PHlTdlMC THIjrC PHONG THU BIEN DAO Dl/dl THdl CAC VUA DAU TRIEU N C U Y I N BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM
LLfU TRANG*
1. Phitcfng thijfc p h o n g t h u b i e n d a o Viet N a m dvidi t h d i c a c v u a d a u t r i e u Nguyen
o. To chile, trang bi qudn dgi Khi len c^m quyen, cac vi vua dau trieu Nguyin deu chu triidng tang cildng kha nSng phong bi cua da't nu6c, v6i quan di^m:
"Vi?c binh co thi 100 nkm khong diing de'n nhflng khSng the mgt ngay khong phong bi dU^c" (1). Trong phong bi dat niidc, khong thi khdng tang cucing phong thii bien dao, mk muc tidu hkng d^u cdn phai thUc thi la to chiic, trang hi cho quan doi v6i mong muon xay diing m6t lUc lUdng thiiy quan hiing manh: "Dung nU6c trong vung khi hdu nong, phlln ldn dat dai ven bien, thiiy quan la quan trong nhat, nen luyen tap de thuoc viec h^ng hai, khi co viec mdi tien sii dung" (2). Vi the, to chiic va trang bi quan doi trb thanh phUdng thiic hiJu hieu trong phong thii bien dao dvtb'i trieu Nguy§n.
Khong ngifng to chiic, hua'n luyen va xay dflng luc lUdng thiiy quan la quan diem xuyen suo't trieu Nguyin: "Dia the niidc ta b ven biln, vo'n iS'y thuy quan lam mon sb trvtbng. Nhk Le xUa khong phong thuy chien, den noi bai vong. Tay Sdn cung coi khinh thu6ng khong chiu thao luyen cho
tinh. Thuy quan cua Hoang khao ta tien mot tran giae lien tan vd, diJ uy ICfng Ily, ciing vi c6 do. Nay tuy gap buoi thanh binh, thuy quan cang khong the coi thucfng dUdc.
Nay bat thao dien luon de ngay dem tinh thuc roi cho tuan xet ngoai mat bien de dep yen giae bien, the ciing la lam mot viec dfldc hai" (3). Hdn the niia, trieu Nguyin con chu trUdng cai tien viec trang bi cac phUdng tien cho lUc lUdng thiiy quan, trong do tau thuyen di lai phuc vu cong tac tulin tra, kiem soat tren bien dUdc flu tien hkng dau. Theo do, cac thuyen nhU thuyen hoc dong, thuyen dai dich va cac loai thuyen tuan dUdng khac dUdc trieu Nguyen chii trUdng dong va dem vao sii dung pho bien trong thuc thi nhiem vu phong thii: "Chuan cho Cong Bo suy tinh de dong cac thuyen di lai tuan nhu the nao cho dfldc nhe nh^ng thuan tien, roi tau len ngU lam... d kinh do lam thuyen khoa dong (hoc dong) di tuan ngoai be, thuyen ay dai 4 trUdng 4 thUdc 1 tac, CO san ngoi de danh nhau. Cac tinh doc theo bd be thdi lam theo hinh dang thuyen
"dai dich", m6i tinh hai chiec, ma tinh nao mat be rong mong menh, thdi lam ba bon chiec, deu goi la thuyen tuan dUdng" (4).
Cung vdi trang bi cac loai tau thuyen tuan dUdng co dii kha nang di lai va tac ' PGS.TS. Trfldng Dai hoc Sfl pham Dh Ning
Rghien cuu L|ch sfr. s6 7.2014 chie'n tren bien, thuy quan va liic liidng
bien binh tham gia vao phdng t h u bien dao ciing dUdc trang hi th§m via khi nhiim c6 the dap iing diidc yeu cau thiic tien. Tai cac phao dai t r a n t h u b ciia hiin, trieu Nguyin cho s i p dat cac lo^i dai bac, vii khj de dam bao cd the dii siic doi pho liic c i n thiet:
"Vua du bao Bd Binh rang: Phao dai Tra'n Hai b Kinh sii, phao dai Di§n Hai b tinh Quang Nam deu la chd xung yg'u, nen dii liic vd sii, viec canh phdng ciing khdng the bd qua. B6 a'y nen truyen bao quan binh bd' phdng b hai phao dai a'y hdt say siing dan, khi gidi, quan nhu liic nao ciing chuan bi dly du d l dd" phong luc ba't ngct" (5). Doi vdi nhQng phao dai, c^a be quan trong khac, liic liTdng quan doi giii trong trach phdng thu 6 do cung dUOc trang bi chu dao ve thuyen t u i n tra, dai bac va so linh trong m6i phao dai nham dam bao viing chai trong phong thu.
