nai Pja ly va Tai nguyen Moi tru-ong Thii-a Thicn Hue „ ^ Hoi Dia ly Vict Nam
Nghien CLFU hien trang va xu t h i bien d6i bd bi§n tinh Quang Trj 6iy&'\ tac dong cua nu'd'c biin dang do bien ddi khi hau
Nguyi;n Hicu', Doan Thu Phuong'
Abstract
Studying state and trend of shoreline change in Quang Tri province under the impact of sea level rise caused by climate change
This report presents the result of combining the bands 2, 5 and 7 of Landsat TM and ETM+ to remove wave-break zone and determine the coastal state in Quang Ti i province in 1989, 1996. 2000, 2005. and 2010 To assess the coastal changing stale, the coastline generations are integrated, analyzed, and aggregated in GIS The results show that, since 1989-2010. Quang Tn coast was less altered, the trend is to decrease accretion process and increase erosion process, namely the ratio was 19 I in the period 1989-1996, 8:1 in the period 2000-2005 but this rate was 1:1 3 in the period 2005-2010. The regions have strong variation m erosion - accretion area such as Cua Tung and Cua Viel relating primarily to human activities. The results of studying coastal zones with different levels and t^'pes responding to sea le\'el rise based on traditional geomorphologic researches, as well as the recession rale towards continent in 2050 (using sea level rise scenarios in Vietnam announced by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in 2011) which is calculated according to Bruun rule are presented in the article
1. M d D A U
Bd bien tinh Quang Tri la khu vyc cd tiem nang ldn trong phat trien du lich bdi ngudn tiii nguyen canh quan dep, cd gia tri nhu cae bai tam Cua Tiing, Ciia Viet, My Thiiy,,. hira hen ddng vai tro quan trpng va se cd nhiing budc phal trien manh me trong tuong lai, gdp phan nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan.
phal trien kinh te-xa hgi.
Dai bd bien linh Quang Tri dugc cau tao chii yeu bdi tram tich eat, bdt bd rdi, keo dai theo phuang Tay Blc-Ddng Nam, chiu tac dpng manh ciia sdng vii eac hien lugng thdi tiet cue doan nhu bao, ap thap nhiet ddi. Ben canh dd, cac hoat dgng kinh te-xa hdi ciia con ngudi nhu xay ke chan song, xay cang ca, ke bd... da lam thay ddi tdc dp vii hudng van chuyen ddng bim cat ven bd. Cac tac ddng long hgp dd ta nguyen nhan gay ra cac hoal ddng xoi Id - bdi tu phiic tap tren dgc bd bien tinh Quang Trj, khiin cho mgt s6 doan bd d xa Gio Hai, Trieu Van, Cua Tiing, Cira Viet... bi xdi Id va giat liii dan vl luc dja. Dpc biet, trong bdi canh biln ddi khi hau toan cau lam muc nuac bicn dang cao, ket hgp vdi cae hoat dpng xay ke, xay cang ca, nao vet... se thuc day qua trinh biln doi dia hinh va tai nguyen mdi irudng d khu vuc.
Cho den nay da cd mdt sd cdng Irinh nghien ciiu cd de cap den biln ddi bd bicn ciia tinh Quang Trj [4, 9, 10, 13], tuy nhicn so lieu kha cii, chii ylu tir uudc nam 2000. Cae nghien ciru dugc thuc hicn cdn thilu linh h? thdng vl ca phuang phap va dir lieu, timdng chi dilu tra cd tinh thdi doan tai mpl sd vj tri cd vIn dl ve biln ddng bd bien. Chinh bdi vay, cin thilt phai mdt biic tranh tdng Ihl va chinh .\ac ve hicn trang va xu thi eiia su biln ddng bd biln linh Quang Tri theo khdng gian va thdi gian.
Dilu nay vira ed y nghia ca vl mat khoa hge cho cdng tac canh bao tai biln va quan ly, quy hoach, sii dung hgp ly nguon tai nguyen ddi bd ciia dia phuang.
