chu.
I. Hang giao phiim Dong Duong tuyen bo (1951):
C6ng giao "mau ihu^n tuyet doi" v6i Cong san vi khai trir ra khoi Giao hpi nhfmg lin do nao lie'p tay v6i Cong san hay giup ho nAm dupe chinh qitydn Cong giao tai ,S;ii Gon trong Ih6i gian d^u da thirc sir tro thanh mot hrc lirong chinh trj ldn va da diroc sir dung lam hau thuan co hicu qua cho cac chinh khach mudn thu van irong nhCrng nam xao tr6n tai Mi6i Nam Viet Nam,
Sir dung la bai Cong giao nhain pliuc vu cho lpi ich rieng ciia minh. My da d^y ngirdi Viel Nam Cong giao va Giao hOi Cong giao Viet Nam v'a.o \\\t bat lpi Iai Mi^n Nam Viet Nam nbi chung va iai Sai Gon noi rieng.
2. Khuynh hucing "lien bo" xua't phai tir nhom tri (hiJc ca'p tien hoc lir Phap irong khang chie'n chong Phap Trdn ihe gidi. ngir^i C6ng giao tien bO la nhu'ng ngitcfi lien b6 vd ur nrong, lliAn hoc ciing nhu ve chinh tri, xa h&i. Con 6 Viet Nam, theo Lmh muc Tnrong Ba Ciin thl hg ihiSn v^ y thi're chinh tri lihi^ii hon la suy nghT ih^n hpc.
3. Xem: Dang Cpng .san Viet Nam. Vdn kieu Ddng lodn Idp. tap 32, Nxb CTQG, tr. 468.
4. D^u nam 1960. XU uy chap ihuan giai ihe Khu liy Sai p o n - Cho Ldn va Tinh uy Gia Dinh, hap iija'l rhSnh Khu uy'Siii Gon - Gia Dinh do dong chi' Vo Van Kiel lam Bi'lhu. - •-
36 Nghien cd-u T6n giao. Sd 10 - 2012
Qu& t r i n h kh&ng chid'n chd'ng My oifu ntfdc cua nh&n d&n ta da thflc dfi!y h i n h t h a n h tai Sai Gdn va cac th&nh thf Midn Nam mpt life Irfdng gpi 1& "trung l^p',
"Irfc Itfdng thtf ba"'" t r o n g dd ed Irfc Irfdng cua ngtfdi Cdng giao. Tao d ^ n g cua c&c p h o n g t r a o d&'u t r a n h cdng nhan, lao dpng, s i n h vidn hpc sinh va cac gidi t r o n g t h a n h thi... cflng vdi Hnh hrfdng cua cudc kh&ng chid'n d to&n Mien Nam do Dang l a n h dao d& l&m cho Itfc Irfdng t r u n g g i a n ph&n hda manh, nh&'t la d Sai Gdn.
Dd'i vdi ngrfdi Cdng giao, v&n de vdi ngrfdi Cdng san v& chd' dp Cdng san chtfa phai la ch&m dift nhtfng nhiing v&'n de cd't yd'u nh&'t t r o n g cudc d&'u t r a n h thrfc tien cua Dang Cdng san, nhtf t i n h th&n triet de chd'ng dd' qud'c, y chi ttf chu, ttf crfdng deu dtfdc mpi ngtfdi linh hdi t r o n g nhiing net dimg dan nh&'t. Nhiing ngtfdi "dflng gitfa hai lan dan" budc phai Irfa chpn gifla hai thtfe te' d IVIien Nam Viet Nam, t r o n g dd, mdt ben mdi n g a y mdi td r a k h d n g the cha'p n h a n dtfdc va mdt ben dang cdn 1& ndi d u n g cua mpt stf tim kie'm. T&'t nhidn, dd Itia chpn dtfdc cho minh mdt chd diing t r o n g cupc chie'n nay, ngtfdi Cdng gi&o Vidt Nam c&n thdi gian va cung da t r a i qua nhieu dao ddng.
Ngtfdi Cdng giao d& gia n h a p c&c td chflc hoac cac p h o n g tr&o da'u t r a n h sin cd cua cdng nhan, hpc sinh, s i n h vien, n h a n si, tri t h f l c . nhrf Tdng hdi sinh
vien Sdi Gdn, Uy ban nhdn ddn tranh thu ddn chti vd hda binh. Mat trdn nhdn ddn cifu doi.
Trong Dai hdi Dai bieu qud'c d&n Mien Nam Viet Nam, ciing vdi 88 dai bieu, 7S vi k h a c h dai dien cho cac gidl, d n g Pham Ngoc Hiing dai didn cho nhiing ngtfdi
Cdng gi&o you ntfdo Midn Nam Viet Nam t h a m g i a vide t h a n h U p Chinh phu Cach m a n g lam thdi C^ng hda Mien Nam Viet Nam. 6 n g dtfdo ofl vao Do&n Chu tloh Dai hdi va t h a m g i a vao Hdi d d n g cd'va'n cua Chlnh phu Cach m a n g lam thdi Cdng hoa Midn Nam Viet Nam.
Qua thi;fe tiSn t r a n h da'u, mpt so tri thflc Cdng gi&o cd nhflng lien he vdi Mat tr&n Dan tdc Giai p h d n g v& mdt sd' vi l a n h dao p h o n g tr&o d&'u t r a n h , tfl dd cd dip dc hidu rd hdn chu trtfdng, dtfdng Id'i v& con dtfdng c&ch m a n g giai phdng dan tdc cua D a n g va Mat tr&n'*'. Trong viec lidn he vdi Mat tr&n, nhiing nh&n v&t Cdng gi&o yeu ntfdc n a y da gap nhieu khd k h a n vi ludn bi "cdng a n chim" cua Viet Nam Cdng hda theo ddi g a t gac"^.