Can cii tren ygu c i u phong thu bien dao cua trieu dai, tri^u Nguyen da chii tam xay diing liic liidng thuy quan hiing manh, dd'i mdi vide trang bi, cac vii khi, phildng tien, bd sung liic lUdng b cac phao dai doe cac ciia be. Cac bien phap do nham bieu dUdng siic manh thuy quan, dong thdi khang dinh y thiic phdng thu bien cua trieu Nguyin. Do d6, bien phap nay ciing b miic do nha't dinh tnic tie'p tac dong ldn ddn sii on dinh cua tinh hinh bien dao dildi trieu Nguyen.
b. Xdy diing he thdng phong thu 6 cdc ciCa Men
Doi vdi trieu Nguyin, phdng thu bien dao la mot trong nhiing va'n de trong sii cua qud'c gia. Phdng thii tii xa la phildng thiic phdng bi de dam bao cho sii vQng ben cua trieu dai. Vua Minh Mang tiing khang dinh: "Nhan bao bo Binh rang; Tri nildc phai bie't lo xa. Tram tii khi than chinh den nay lo sach lildc xay diing nha nudc lau dai,
siia dap tnidng t h a n h b Quang Binh, xSy ciia hiing quan d Hai Van; nhQng ch5 xung yeu doc b i l n nhii Thuan An, Tii Dung, cho nao cung lap phao dai; n h a n cho h i l m trcl cua niii sdng de manh th§m sii bao ve dSt nildc" (6). Cho nen, can cii vao vi thg* chiS^n lUdc quan sii cua tiing crfa bien, viing bien, cac vua trieu Nguyin da cho xay diing, thi^t lap he thd'ng phdng thu nham dam bao an ninh bien dao, bao ve doc l^p dan toe.
Trong he tho'ng cac ctta bien, ciia bien Thuan An diidc xem la quan trong nh^ft.
vao nam 1813, vua Gia Long da cho xSy diing b day phao dai Tra'n Hai va da dat ra dinh le viec phdng thu d phao dai Tra'n Hai nhil sau: "1. Quan tra'n giQ mdi thang phai doi mot l l n , kham phai mdt vien quan v^
Thi trung Thi ndi hoac t h i n sach vSng lanh hdp phii lenh t i l n lam quan an thii dai, quan sua't bien binh dUdng thii d^n dong giQ. Vien an thii trUdc xet nghiem ro rang mdi giao thay vide, roi dem so* biln binh phai triidc ciing phii tien c^p trUdc ve kinh phuc menh. 2. Ddi phai biln binh hang nam tii ngay 1 thang 4 den cuoi thang 7, mdi thang 250 ngudi quan Thi trung, Thi noi, T h i n sach; 50 ngildi cac ddi Trung hlu, Cha'n uy; 10 ngu'di cac ddi Ndi hau, Tieu sai, cdng 310 ngildi. Tii 1 thang 8 de'n thang 3 nam sau, moi thang 80 ngildi quan Thj trung, Thi ndi. T h i n sach; 20 ngildi cac doi Trung hau, Chan uy; 5 ngUdi eac ddi Ndi h l u , Tieu sai, cdng 105 ngUdi...." (7).
Nam lien ke Kinh dd, ciia bien Da King CO dia the kinh td', quan sii quan trong cung dUdc trieu Nguyin het siic quan tam, da tap trung mot khdi lUdng siic tai v$t liic phuc vu xay diing cae phao dai ldn nhQ:
Didn Hai, An Hai, Phong Hai, Dinh Hai...
xung quanh cfia bien Da NSng phuc vu cho cdng tac phdng t h u (8).
Phirong Hiiirc phdng fcfl bt&i dio...