' Truang Dgi hpc Klioa hoc T\c nhien. DHQGHN DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
H$i Bja ly v^ Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hui Hgi Pja ly Vijt,
2. CO SO TAI LIEU VA PHlTOTVG PHAP DANH GIA 2.1. Cffsfftai lieu
Dir lieu phuc vu cho viec nghien eiru hien trang va xu thi bien ddi bd biln tinh Quang Trj g cd: ]) Ban dd dja hinli ti le 1: 10.000 do ve nam 2004, ludi chilu VN2000; 2) Cac anh v? tinh Lane TM va ETM+ chyp vao cimg mgt miia (thang 5-thang 7) d cac nam 1989, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2010:
Ciic tai lieu, cdng trinh nghien ciru ve dja chit - dia dgng lue, biln doi muc nude bien, d^c diem thii hai van, bii tich, tram tich trong khu vuc nghien eiru va viing lan c^n; va 4) Cac ket qua khao sat lli dja thang 5/2012
2.2. Phirtmg phap danh gia
Hi?n trang va xu the bien ddi bd bien tinh Quang Tri dugc danh gia tren co sd phan tich cac lieu vien tham, ban do dja hinh, phan tich cac yeu td dja mao ddng lye va iing dung cdng nghe GIS
Cac anh ve tinh Landsat TM va ETM+ ciia cae nam 1989, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2010 dg phan gi 30m, cd chat lugng tdt va chup trong cung mgt miia, dugc nan chinh ve ciing ludi chicu UTM, he lc do WGS-84. Do dac trung bd bicn thugc vimg bien md, chju tac dgng manh ciia sdng nen thudng xu;
hien ddi sdng vd d ven bd. Tren anh, ddi sdng vd nay co miiu sang, de lan vdi bd cat bd rdi, liim cli viec xac dinh dudng bd bien gap khd khSn. De khac phue dieu nay, nhiing kenh anh B2, B5, B7 cii eac canh dugc sii dung ket hap vdi nhau theo edng thiie (B5+B7)/B2 nham Iriet lieu viing song vo tang cudng do tuong phan giua dat va nude, nang cao dd chinh xac cho viec xac dinh dudng bd (him
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Hinh I. a) Anh Landsat TjvtnUni 1989 Id h^ip mau Ihdi RGB;
b) Anh Landsal TM nam I9S9 lich hap (D5+B7)/B2
Tir cac the he ducmg ba, de tai sur dung GIS da .xac djnh dien bi6n ciia hoat dong bSi tu-x6i 16 dia hinh bo bicn tit 1989-2010 cung nhu khong gian phan bo ciia chung, ddng thii tinh toan lU do va dien tich boi-xoi tren cac doaii ba l<hac nhau qua cac thoi Isi. Cac tac gia cung phan tich nhirng dac trung dja mao dpng luc bcr bien va su anh huong ctia cac hoat dong nhan sinh, ket hap vai ket qua nghien ciiu hien trang de giai thich nguyen nhan chinh cCia qua Irinh boi - xoi cCia khu virc nghien ciiu.
Hoi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Toim qudc ldn fhii 6: Thiinh pho Hui. 9/2012
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li gia ly va Tai nguySn M6i trutTig Thua ThiSn Hue H6i Pja ly Vigt Nam done thdi danh gia xu the bien ddi dja hinh bd bien bang mo hinh Bruun - quy tac dau tien tren the eidi dugc sir dung dl tinh toan phan iing ciia bd cat ddi vdi mye nude bien dang. Gia djnh co ban ciia ni6 hinh nay !a: trai qua thdi gian, hinh dang trac dien ngang ciia b3i bien se dat tdi trang thai can bang va chuyin djch len tren (hay chuyen djch ve phia dat lien) khi myc nude bien tang.Md hinh dugc bieu thj bdi cdng thuc toan hgc:
R = - [12]
Trong dd:
R: Miic giiit liii dudng bd (m)
D: Chieu cao tinh tir diem sau nhat sdng bat dau tac ddng vao day tdi dinh dun cat (m) B: Khoang each tir diem do sau ket Ihiic sy di chuyen t r ^ tich tdi mcp diem sdng Ico cao nhat trong nam(m)
Mac dij dg chinh xac cua md hinh Bruun bj han che do chua tinh den lugng tram tich van chuyen dgc bd, nhung vdi uu diem it bien so, cdng thiic tinh toan dem gian, md hinh Bruun cho phep tinh loan xu the bien doi dudng bd va du doan mdt each tuang ddi miic dp xdi Id - bdi ty cua bd bien d nhiing ty le nhd. Vdi bd bien md, phan Idn bd bien la cac bd cat nen cQng phii hgp vdi cho vi^c ap dyng quy tac tinh to^n nay cho bd bien tinh Quang Trj.
a: Mirc dang myc nude bicn (m)
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Trfic dj^ii clay bao dau D ^ s S u gidi han giiTa v^tli^iidOigaa ba
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Hinh 2. Minh hga quy lac Bruun ba (After Schwartz, ! 967 and Dean and Dairymple. 2002}
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ VA THAO LU-^N 3.1. Hicn trang bien d6i bd^ biln tinh Quang Tri
Cac kit qua phan tich anh vien tham va xu' ly trong GIS cho thay be bien tinh Quang Trj cd nhilu biln ddi dang kl tir nam 1989 din nay (bang 1, hinh 3).