Dieu n a y cho th^y, du "cdng khai khdng lien he vdi Mat tr&n" nhifng thiic te p h o n g t r a o t r a n h d&'u cua Cdng giao yeu ntfdc ludn cd lien he c h a t che vdi dfldng 5. Trong Sd lay sif kien chien Iranh Viet Nam ciia Jeff Slein-Marc Leepson, htc litang lln'f ba la "mfll lire Urong trung ISp dupe ca bp may qudn su Sai G6n vii phia C6ng san chfl'p nhftn,..". 'D6 la tap hpp x&\ ca cdc phe nhdm va cti nhftn la Iri thiic, nhin sT. dftn bie'u, nha bdo. tu sT cac ldn gnio. cOng llurong gia v&
cuu tudng \& chinh quy^n Sai Gdn...
6. Vfio giQa hai cupc ta'n cdng Tel Mau Than 19o8, Linh muc Nguyen Ngpc Lan cung gido .su Q i i u TStn Luan da gap Trdn Bach Dang (Uy viCn Doiln Chu tich Mat Iran Dan lOc Giai phdng Mi^n Nam Vifit Nam); cutfi nam 1973. Linh muc Phan Khac TCr ^Ong da v&o birng gap ddng chi Nguyin Hd (Uy vifin^
thudng true ciia Ban Thudng vu Uy ban khang chi^'^
S&i Gdn - Gia Dinh): Linh muc Trfkn C6ng Thach gap ddng chi Mai Chf Thp (Phd Bi thu Thanh uy Sai Gon - Gia Dinh) nam 1973; Trong nam 1973 cho den ngay Sai Gon giai phdng, Linh muc Chan Tuj co nhCmg lien lac vdi phai doan quan su ciia Chinh phu Cach mang Iftm th6i Cdng hoa Mi^n Nam Vifil Nam d Tan Son Nha^t. Binh ihudng. nhQng cudc gap gfl nay dupe diln ra m6i tuSn mdt lan. hoac mdt.yii ngay mdt ldn. nS'u tinh hinh k h i i truang. .^
7. Gid'y td "mat" cua mdi iniug t'ly cdng an cliiiii,, Tap chl Ddi difin. s6 68. thang 3 - 1975. tr. 97-101'''
Nguyen Thi Kim Thoa. Phong trdo yen nude. 37
ldi cua Mat t r a n Dan too Giai phdng Midn Nam Vidt Nam.
Tfl n a m 1970 t r d di, phong trao da'u t r a n h c h i n h t r i dtfdc stf chi dao trtfc tid'p hoac g i a n tie'p cua cac b a n Thanh van, Tri v&n, Cdng van, Binh v&n,,. cua Mat tr&n D&n too Giai phdng, mdt sd' t h a n h nidn, hpc vien, hpc s i n h Cdng gi&o da gia nh&p cac td chflc each m a n g (Doan uy sinh vidn, Doan uy hpc sinh thudc Thanh doan T h a n h nidn Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh).
Vao cudi n a m 1974, de chuan bi Itfc Itfdng cho cupc t d n g tie'n cdng giai phdng Mien Nam, Bd Chinh tri chu trtfdng ben c a n h Itfc Itfdng nen t a n g la cdng n h a n , lao d d n g phai sfl dung va ph&t huy m a n h me vai trd cua lflc Ifldng thfl ba *^\ Ve sfl d u n g Itfc Itfcftig t r u n g lap nay, Bp Chinh t r i chi rd: "Van de nam lflc Irfdng thfl ba, bie't sfl dung va phat huy vai trd cua Itfc Itfdng thtf ba la van de cd y n g h i a chie'n Itfdc cua each m a n g Mien Nam m a th&nh t h i phai thrfc hidn de hoan t h a n h n h i e m vu each m a n g d&n tpc, d a n chu.-."*^.
Btfdc vao c h u a n bi cho Chie'n dich Hd Chl Minh, th&'y cd t h e phat huy tac dung cua "Itfc Itfdng thfl ba". Dang t a p hdp cac dang vien v& cd't c&n va cac to chtfc b&n cdng k h a i kh&c cua "Itfc Itfdng thfl ba" r a viing g i a i p h d n g de ban va xuc tid'n cdng t&c mdi, d g i a i doan cudi cung.
Nam 1975, dtfdi stf l a n h dao cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam, cao tr&o d&'u t r a n h c&ch m a n g cua n h a n d a n Mien Nam b u n g len m a n h me. Trtfdc k h i Itfc Ifldng vu trang Giai p h d n g ttf n h i e u htfdng tie'n vao Sai Gdn, c&c doan the, nhdm t h a n h nien, s i n h vidn, t u si da t h a m gia ph&t dong qu&n chiing noi d&y g i a n h chinh quyen. T r o n g nhuHg diem quan chflng
ndi d&y giai p h d n g Sai Gdn cd nhieu diem dtfdc ddng b&o Viet Nam Cdng gi&o tich ctfc tham gia nhtf Vtfdn Xo&i, Phat Didm, Ky Ddng, Tan Cang, C&u Sdn, Ba Queo<'«..,
Nhfl v&y, t r o n g sud't 9 nam dtfdi thdi Nguyen Van Thieu, c&c phong trao d&'u t r a n h cua nh&n d a n Mien Nam ndi chung va cua ngtfdi Cdng giao ndi ridng cho hda binh, ddc l&p, d&n tdc d&n chu cua d&n tdc da tao nen mdt 'tndi trtfdng t r a n h d&u" k h d n g ngdt. Mdi trtfdng dd la dieu kidn cho phong trao each mang ph&t trien va ddng thdi gdp phan lam sup dd chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thieu trong ne"n Dd nhi Cdng hda d IMien Nam Viet Nam mac du da dtfdc My can thidp va hd trd ve mpi mat.