NgoM cac can cxt quSn sii difdc thiet dat b hai cda biln quan trong g i n ke vdi Kinh d6, tiu h$ thong phong t h u cung dii0c l^p cl cac tinh khac trong ca niidc thong qua xay d i ^ g cac phao dai hodc cac don binh d nhQng chS xung y^u. Cac ci!ta bien dUdi trieu Nguyen da thi^t dat cac phao dai co the k l den hai trgfn Bac Thanh, Gia EHnh va cac tinh nhii Thanh Hda, Ngh$ An, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh, Phii Y§n,... Tgi cac cuia b i l n nay, cSc phao dai, don binh cQng dUdc sU quan tam cua trieu dai r^t dSng k l diia vko vi§c chon dfa diem, bo trf vfl khf, quy djnh s^ binh linh, nguyen t^c trong qua trinh phong thu.
6 mdt sd^ tinh ven biln ngoai khdi co cac dao, trilu dinh cho mo dan hoac sdc dvL yeu clu thiet lap cac d6n binh d l dam bao an ninh, vung biln thuoc dao nay, dam bao cho nhan dSn trong giao thdng di lai va khai thac ngu6n l^i kinh t^ b cac vving biln gin. Vi dy nhu d cac tinh Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa: "Sai quan tinh Binh Thu^n, tinh Khanh Hda md dan d l thanh lap hai d0i thuoc 1^, m6i doi 50 ngUdi chia ddng d6n binh nguyen d ctfa b l Cam Ranh, Yen CUdng" (9). Cung tai cac ctia b l hay cac don binh, trieu Nguyen cdn thi^t dat h§ thd'ng thdng tin, tau thuyen nham h6 trd hi$u qua nha't ddi vdi vi§c phdng thii, ngan ch^n cac ho^t d^ng xam nhap tQ ben ngoai.
Nh4n thflc dU^c vj tri bien dao trong chi&'n lU0c phong thu da't nUdc va phildng thflc bao v? lau dai cho chu quyin dan toe nhin tQ phiidng di?n biln, cac vi vua trieu Nguyin, d$c bi$t la vua Gia Long va Minh Mgng da no li^c ldn trong tang cildng cdng tac phong thii. H$ thd'ng cac phao dai, d6n binh dU^c coi la mot bi?n phap dfldc cac vua trilu Nguyen cho rang la thflc te, hieu qua va lau dai nha't trong phfldng thflc phdng thu biln dao.
c. Xdc lap cdc lieu phdp ly vd phdt trien thong tin lien lac
Trieu Nguyen len elm quyen khi ma lich sfl dan tdc vfla trai qua thdi ky tranh chap quyet liet giQa cac tap doan phong kien. Nhan to do cflng vdi qua tnnh md rdng lanh thd ve phfldng Nam, ddi hdi trieu Nguyen phai khdng ngiing nd liic de xae dinh quyen lam chu ciia minh tren cac vung da't mdi. Cung vdi xae lap chu quyin tren bo, trieu Nguyen cung ddng thdi phai xae lap chu quyen bien dao. D6 la xay dflng he thong ban dd biln dao, phat trien hd thd'ng thdng tin Hen lac giQa cae phao dai, cfla bien d l tang cUdng hdn nQa kha nang phdng thu va lam chu bien dao ciia trilu dai.
Ddi vdi cac dao, viing biln ven bd, trilu Nguyen chu tnidng tieh hanh ve cae hai dd lam cfl lieu de phuc vu di bien, quan ly va phdng thu biln dao, ddng thdi dd cung la mOt can cfl, tieu chi d l trieu Nguyen thdng qua dd khang dinh chii quyen cua minh:
"Truyen chi cho cac quan dia phildng ra l^nh cho cac vien coi ddn cfla bd trong hat, bat d i u tQ nam nay pham nhQng cfla biln sd tai, rdng, h^p, ndng, sau the' nao phai xem x6t do dac cho tfldng tan hdn nhQng cfla ven bien gan bd, ng'u cd ddng da, ghenh da, bai eat ndng, bai cat ngam, ma thuyen bd cin phai tranh, deu phai chia ro la each bd bao nhieu trudng, thflde; neu each bd xa, khd xem xet do dac, cung phai fldc lUdng xa gan ma'y dam, di bd ma'y gid, ma'y khac thi vao den bd, va d chd a'y trdng len nui the tren bd xem hinh nd ldn hay nhd, hinh gidng cai gi, nha't nhat phai bien het ca ra, d l cho d l nhan" (10).