Bdng 1. Kel qua tinh loan diin tich xdi la. bdt tu ba biin tinh Quang Tri cac thai ky DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
Hoi Dia ly va Tai nguyen
1 Bicn doi bo' 1 Dien tich boi tu (ha) 1 T6c do boi tu (ha/nam)
1 Ti le boi - xoi
Moi t r u o n g Thira Thidn ilu£
1989- 1996 227,88
32,55 12,06 hV 19:1
1996-2000 16,11
4,03 171,99
43,00 UU
2000 - 2005 141,12 28,22 16,83 3,37
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HoiUi'JiyS,
2 0 0 5 - 2 0 i 0 _ 48,15
9,63 63,81 12,76 1:1.3
1989-21 433,Jf 20,«:
264,6!
12,60
1 7:1 Xet tren toan thai ky, mac dii ve mat tong thg, qua trinh b6i tu chigin uu the han voi ty 1^
nhung niu xet theo chuSi cac thai kl thi thay ring xu thS bien d6i bo bien tinh Quang Trj la giam, qua trinh b6i tu, tang dan qua trinh xoi la, cu thS; thai ky 1989-1996 ty le nay la 19:1, 2OOO-2O0:
8:1, nhirng din thoi ky 2005-2010 thi ty le nay la 1:1,3 (nghTa la xdi la da bat dau manh han boi t().
Cac doan bo xoi 16 n5m xen ke ciing voi cac doan bo boi tu. Mot so doan ba bien bj xoi 16 t6c dg trung binh, nhu tr nhu Cira Tiing (11,9 m/nam), Cia Viet (2,9 nVnam) va rapt so doan bo thi cac xa Trieu Van, Trieu Ung, VTnh Kim, VTnh Thach vai toe dp khoang tir 1,2 - 1,7 m/nam fliml bang 2}
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Hinn 3. Sa do boi lii - xdi la ba bien tinh Quang Tri
So sanh vdi cac ket qua nghien cuu trudc dd ciia eac tac gia Nguyen Van Cu, Le Xuan Hdng va ddng nghiep [4, 10], cho thay mdt sd diem d VTnh Thanh, VTnh Kim (VTnh Linh); Trieu Van, Trieu An, Trieu Lang (Trieu Phong); Gio Hai, Gio Viet (Gio Linh); Hai An, Hai Khe (Hai Lang), lien tuc duy tri tinh trang bj xdi Id (bdng 2).
Hinh 4. Sa do boi lu - xoi la ba bien tinh Quang Tri
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DircTDgbo'Ddm 1989 D i n r a g b o r D t m l O l O
Hinh 5 Bien dgng ba bien linh Quang Tri thai ky 1989-2010
120 Hot nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn quoc Idn thu 6. Thdnh phd Hui. 9/2012
Hdi Pja ly v^ Tai nguyen Moi truong Thu3 Thicn Hui Hoi Dja ly Vicl Nam Qua ket qua nghien cdu hien trang ba bien trong sudt 20 nam qua, cd thi thay mac du sy biln dgng dien ra tren toan dai bd bien vdi xu hirdng gia tang xdi Id, song bd bien ciia tinh Quang Trj cd sy In djnh tuang ddi so vdi cac khu vye bd bien khac tren lanh thd Viet Nam (xem hinh 5). Cac kit qua nghien ciru ciia Nguyin Van Cu va ddng nghiep (2003) dya tren ket qua kl thira ciia cac nghien ciru tnrdc dd va sir dung phircmg phap phan tich tu lieu viln tham tir 1975 - 1997 eting kh5ng djnh dudng bd d tinh Quang Trj it cd bien dgng ldn, tai day thudng xay ra hai qua trinh xdi Id - bdi lu nhung qua trinh xoi sat bd cat chiem uu the ban (cd tlie thay mdt so thay doi Ihl hicn sy boi xoi xay ra d khu vyc Cira Tiing, Cira Viet).