Dac biet, dtfdi stf lanh dao cua Dang uy va Mat tr&n Dan tpc Giai phdng, phong trao t r a n h dau cua ngtfdi Cdng gl&o yeu ntfdc phat trien n h a n h chdng tfl d&'u t r a n h chinh tri cho den bao dpng trong cudc tdng tie'n cdng cudi cung th&ng 4/1975.
2.8. Phong trao tranh dd'u dtfdi stf din ddt cua tri thifc va chifc sac Cdng giio tieh bd
Dieu kidn t r a n h dau hcfp phap do Hiep dinh Gidnevd mang lai da trd th&nh mdt c&i cd de c&c phong tr&o tri thflc, sinh vidn, bao chi vin vao da'u t r a n h . O Mien 8. Pham Van Thang, Lich sif Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh. sdd, ir. 240,
9. Dch sif Ddng bdThduh phdHd Chi Minh, sdd. tr. 241.
10. Cac nhdm thanh men. smh vidn, hpc sinh. tu sT da ciing vdi quiin chiing n6i day gianh chi'nh quyen.
Ca ddng bao Cdng giao va khSng Cdng giao da p^d'i hpp chat che. giai phdng cac aip Tftn Huang, Tan Phil, Tan Thai Son. Tan Kj' va Tan San Hda (quan Tan Binh) vao Itic 6 gid sang ngay 30/4/1975. trudc khi chinh quydn Sai Gdn tuyen bd Ahi hang.
38 Nghien ciru T6n giao. Sd 10 - 201T
Nam Viet Nam. nhu'ng phd binh, ohI trioh xu&t hidn n g a y c a n g nhidu kd tfl khi My bat dfiu trtfc tid'p oan thipp va ngay c i n g lim s&u v&o Vidt Nam. Khdng ohJ d&'u t r a n h cho gidi minh nhfl trrfdc dfty, c&c phong trao cua ngtfdi Cdng gi&o htfdng dd'n muc tidu c h u n g cua ngrfdi lao ddng, d&n too dd la hda binh, dan sinh dan chu
1. Phong trdo dd'u tranh ddi hda binh Hda binh 1& nguydn vpng to ldn cua toan the nh&n d&n Vidt Nam va nh&'t la ciaa ddng b&o d Mien Nam, Chlnh vi v&y, mdt t r o n g c&c p h o n g tr&o d&'u t r a n h dion r a xuyen sud't t r o n g thdi gian nay dd !&
"ddi hda binh".
Stf xua't hien cua qu&n dpi My khid'n hda binh t r d t h a n h mpt md'i b&n t&m ldn cua ngtfdi dan Sai Gdn. Nhieu p h o n g trao va td chflc ddi hda binh bat d&u xua't hidn d Sai Gdn nhtf Uy ban vdn ddng hda binh cua dng P h a m Van Huyd'n gdm phong tr&o Tif quyd't cua lu&t stf Nguyen Liong, phong trao Hda binh chung sd'ng cua mdt so' chflc sac dao Cao Dai, phong trao Tranh dd'u bio ve hda binh hanh phiic ddn tdc ciia Thrfdng tpa Thich Quang Lien.
Tuy nhidn, drfdi chd' dp Cpng hda Mien Nam Viet Nam, hda binh la mdt dieu c&'m ki ndn c&c phong t r a o d&'u t r a n h ddi hda binh cua ngtfdi Cdng giao g a p nhidu khd khan.
Dac biet, p h o n g trao ddi hda binh len cao t r o n g lflc chd ddi mdt ke't qua hda dam tai Paris. Nhiing ngtfdi Cdng giao tid'n bp chu trtfdng hda binh da tap hdp t r o n g mdt p h o n g trao c h u n g la Phong- trao Cdng giao xdy difag- hda binh (24/11/1970). P h o n g t r a o n&y cd muc dich
t&p hi?p r d n g r&i nhieu n h d m Cdng gi&o tid'n bd ydu nrfdc t r o n g linh muc, tu si, tri thflc, cdng nh&n, sinh vidn, hpc sinh de'to' c&o chid'n t r a n h xam Itfdc, chd'ng My - Thipu, ddi hda binh, hda gi&i d&n tdc.
Ngoai vice th&nh l&p c&c t ^ chflo, liic Itfdng Cdng gi&o cdn sfl d u n g mpt sd h i n h thflo d&'u t r a n h kh&c cao hdn, gay gat hdn dd ddi hda binh nhtf bieu tinh, tuydt thtfe Tidu bieu nhtf stf kidn nam 1968, Binh vidn rtfdc dud'c tidn vo Nha thd Ddng Chfla Cflu thd' "di tim hda binh";
sinh vidn Cdng giao td chflc cupc tuyet thrfc vao n a m 1971.