Ba va'n de dfldc cac vi vua dau trieu Nguyin quan tam trong xae lap chii quyen tren cac dao la do dac thiiy trinh, ve ban dd, cam mdc ddi vdi nhflng dao co vi tri quan yeu nhflng xa vdi da't lien, trong do
Sghien cuii hich sfl'. ad' 7.2014 q u i n dao Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa dfldc trieu
dai quan tam hang dau. Ngay tQ budi d i u len ngdi, vua Gia Long da thdng qua dpi Hoang Sa de xem xet, ve thuy trinh ddi vdi Hoang Sa vao cac nam 1815, 1816. Sang thdi Minh Mang da sai Iflc lfldng thiiy quan dfldi sfl hudng dSn cua cae ngfl dan de ra khao sat Hoang Sa: "Xem tQ nay ve sau, mdi khi de'n ha t u i n thang gieng, chon phai thuy quan biln binh va giam thanh dap mot chide thuyen 6 nham thUdng tuan thang hai thi de'n Quang Ngai, giao cho hai tinh Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, thue 4 chie'e thuyin ciia dan hudng dan ra xfl Hoang Sa"
(11). Thflc te' cho tha'y, dudi trieu Minh Mang trong 2 nam 1837 va 1838 da tie'n hanh do dac va ve dUdc 14 ta'm ban do trong do eo 1 bflc ve chung ve Hoang Sa.
Tuy nhien, tren thuc te cac ban dd du ra't chi tiet song lai thieu chinh xae, nha't la chua xae dinh dUdc kinh do, toa do.
Ddng thdi, vide phdng thii bien dao mud'n hieu qua ddi hoi phai kip thdi, nhanh chong, chinh xae trong dam bao thdng tin lien lac. Do do, he tho'ng thdng tin lien lac dUdc trieu Nguyin phat trien b hau het phao dai ciia cac ciia be quan trong.
Nham nam dUdc thdng tin ve tau thuyen vao eac cfla bien phuc vu cho cdng tac phdng thu, trieu Nguyin da co nhQng dinh chd' cu the ve tin hieu nhan dang thdng qua he tho'ng ed hieu, dUdc quy dinh cu the la:
"Thuyen binh cua eac nudc Tay dfldng, tha neo d ngoai bie'n, thi dung cd hieu "Dinh tam", khi thuyen a'y chay di thi dung cd hieu "Mau ciiu". Thuyin nUdc ngoai gap nan tha neo d ngoai bien thi diing cd hieu
"Dinh ngii", khi thuyen ay chay di thi them ed hieu "Mau cflu"; tha'y thuyen kieu giae nude Thanh lang vang qua lai b ngoai bien thi dung cd hieu "Mau tfl", ne'u tha'y thuyen ay da chay thi dung them cfla hieu "Mau
cflu". Tha'y kieu t h u y i n giae phfldng Tay lang vang qua lai d ngoai bien thi dung cd hieu "Mau ngu", khi thuyen ay chay thi thera cd hieu "Mau ciiu"... tha'y rat nhieu thuyen binh, hoac co chie'e pha't cd, danh trd'ng, ban siing, n h u c6 tinh hinh hung ac, thi dung cd hieu "Mau that"... tha'y eo nhieu thuyen binh kieu la, khdng phai la thuyen cdng, thuyen van tai, thuyin budn cua trieu dinh ta thi dung cd hieu "Mau bat"... thuyen d ngoai xa, chUa phan biet dUdc thi dung t h u y i n hieu "Mau eflu" (12)
Mac du viec dung cd hieu giiip nhan bie't tfldng ddi chfnh xae, kip thdi song lai sdm bde Id han chd'. He thd'ng tin hieu nay khdng dung dUdc vao buoi toi hoac nhQng liic thdi tiet xa'u thudng gay nham lln, do do trid'u Nguyen budc phai sfl dung cae dai hda phong, ban dai bac hay phao lam he thd'ng tin hieu lien lac ho trd cho vide dung cac loai cd hieu. Dd'i vdi mdi loai tau thuyen, eac tfn hieu dUdc quy dinh ra't chat che. Vf nhu, nam Minh Mang thfl 9 (1828) quy dinh, khi phat hien giae ngoai bd bien thi "ban ngay ban ba phat dai bae, ban dem ciing ban ba phat dai bac va 5 chid'e phao thang thien lam hieu. Pham xa g i n nghe tha'y thi lap tflc kh^n ca'p tid'p vien. Nlu thuyin giae bo chay thi lay thuyen nhanh nhe ma duoi theo" (13).