Neu nhu dudi anh hudng ciia nude bien dang do bien doi khi hau khiin hlu hit cae bd biln clu tao bang cat bd rdi ciia cac tinh Mien Trung, tham chi la cae doan bd d cac vimg delta song Hdng, song Me Kong Hen tuc bi xdi Id manh vdi tdc do khac nhau, dae biet tir sau nam 1990 din nay (10], thi nhiing bien ddi Idn tren bd bicn eua Quang Trj hau nhu xay ra deu lien quan true tiep tdi sy tac dong cua cac cdng trinh/ hoat dgng nhan sinh./
N§m trong vimg chju anh hudng ciia boat ddng nang kien tao tuang ddi manh, anh huong ciia nude bien dang tdi dai bd bicn tinh Quang Trj hau nlur khdng dang kc. Theo nghicn ciru ciia Dinli Van LTU vl dao dgng dai ky muc nude bien ven bd Viel Nam \a nhirng tae dgng ciia biln doi khi hau len myc nude eye tri thi xu thi myc nude biln d tram Cdn Cd tham chi la ha 0,07 mm/nam [15].
Bang 2. So saiih kit qua ihdng ke tinh trong xdi Id mdi so dogn ba bien tinh Quang Tri qua cdc thai ki- J975-2000 ([4]), 2000-2010, va 2989-2010
Huy^n
Vinh Linh
Gio Linh
Trieu Phong Hai Lang
xa
VTnh Thai VTnh Kim Vinh Thach VTnh Quang Trung Giang Gio Hai Gio Viet Tricu An Tricu
Van Trieu L3ne Hal An llai Khe
Vj tri
Bit bien Bir bii^n 8 6 bien Bo bien Cira Tiing
Bir bien Bcr bien Cua Viet
Ba bien Bo bien Bo bien Bir bicn Bir bien
So doan bi sat \if Tir
1975- 2000
2 3 2 5 1
8 6
Tir 2000-
2010 9 8 12 4 5 12 4 5 2 5 6 6 8
Tir 1989- 2010 7 14 17 18 11 3
Chiiiu d^i bisat 16-(km) Tir 1975- 2000
0.3 1,4 0,4 1.4 13 10
6 4 14 14 8 7
5,4 7
Tir 2000-
2010 1,58 0,72 2,15 1,20 0,95 0,77 0,19 0,45 0,23 0,51 0,29 0,24 0.46
Tir 1989- 2010 0,283 0,722 1,412 1,548 0,794 0,063 0,219 0,696 0,092 0,504 0,562 0,259 0,208
Tiic (I9 \di 16 trung binli niim (iti/n^m) Tir 1975- 2000 15,8
0,25 0,6 3,5 20 5
55 0,91
Tir 2000-
2010 2,5 2,0 2,1 1,2 10,3 0,5 0.2 3,0 1,4 2,8 0,9 0,9 2.0
Tir 1989- 2010 0,5 1,4 1,7 1,8 11,9 0,3 0,27 2,9 0.7 1.3 1.2 1,0 1.0 Trong khi dd, hoat dgng khai thac sa khoang titan d bd bien xa VTnh Thai da lam mat di mdt lugng Idn vat lieu trim tich cd thi duac dua vao viing bd bien, dan tdi tinh tr^ng xdi Id bd dday trong mgt thdi gian dai. Tai Cira Tiing, vice xay dyng cang ca va ke cua sdng gay tac dong true tilp den bar cat chan cira sdng da mang lai nhilu thay ddi biic tranh xdi Id - boi tu d khu vuc nay. Cang ca da lam
£>!A LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM 121
Hgi Pja ly va Tai nguyen Moi trirong Thira Thicn Hui Hpi^lgJlJ^Jil^
tang dang kl be rdng mat c5t ngang tai cua sdng, nhung cung lam thu hep mgt phan phia "^^,^&' dan din thay ddi rd net vl ddng chay trong khu vuc, dac biet, true dgng lye cua song lech dan s!