D&c bidt tfl sau Hiep dinh Paris 1973, phong trao d&'u t r a n h ddi hda binh dien r a vdi h i n h thflc mdi vdi nhiing cupc hdi thao ndu va g i a i quye't cac va'n de can ban vc hda giai, hda h d p vdi c&c tdn giao va d&n too cua c h i n h ngrfdi Cdng giao*"*.
G&n cud'i thdi c h i n h quyen Nguyen v a n Thidu, mdt t r o n g nhiing phong trao khac chd'ng c h l n h quyen mdt c&ch manh mo dd la p h o n g tr&o chd'ng tham nhung.
Cac nhdm Cdng g i a o ticii bp, yeu ntfde, ldi d u n g p h o n g trao nay ldn tieng d'lu tranh, ydu cau lat do Thieu dc cd hda binh.
3. Phong trdo ddi ddn sinh ddn chu Ben canh muc tidu ddi hda binh, hda g i a i d&n tdc, c&c p h o n g t r a o d&'u t r a n h , 11, Trf Ihirc Cdng gi^o da to chitc duac 4 cudc hoi Uiao iai nha ihd Tan Dinh: liin thiJ I vao ngay 9/12/1973 vdi de tat "Hda gjai la gi?"; lan ihii 2 vdi dL^ liii "Hda giiii trong ndi bd Cdng giao" vao ngay .^0/12/1973: Mn thu- 3 ngfty 24/2/1974 vdi chii <ii
"Hda hpp vdi cac tdn giao ban": va kin thiJ 4 • ao ngay 21/4/1974 neu len vi'n dd "Hoa giai cac ihanh phan dan toe" vdi ndi dung doi thi hanh hi6p dinh Paris, ddi quydn lir do dan chu. ddi cOng nhan Ihijll?
phan thir ba. Cac cudc hdi ihiio dd deu dai dirdi .sit bao iro ciia Tdng Giam inuc Nguyin Van Binh. •.
Nguyen^Thj^im llioa. Phong trd 'ao yeu niff/c.. 39
cua ngrfdi Cdng gi&o d Sai Gdn trong giai doan nay t a p t r u n g vao muc tieu ddi c&c quyen dfin sinh d a n chu, cai thien ehe' dp lao tu, luat xuat ban bao chl, chd'ng bat linh . vdi cac hinh thflc d&u tranh 1& r a c&c ban tuydn bd', tuyen ngdn, tuydn c&o...
Ngay ttf k h i dtfdc dtfng ldn, chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thidu da g a p phai stf p h a n ifng m a n h md cua n h a n d&n Mien Nam qua cac p h o n g t r a o chd'ng bdu cu"
ddc dion. Dac bidt, n a m 1971, h a n g t r a m giao d a n tie'n bd da t r a n v&o s&n Tda Tdng g i a m muc de p h a n dd'i trd hd ddc dien cua Thidu, dot the cfl tri, dd't h i n h Thieu. Doan r a tuydn c&o vach rd chinh sach thtfe d&n mdi cua My va k h a n g dinh: "Khdng the cd hda binh n g a y nao cdn de' qud'c My chie'm d d n g Mien Nam Viet Nam".
3. Phong trao chdng ddn ap hpc sinh, sinh vien
Trong xa hpi Sai Gdn, hpc sinh sinh vien, t h a n h nidn la t a n g ldp n a n g nd t r a n h dau n h i e u hdn ca. Vide chinh quyen Sai Gdn d a n ap, bat bd, tra t&'n, giet hai... hpc sinh, s i n h vien da l&m day len phong t r a o p h a n dd'i m a n h me t r o n g nh&n d&n v& d d n g bao Cdng giao.
Ngay 31/3/1970, k h i chlnh quyen dan ap phong t r a o s i n h vien, hpc sinh, quy cho hp 1& Cong san, 8 l i n h muc"^' da r a mdt b a n tuyen bd' chd'ng bat bd, d a n ap va tra t a n sinh vidn, hpc sinh. Ban tuydn bd' lam ch&n d d n g dtf luan vi da td cao chinh quyen Sai Gdn d u n g nhieu thu doan "tra t&'n dfl dpi" dd'i vdi sinh vien bi giam gifl. Tid'p dd, trtfdc stf g i a t&ng cac vu bat bd, t r a t&'n, d a n &p, t h a n g 5/1972,12 linh muc lai r a mdt Tuyen n g d n to' cao hanh d d n g da m a n cua n h a capi quyen.
Cling t r o n g thdi gian nay, nhieu td chflc cdng khai dfldc t h a n h lap va dl v&o hoat ddng trdn tiing mat d&'u t r a n h de dat hieu qua cao hdn nhtf t/y ban chd''ig ddn dp sinh vien. hpc sinh (5/1970).
4. Phong trdo dd'u tranh ddi cai thien che'dd lao tu
Sau khi hai n h a n chiing sd'ng ngrfdi ntfdc ngoai md ta ve "chudng cpp", hinh thtfe tra t&'n, dd'i dai ., ma chlnh quyen Sai Gdn dd'i dai vdi tu n h a n chid'n t r a n h thi che' dp lao tii trd thanh mdt v&'n de tao nen lan sdng d&'u t r a n h rpng ldn khdng chl t r o n g ntfdc ma ca vdi the" gidi.
Ngay 30/10/1970, I/y ban van ddng cdi thien che' dp lao tu da dtfdc thanh lap trong mpt hdi n g h i gdm nhieu nh&n si, tri thflc, linh muc, tu si, t a n g ni, Phat tfl.