De dam bao lien lac gifla cac cfla b l lien canh nhau, ban d i u trieu Nguydn sfl dung he tho'ng dai hda phong. Tuy nhien, phfldng phap nay thudng d l sinh nham iSn d i n den hieu qua ciia cdng tac phdng thu theo do ciing bi ban che', nen trieu dinh sfl dung phUdng phap chay tram tren bd: "Trudc dky ciia be Tu Dung va cfla be Chu Mai thudc tinh Thfla Thien, ciia be Da N i n g thudc tinh Quang Nam deu cd dai hda phong.
Nay vua ngu den cfla be Tfl Dung du bao rang: NhGng ben d vung be, neu dat nhieu
Phirong Hiure phong thiS biin dio... 59 cho t u i n phdng gap viec kh^n cS^p thdi cho
ngfla tram di nhanh nhfl bay khd gi khdng den ngay dUdc. Nhfl the vdi dai hoa phong 1^ khdng hdn hay sao?" (14).
Ngoai ra, de nhan dien dfldc tfl xa, n i m bat tinh hinh tau thuyen di lai tren bien dfldc hieu qua, dudi trieu Minh Mang, nha nfldc cdn chu trfldng trang hi kfnh thien ly tai cac phao dai, treo dan ldng vao cac budi tdi vdi cac mau khac nhau va nam bat thdng tin tQ cac tau thuyen di lai tren bien nham dam bao cho viec nhan dien dung cfla be trong cdng tac phdng thii.
d. Kiem sodt tdu thuyen, tudn tra bie'n Tfl thflc te de dam bao td't an ninh bien dao, trilu Nguyin da chii trong thanh lap c^c doi tuan tra, d^y manh viec tuan tra, kiem soat va thanh tra n h i m kip thdi n i m hit tinh hinh, cha'n chinh nhGng han ch§', sai sdt trong viec phdng thii bien dao. Nhd d6, vi^c kilm soat tau thuyen hoat ddng tren biln dao cua trieu dinh dfldc chat che, rdng khip.
Tau thuyin tfl trong nfldc va nfldc ngoai deu dfldc kilm soat thdng qua hinh thflc tree cd va b i n sung la chinh. Sach Bai Nam thiic luc chep: "Sai bon Cai cd Hd Van Khue chia ngdi eac thuyen hieu Binh dfldng, Dinh dfldng, Binh ba. An ba di viec cdng d Ha Chau va Giang Lflu Ba. Ben chuin dinh rang tfl nay nhflng thuyen ldn nhfl Thuy long, Binh dfldng di den cfla bien Da Ning, thi liic mdi den treo cd vang, b i n ba phat sung, dai Didn Hai cung treo cd vang b i n 7 phat sung; khi de'n ngoai cfla Thuan An thi thuyen va dai Tran Hai d i u treo cd vang, b i n ba phat sung. Dinh lam I$nh mai mai (neu cac thuyen cung vao cang, d i u cd b i n siing nhieu tie'ng, tren dai ciing chi b i n nhU le thdi)" (15).
Cflng vdi hieu lenh, viec kiem soat tau thuyin theo hinh thflc phan loai thuyin
budn hay thuyen chien eung dfldc thflc hien. 0 cac cfla bien, khi tau thuyen cap cang: "Ne'u la thuyin budn thi theo le thfldng ma lam; ne'u la tau chien thi mdt mat phi ta'u, mot mat sai phai binh thuyin canh phdng nghiem ngat b tan phan va phi tfl eho tinh lang giing phdng hi. Thuyen ay di ngay nao, hoac van ddng lai lam viec gi, cung cho phep tie'p tuc tau len de bie't rd tinh trang" (16).