phai neu nhin ra biln. Do khdng cdn cac doi cat che ch5n, sdng tilp can va di sau vao cira, dac biei sdng hudng ddng va ddng - nam. Cira sdng dugc md rdng nen tao ca hgi thu^n lgi hofn cho su trao i giira hai thuy vuc sdng - biln dong thdi tao nen cac xoay eye bg d vimg lan c|n ciJa lam tang kha na l4ng dong cac h?t tram tich la lung [13]. Ke phia nam cua sdng dugc xay dyng vudng^gdc vdi bo tac dung c h k toan bg sdng hudng ddng nam, tao nen vimg khu5t sdng phia trong cua, don^ thai co i dung ngan ddng chay do sdng dgc bd hudng tir phia nam len phia bac nham han che bdi lap luong v, miia gid ddng nam. Kit qua la ke da giQ lai mgt lugng Idn eat d phia nam do bdi tich lap goc, lam b ty va md rgng bd biln d day ra khoang 80-170 m. Tuy nhien, ke cung lam xuat hien mgt so xoay ci bg va lam tan xa sdng khiin cho sdng di thSng vao mo clu phia nam, cd the gay hicn tugng satjdr ciu trong miia sdng ddng bSc [13]. Mat khac, ke nay lam day ddng chay dgc bd ra xa ban, khien c nguin biin cat phia nam it cd ca hgi tilp can vao cira sdng va bai bien phia bac Cira Tung. Do cung mQt trong nhirng nguyen nhan chinh ciia hien tugng thilu hut ngudn tram tich bai bicn, lam mat c bang can can biin cat va gia tang hien lugng xdi Id bai biln d phia Bac cua Timg (xem hinh 3).
3.2. Xu the bicn a6i duoi tac dgng ciia nude bien dang do bicn doi khi h^u
Theo bao cao nam 2007 cua IPCC (United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [5], trong thdi gian tir 1993 din 2007, myc nude dai duang tang trung binh khoang 3,3mm/nam va du bai se tang them 88cm vao cudi the ki nay.
Td chuc bao ve mdi trudng My, tir nam 1983 ciing da dua ra nhieu kjch ban khac nhau ve SL dang len ciia myc nude biln tren ca sd nghien cuu long hgp cac vIn dl ve kinh ll nang lugng, dia hoa khi quyin, dai duong va bang tich. Kjch ban cho sy dang len nhd nhat cQng la 0,562m vao nam 2100, Idn nhit la 3,45m, hai mirc trung binh la 1,44m va 2,16m [3]. Thyc tl cho thay r^ng, hien tugng laa bang tir hai eye dang diln ra ngay cang nhanh ban. Qua cac nghien ciru va quan irac vl sy bien dgng cua cac khdi bang d hai eye ciia Vien nghien ciru vu tru NASA, cac nha khoa hge da nhan djnh rang, sy tan banged thi lam tang myc nude len 1cm trong vong 10 nam, tir 2005 den 2015 va se lang gap ddi sau moi thap ky. Va neu nhu v|iy, myc nirdc bien se lang them 5m vao cud! the ky 21.
Cae kit qua quan trSc myc nude tai cae tram do ciia Vi?t Nam trong thdi gian gan day cho thay myc nud': biln dang dang len lien tyc vdi tie dg 1,75-2,56mm/nam [7]. Theo ket qua nghien cuu m6i nhat cua Dinh Van Uu va ddng nghiep [15], myc nude bien dang'tren cac vimg lanh thd khac nhau dao ddng tir 0,8-3,8mm/nam. Cac khu vyc cd ldc do dang trung binh nam Idn nhu Hdn Dau (3,8mm), Viing Tau (3,3mmm), Phii Qudc (3,0mm)... Lien quan tdi khu vyc nghien ciru, ciing theo nhdm tac gia nay, cac quan trac tai dao Cdn Cd cho thay mirc nude bien d khu vyc dang ha thap 0,07mm/nam.
Dieu nay cd sy phii hgp vdi cac ket qua nghien ciru tan kien t?o cua cac tac gia Le Dire An, Ma Cong Kg, 1979 [1] vaTrln Hiru Tuyen, 2003 [14]. Theo cac cac cdng trinh nghien eiru nay, bdbicn ciia linh Quang Tri thugc mien nen tre hay ddi sut lim Kainozoi ria luc dja, khu vyc VTnh Linh thudc viing nang trung binh Le Thiiy; huyen Gio Linh, Trieu Lang thugc vimg nang rat manh Gio Linh va viing Hai Lang thugc viing nang manh Phong Dien. Ket qua nghien ciru hi?n trang bien ddi bd bien tir anh ve tinh tren cac doan bd bien il chiu tae ddng cua cac boat dgng nhan sinh cung cho thay cd sy bicn ddng khdng Idn trong han 20 nam qua. Mac dii vay. vdi xu the muc nude bicn dang dang cao vdi loc do ngay cang ldn ban, nguy ca gia tang tinh tr^ng xdi Id bd bien tren cac bd cat ciia tinh Quang Tri la dieu tat yeu.