Ngay ngay t h a n h lap, Uy ban d& ra mdt ban tuyen n g d n to cao tinh each vl hien, ba't hdp ph&p va vd nhan dao trong chlnh sach bat bd, g i a m cam, dd'i xfl vdi can n h a n va ddi hdi chinh quyen phai cd bien phap giai quyd't cu the.
Trong hchi 4 nam hoat dpng, Uy ban da sfl d u n g nhieu hinh thflc linh hoat nham td' cao h a n h dpng da man cua My va Chinh quyen s a i Gdn dd'i vdi tu chinh tri, n g a n ch&n ban tay ddc ac cua chiing, lam cho dtf lu&n t r o n g ntfdc va the' gidi len &n che' dp lao tu vd nh&n dao cua chflng.
t?. Phong trdo ung ho cdng nhdn, thd thuyen
Ltfc Itfdng Cdng giao yeu ntfdc cdn cd nhflng cudc d a u t r a n h , hd t r d cho cac 12. Dd la cac linh muc Nguyen Huy Lich. Thien Cam.
Dmh Khac TiSu. Nguy6n Nghi. Nguyin Van Phan.
Nguyen Ngpc i.an. Chin Tin va Tnrong Ba Cin,
40
Nghien cuxi T6n giao. Sd 10-2012
p h o n g tr&o qu&n c h u n g kh&c d dd th|.
Cudc da'u t r a n h dai n g a y ddi t a n g Ifldng va mpt so' quyen ldi khac cua cdng nh&n h a n g Pin Con d dtfdc nhidu linh muc va doan vien Thanh - Lao - Cdng u n g hd-
Htfdng ve ngtfdi nghdo, Linh muc Phan Khac Tfl di l&m lao odng hd't r&o d Sd Vc sinh s a i Gdn n h a m d&nh dpng Itfdng t&m cua tin dd Cdng giao la c&n phai dflng vd phia ngtfdi nghdo, bl &p bflc bde lot dd cung hp vflng ldn t\f giai phdng. Ngoai h a n h ddng cho ngfldi nghdo, Linh muc cdn t h a m gia vao Mat trdn nhdn ddn cifu ddi (21/7/1974), Uy ban bio vc quyen ldi lao ddng (26/9/1974) ,,
Ciing t i n h t h a n htfdng ve ngtfdi nghdo, ttf n a m 1973 t h a n h nien, sinh vien, hpc sinh Cdng gi&o, kd ca nhdm sinh vien tu si c&c d d n g tu da td chtfc nhieu ddt "cdng tac xa hdi d k h u xdm lao dpng"
tai T&n Phu (T&n Binh), Vtfdn Xoai, Tan Cang, Thi Nghe, Cau Sdn, Thu Dflc.
6. Phong trdo chd'ng bat linh Vao cud'i 1974, c h i n h quyen Nguyen Van Thieu t a n g ctfdng ddn qu&n, bat linh, dac biet la t r o n g t h a n h nidn sinh vien,,. C&e t u si t r e cdn td chtfc d&'u t r a n h chd'ng lenh ddn qu&n bat linh cua Thieu vao t h a n g 3/1975. Uy ban thanh nien, sinh vien, hpc sinh Cdng gido Axicic t h a n h lap vao t h a n g 3/1975, cung bat tay vao viec chd'ng ddn qu&n bat linh.
Cd the ndi mpt btfdc trfldng t h a n h t r o n g hoat ddng cua ltfc Itfdng Cdng giao tie'n bp t r o n g thdi g i a n n a y 1& bie't dtfa vao nhtfng t h a y ddi cua Gi&o hdi cd ldi cho p h o n g t r a o de chpn htfdng di thich hdp vdi h o a n canh Mien Nam Viet Nam, bie't v a n d u n g sii u n g hd cua qud'c te', biet ' kd't hdp vdi c&c p h o n g tr&o da'u t r a n h cua
o&o gidi n g o a i Cong gl&o, vdi c&c td chflc c&oh mang, do&n ke't t r o n g Mat tr&n Dan tpc Gidi p h d n g Midn Nam Vidt Nam. Nhd dd ltfc Irfdng va uy thd' cua p h o n g trao d&'u t r a n h ng&y c&ng ldn manh.
Ltfc Itfdng Cdng gi&o Viet Nam yeu ntfdc la nhiing ngtfdi cd suy n g h i tie'n bd.
Trong p h o n g tr&o d&'u t r a n h nay, hp da Itfa chpn d u n g htfdng dl cho m i n h trong hoan canh d&'t nrfdc chia re vi chie'n tranh. Chinh vi v&y, ngrfdi Cdng giao yeu nrfdc cdn v&n ddng, da'u t r a n h ca vdi nhflng liic Itfdng ch&m tid'n t r o n g Giao hpi Cdng g i a o Mien Nam, th&m chi ho cdn t h a n g t h a n t r a n h d&'u vdi ngay ca giao quyen.
S.3. Gidi tri thifc Cdng gido tieh bd va vd'n de'tim vSddn tdc"
Cud'i t h a p nien 1960 dau thap nien 1970, cimg vdi stf phat trien cua cupc k h a n g chie'n chd'ng My cflvi ntfdc, l&n d&u tien t r o n g cac viing do thi Mien Nam day ldn p h o n g t r a o "Tim ve Dan tdc". Dieu dd cd n g h i a la ngtfdi Cdng gi&o tie'n bp tim ve vdi ngudn cdi, ve vdi a n h em, ddng bao cua minh. Nhdm ifla cho phong tr&o n a y la nhflng tri thflc yeu nrfdc, nh&'t la tri thifc Cdng gi&o d Sai Gdn, Hue' va mdt sd' tri thflc Vidt kieu d nrfdc ngo&l.
1. Suy nghi cua ngifdi Cdng gido tiai bd vcdao Kitd
Qua ngdi but cua c&c t r i thflc Cdng giao Ly Chanh Trung, Nguyen Ngpc Lan, Chan Tin, Ngd Cdng Dflc, Nguyen V&n Trung... trdn c&c td b&o, t a p chi d Mien- Nam, ngtfdi doc tha'y r a n g Cdng gi&d la dao cua hda binh, nhtfng lai ludn bi cac the' ltfc ldi d u n g bidn t h a n h dao "hieu chie'n". Ngtfdi T&y Phtfdng v&c sung' di ctfdp xfl ngoai, ndi !& d^ bao vd va phat
Nguyen ThjjCimlTioa. Phong trd
'•do yen nu'f'rc.41
huy dao Chua va b i n h l i n h Hoa Ky dtfdc gpi la "chie'n si cua Dflc Kitd'^^^^'.
Cung lan d a u tidn qua ngdi but cua hp, ngtfdi dpc dtfdc t h a y nhiing suy ttf r&t mdi ndi ngtfdi Cdng gi&o. Hp cho rang, cupc du nh&p Cdng gi&o vao Viet Nam la mdt "tinh cd d a u ddn", stf du n h a p nay "di lien va d i n h Hu" vdi chu n g h i a thtfe d&n".
Bdi v&y, t r o n g lip xua't hien mac cim tdi ldi, xa la n g a y chinh tren que htfdng minh, cpng d o n g Kitd hiiu gid'ng nhrf
"cue btfdu thira " trdn cd tlic' dan tdc.
Sau dd, nen g i a o duo thtfe d&n, ngtfdi Phap da day ngtfdi Cdng gi&o Vidt Nam r a khdi cdi n g u d n d a n tdc: "Hoi Phap, bai hpc lich sfl d a u tien la bai Td tien ctia chiing ta Id ngifdi Cfd-loa. Ngtfdi Viet Nam hdi bay gid hpc sfl Phap nhtf lich sfl cua Viet Nam, hpc tie'ng P h a p nhtf tie'ng me de, de'n ndi luc di thi tfl tai vao nam 1943, tie'ng Viet la mdt "ngoai ngtf", dtfdc ttf do chpn Itfa nhtf tie'ng Anh, Italia"*"".
Nhiing tri thtfe Cdng gi&o tre tudi rdi vao tam t r a n g d t r o n g the'gidi Tay, nhtfng lai khdng dtfdc t h a n h Tay thtfe su; viia cam thay minh hdii nhiing ngfldi Viet Nam, vi Ishdng dtfdc g a n Tay, viia. cam thay minh thua Tay d mot didm nao dd, cai tam trang cua ngtfdi An Nam sd'ng trong mdt the gidi Tay that la rac rdi.
Tdn tai t r o n g long d a n tdc Vidt Nam, nhtfng Giao hdi Cdng g i a o ludn diing ve vdi cac chinh quyen ngoai bang, ludn bi c&c chinh quyen n a y sfl d u n g lam cdng cu chd'ng lal ngtfdi Cpng san va da so' ngtfdi d&n lao d d n g n g h e o d a n g hi ap bflc. Chinh vi the' Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam dtfdng nhrf 1& Giao hpi cua ngtfdi giau. Tfl dd, pgtfdi tri thflc Cdng giao ke't luan r a n g : "Co le ttf ba the' ki nay, c h u n g ta da di l&m dtfdng. Chung ta
giup dd nhiing ngtfdi nglido,,, trong khi lai ngdi a n c h u n g vdi bon giau. Chiing ta ydu men dat nrfdc, t r o n g khi lai dflng /c phe ke thu cua d&'t nrfdc ay. Chung ta cho ma khdng bao gid tu hie'n than ,"*"".
2. Suy nghi ctia ngifdi Cdng giao ve' quo hifdng, ddn tdc
Thtic to' cua cudc chid'n tranh da budc ngtfdi Cdng gi&o phai suy nghi de'n hien tinh cua d&'t ntfdc. Trong bai ndi chuyen tai Hdi Lidn trtfdng, vao t h a n g 9/1967, Giao stf Ly Ch&nh Trung da the hien mdt thai dp, mot each nhin nhan he't stfc sau sac vc v&n dd mat ntfdc.
Lanh thd, dan tpc va chu quyen la ba ye'u to' thid't ye'u do tao t h a n h mdt ntfdc.
•Trong pham vi dinh nghia nay, "ma't ntfdc" dau tien la mat lanh thd; thfl hai la mat chu quyen; va thfl ba, nguy hai hdn ca "mat" n g h i a la che't
Vdi dng, mat lanh thd cdn chie'm lai dtfdc, mat chu quyen cdn gianh lai dtfdc, dd la nhiing bdnh ngoai thtfdng, cd thd la tram t r p n g dau ddn, nhtfng v&n cdn hi vpng, cflu chfla nd'u cd thd cdn lanh manh bdn trong, cdn du sflc dd khang. Tr&i lai, m&'t van hda la can bdnh ndi tam, nd lam td liet sflc sd'ng cua dan tdc, nd due khoet tda nha qud'c gia ttf t r o n g cot, trong kdo nhtf nhflng con md'i, con mpt, chinh nd la stf chd't.