Ve mat ly thuyet, muc nude bien dang cao se lam lang nang lugng sdng den bd, lam tang dg doc bai va dan den xdi Id bd. Phan img ciia bd bicn khi myc bicn dang len, dd la sy tang cudng xdi Id tren cac bd cat de tao ra mdt trang thai can bang mdi cho bd. ddng thdi lam ngap chim dan cac viing dat 122 :-16i nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thir 6: Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2012
H$i Bja ly vi Thi nguyen Moi tru^Tig Thira Thicn Hui Hyi Dia ly Vi^l Nam thap (Bruun, 1962) [6]. Nam 2011, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng da cdng bl kjch ban myc nude biln dang tai Vi?t Nam, tinh toan muc dang myc nude bien dua tren cac kjch ban phat thai khi nha kinh d cac muc thIp, trung binh, cao. Theo kich ban phat thai khi nha kinh d muc cao, din nam 2050 myc nude biln d khu vyc tinh Quang Trj se dang cao 26-28em. Vdi kjch ban nay, kit qua tinh toan bang mo hinh Bruun (thu nghi?m cho doan bd cat xa Gio Hai - huyen Gio Linh tdi xa Hai Duong - huyen Hai Lang) (liinh 6a) cho thly tdi nam 2050, bd bien d day eo thi se bj giat liii vl dat liin trung binh khoang 87,4m, trong dd thap nhdt la 76,5m va cao nhit la 101,6m (hinh 6b).
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Hinh 6. a) Do dac tham sd B cho mo hinh Bruun; b) Dudng bif biln nam 2050 (mau vang) tren nen anh v^ tinh theo kich ban phat thai khi nha kinh miic cao tinh theo mo hinh Bruun
1. Sir dyng tu li^u anh vien tham ddng bd va phuang phap ket hgp cac band pho de lam giam cac y^u td nhieu dem l^i hieu qua cao cho cdng tac giai doan hi^n tr^ng bd bien, vira dem l^i kit qua cd dg chinh xac tdt, vira the hien dugc bu:c tranh tong the ve sy thay doi cua bd bien tren toan bd khong gian nghien ciiru 6 cung mgt that diem.
2. Cac kit qua nghi£n ciru vl thuc trang bien ddi bd bien tinh Quang Tn trong 21 nSm qua, tir nam 1989-2010 cho thay mac dii bien dgng khdng Idn, nhung cd xu the giam dan di^n tich boi va tang dan ty le cac khu vyc bi xdi la. Mgt s6 khu vyc cd biln dgng Idn nhu Ciia Tiing, CiJra Viet dIu cd lien quan chinh den ho^t dgng ciia con ngudi.
3. Cac nghien ciru vl kien t^o, ve thuc trang bien doi bd bien cung nhu ket qua do quan trac myc nude cho thly trong thdi gian qua anh hudng ciia nude biln dang din khu vyc nghien cuu khong nhilu, nhung vdi xu thi tdc dg dang muc nude bien ngay cang Idn se lam gia tang ho^t dgng xdi Id tren hau hit cac bd cat ciia tinh Quang Trj.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Le Diirc An, Ma Kdng Co {1979), "Vai net ve dac diem tan kicn tao Nam Viet Nam, Dja chat va Khoang san Viet Nam", Cong trinh ciia Liin doan BD DC, (1), tr. 335-340.
D!A LY BIEN VA HAi DAO VIET NAM
HQJ Dja ly \k Tai nguyen Moi truing Thu-a Thicn Hui Hvi^DjaJy^^ifU ; 2. Bird Eric (2008), Coastal Geomorphology: An introduction. Second Edition, John Wiley & Si'
England. , i i/-- * 3. Bg Tai nguyen & Moi trudng (2011), Kjch bdn biin ddi khi hau, NuKfc bien ddng cho Vu;t N,\
4. Nguyin Van Cu, Pham Huy Tiln (2003), Sgt la ba biin miin Trung. NXB KHKT Ha Noi,;
N g i . . J ' • • L L '
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