Trong thd' gidl ngay nay, nguy cd t r a m t r p n g cho cac d&n tdc nhtfdc tieu k h d n g nhflng la mat chu quyen ma cdn la m&'t v a n hda, va khi d&n tdc m&t v a n 13. Ly Chanh Trung, Tcji sao tdi miidu hda hinh. Ddi dien. ldi lieu da dan, tr. 36.
14. Chan ti'n. Tif d<)ug mdn Himg Vifong den ngifdi liii dd trang long ddu loc. Di'mg day; sd ngSy 25 Ihang Mudi. nam 1975, tr. 1,
15. Nguyen Nghi, Cpng gido.., sdd. tr, 102.
42
Nghifin Cliu Tfln gmo. Sd'lO- 2012 hda, n g h i a la m&'t di linh hdn cua minh,dd la lflc dan tdc hi tidu dipt. Tieu didt la o&i y n g h i a sau eiing va bi dat nh&'t oua hai chfl "m&t nrfdc; "trong trrfdng hdp nay, "ma't" la ma't toan didn, ma't tuydt dd'i". "Ridng tai Vict Nam t r o n g thdi ki nay, h i n h nhtf cao md'i nguy cd dd dang tap t r u n g lai nhtf mdt cum may den, v&n vu, de dpa cflng mdt luc qud htfdng th&n ydu cua chung ta"*"".
Nen mdng cua chinh s&ch thtfe d&n cua My la Chu nghia chd'ng Cdng. My thtfdng t&p t r u n g vao lu&n dieu cho r&ng Cdng san 1& mpt the ltfc qud'c td^ ma khdng cd gi khac hdn la xam Itfdc, xich hda c&c d&n tpc drfa cac dan tdc vao chd' dp ddc tai...
Chu nghia Cdng san thrfdng drfdc hieu la chu ngMa t a m vd" va "nhi cac'*''^. Nhiing ngrfdi Cdng gi&o ciing b&n khoan tai sao My va c&c ntfdc Phtfdng Tay khdng chd'ng Cpng san, cac dang Cdng san d chlnh nrfdc minh m& tap t r u n g cac bien phap chd'ng Cpng san d Viet Nam?
Dac biet, sau n a m 1975, sau khi cudc tdng tie'n cdng mua Xuan nam 1975 t h a n g 10, hi kich d d n g bdi nhflng lu^n dieu phan ddng cua My-Nguy ve mdt cudc tam m a u cua Cdng san, nhieu giao d&n h o a n g hd't bd chay r a ntfdc ngoai.
Nhtfng vdi niem tin mdi vao che'dd Cdng san va t i n h cam g a n bd vdi que htfdng, ngtfdi Viet Nam Cdng giao yeu ntfdc da quye't tam d lai va v&n ddng ddng bao Cdng gi&o sd'ng d&'n th&n vao che' dp mdi, de cung vdi nhiing ngtfdi cdng san kie'n thie't d&'t nrfdc phdn vinh.
S. Thai dp cua ngifdi Cdng giao ve hien tinh dd'i nifdc
Cd y kie'n cho r a n g "ngrfdi Cdng giao Viet Nam da so' chd'ng Cpng trtfdc khi cd Cpng san Viet Nam"*'^'. Dd la di san ma
chu n g h i a thrfc d&n Phrfdng T&y truyen vao Vidt Nam.
Tuy nhidn, "thai dd dd k h d n g phai li cua ta't oa ngtfdi Cdng gl&o Mien Nam, oung nhrf chtfa ch&c la cua da B6 ngtfdi Cdng giao Mien Nam. Dd chi !& thai dp cua ph&n ldn h a n g gi&o ph^m giao si va cua c&c giao dan t r o n g t h a n h thi, nghia 1& nhiing ngtfdi chrfa ndm miii chien tranh, m& t r a i lai lam an phat dat nhd chid'n t r a n h v& srf hien didn cua ngoai qud'c"*"".
Tuy nhidn, qua thtfe tien d&'u tranh c&ch m a n g d Mien Nam Viet Nam, ngtfdi ta ng&y c&ng n g a n g n h i e n the hien tinh th&n "than Cdng" ma k h d n g c&n phai gia'u gid'm. Dd k h d n g phai la mdt stf chpn Itfa hoan toan trifu ttfdng t h u a n tfly y thflc hd ma la n a y s i n h t r o n g thtfe tien chie'n dau cua d a n tdc.
Tham g i a vao cupc da'u tranh, viec tie'p xuc vdi ngtfdi Cdng san, ngtfdi Cdng gi&o da thtfe hidn dtfdc mpt srf chuy^n bid'n quan t r p n g t r o n g y thflc va thai dp dd'i vdi d&n tdc, dd'i vdi chu n g h i a xa hdi.
Trtfdc nhflhg t h a m khd'c cua chie'n tranh Viet Nam, nhiing ngtfdi Vidt Nam Cdng gi&o ddi hda binh v& hda binh dich thflc chl cd thd thflc hidn vdi vide My rut quan khdi Viet Nam va lat dd c h l n h quyen Sai Gdn tay sai cua n g o a i b a n g .
That rd r a n g la hp c h o n g My nhfl nhtfng ngrfdi Cpng san, nhiing ngtidi tfl d&u da n h i n tha'y b a n ch&'t x&m Itfdc cua 16. Ly Qianh Trung. Suy nghi ve hai chCr "Mdi /iiftir ". sdd. ir, 143.
17. Tam vd la vd ton giao, v6 16 qudc, vo gia dinh.
Nhi cac: cac tan ,sd nang. cac ihu sd nhu.
18. Xem Nguyen Van Trung, fin li. tdm li. xd ligii bao Ddi Dien, b6 3 thang 6-1969, tr. 8.
19. Ly Ch^nh Trung. Ngudi Cdng gido vd chinh tri d Viet Nam. tai lieu da dan, tr. 10,
Nguyin Thi Kim Thoa. Phong trao yen nrnk'..
43 My. Cd ngrfdi da gpi dd !& mdt stf "tim ve"(cd di xa nen mdi cd tim ve, xa dan tpc nen mdi tim ve d a n tdc), nhtfng cd ngtfdi lai gpi la stf "di x a " chu n g h i a qud'c gia ma dd'qud'c va t a y sai dtfng ldn.
Xua't p h a t ttf y thflc "trd ve vdi dan tpc" ngtfdi Cdng giao da g a p dtfdc ngtfdi Cdng sail va cha'p nh&n chu n g h i a xa hpi nhtf mdt g i a i p h a p dc g i a i phdng dan tpc va dtfa d a n too di ldn. Trdn trf ttfdng dd, ngrfdi Cdng g i a o bat d a u k h d n g cdn nhin nhan nhiing ngtfdi Cdng san nhtf kc thu cua minh, ma t r d th&nh nhiing ngtfdi a n h em, nhiing ngtfdi cd c h u n g cdi ngudn, dd la ddng m&u H u n g Vtfdng va nhiing ngtfdi tin hflu, trtfdc khi la ngfldi Cdng gi&o, d n g da la mdt ngtfdi Viet Nam.
Trtfdc dd, Linh muc D&u Quang Linh - mpt linh muc cd't can t r o n g phong trao Duy Tan hi P h a p bat day r a Cdn Dao, cung da ndi: Trrfdc khi lam ngtfdi tu hanh, phai la mdt cdng d a n yeu ntfdc da".
Tfl dd d a n h xflng n g t f d i Viet Nam Cdng giao" nhrf the' hien cho mot stf trd ve' cua ngtfdi Cdng g i a o yen ntfdc da'u t r a n h cho ddc lap, hda b i n h cua d a n tpc Viet Nam.
Cupc t r a n h dau n a y dien r a trong ndi bd Giao hdi Cdng gi&o Mien Nam va chinh trong suy trf cua mdi ngtfdi Cdng giao yeu ntfdc d Mien Nam Viet Nam. Hidn thtfe chie'n t r a n h da d&nh thtfe nhflng truyen thd'ng dan tpc trong mdi ngtfdi dan Viet Nam v& da so'ngrfdi Cdng giao da xac dinh dtfdc trach nhiem cua minh dd'i vdi dan tdc, nd cliinh la trach nhidm cua toan the ngtfdi dan Viet Nam, trong dd cd da so' nh&n dan lao dong, cd ngtfdi Cdng san va khong Cpng san, cd ngtfdi Cdng giao va khdng Cdng gi&o.
Ket luan
Dtfdi thdi chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thidu, c&c phong trao da'u t r a n h cua ngtfdi Cdng gi&o d Sni Gdn dien ra r&'t da dang, tap t r u n g vao cac muc tieu chung cua nh&n d&n lao ddng, cua d&t ntfdc nhtf v&'n de hda binh, d&n sinh d&n chu Qua d&'u tranh, ngtfdi Cdng giao yeu ntfdc xich lai g&n vdi d&n tdc, vdi stf nghiep da'u t r a n h thd'ng nh&'t da't nfldc cua Dang Cpng san Vidt Nam.
Dac biet cudc t r a n h dau ve ttf ttfdng md r a mdt con dtfdng cho ngtfdi Cdng giao d S&i Gdn ndi rieng va Mien Nam ndi chung dtfdc tim ve vdi dan tdc, ddng h a n h cung vdi nhiing ngrfdi anh em t r o n g mdi trtfdng xa hdi mdi. Ben canh d&u t r a n h chd'ng lai chinh quyen My - Thieu, t r o n g npi bd Giao hdi Cdng giao Mien Nam cung dien ra cude tranh d&u gifla thieu sd' ngtfdi Viet Nam Cong giao
"tie'n bd" vdi "da sd' t h a m lang" ma d d&y chinh la gidi giao quyen. Ngtfdi Cdng giao tie'n bd ddi hdi giao quyen bay td thai dp rd r a n g vdi nhflng thrfc te' cua xa hdi, u n g hd cupc da'u t r a n h cua ngtfdi Vict Nam Cdng giao.
Phong trao ngtfdi Viet Nam Cdng giao da'u t r a n h cho hoa binh, dpc lap d&n too k h d n g phai la da so', nhtfng lich sfl da ghi n h a n cdng lao cua hp trong stf nghiep da'u t r a n h ddi lai ddc lap cho dan tpc. Dac biet, tuy nhd be nhtfng nhtfiig hanh dpng cua thieu sd' nay mang nhieu y nghia. Md r a mdt hanh trinh mdi cho ngtfdi Cdng giao Viet Nam tim ve vdi dan tdc, vdi truyen thdng van hda, vdi cdi ngudn tflng bi lang quen cua minh./.