Doi vdi tau thuyen de'n tU phUdng Tay, viee kilm soat cdn nghiem ngat hdn nham ngan ehan viec do la tin tflc, ve ban dd, truyin dao, tham chi la cac boat dong gian diep hay quan sil de doa de'n ehii quyen bien dao, qude gia. Cac tau thuyen nay khi den cae cfla bien sau khi hdi bao len trieu dinh va cac dia phUdng phu can se xet hdi v l quan so', khao xet viee di lai, ddi tUdng tie'p xuc, mua ban nhim muc dieh kiem soat tinh hinh va tranh trao ddi, dd la tin tfle lidn quan de'n ndi tinh qud'c gia. Nam 1835, vua Minh Mang chi du quy dinh ve kiem soat tau thuyen phUdng Tay de'n budn ban: "Khi den dau phai xet hdi trong tau cd bao nhieu ngudi, dang ky rd rang, bam len thUdng ty, mdi cho len bd mua ban vdi cac cfla hang chd biia gin dd, nhung phai nghiem viec phdng bi, khdng cho d tan mat nha dan, mua ban xong rdi lai diem du so ngudi, dudi ra bien khdng cho mdt ngudi d lai" (17). Dd'i vdi mot so' cfla bien quan trong nhu Da Ning thi viec kiem soat cdn git gao hdn: "Sau khi thuye'n nUdc ngoai dau lai, neu chi lay cui la'y nUde thi cho vao la'y d ndi gan bd, lay eiii thi phai la'y d nui Sdn Tra, ganh nfldc thi phai ganh d chd Han. Khdng dUdc di tan vao lang xdm. Mdt hai ngay la'y xong thi chd di, khdng dUdc d lau de gay vide. Thuyen nUdc ngoai neu mud'n len chd d tren bd, tim mua thflc an thi cung khdng ca'm, nhung chi eho di trong so 10 ngfldi. Khdng dUdc di qua nhieu va
60 Rghifen eiiru Lich sir, so 7.2014 khdng mang theo binh khi, siing trfldng len
bd de ban can" (18).
Song h a n h vdi viec k i l m soat b ven cac cfla b i l n la viec t u i n tra ngoM khdi. ViSc t u i n tra ngoai khdi se gdp p h i n quan trong trong duy tri chu quyin tren cac dao, bao vl thfldng nhan budn ban, ngU dan khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te bien va viec di lai tren bien... D l vide tuan tra cd hidu qua, trilu vua Nguyin da dat ra dinh Id, quy che thflc hien: "Dinh them chfldng trinh di t u i n ngoai b l va quy che cu,a binh t h u y i n di t u i n " (19). Theo dd, cfl vao thang 2 hang nam cae tinh cfl binh thuyen di t u i n phdng, tuy nhien cung tuy vao thdi tiet hay hoat ddng cua "giae bien" ma dinh Id cd the linh hoat la sdm hay mudn hdn: "Vua du bao Bd Binh rang: "Trfldc day t r i m da giang ldi du, hang nam binh t h u y i n di t u i n ngoai be, cfl thang 2 ra di. Nay thang gidng trdi da-sang td ma dfldng di thuan tidn, chfnh la thdi ky thuyen budn di ve, thdi nen phai di t u i n tilu ngay di yen vung be" (20).
Lay Kinh do Phu Xuan lam trung tam di chia viec tuan phdng t h a n h hai canh Nam Bac. Phfa Bl'c t u i n phdng den cfla bien tinh Quang Ydn, phia Nam de'n cfla bien tinh Binh Thuan: "Vua sai linh d kinh va bd'n cd quan thuy, bd, quan, ve hdn 500 ngfldi, di 10 chie'e thuyen Thanh Hai, Dinh Hai, T u i n Hai, d thuyen chia lam hai dao, mot dao tQ tinh Thfla Thien di sang dang Nam de'n tinh Binh Thuan, mpt dao tfl tinh Thfla Thien di sang dang B i c den tinh Quang Yen dd t u i n t i l u giae be" (21). Tuy nhien, can cfl theo tinh hinh cu the tren bien ma ed t h i tang cfldng lUe lfldng t u i n phdng chfl khong nha't cfl theo dinh le co san, mien sao viec t u i n phdng dat hieu qua cao nha't: "Nam ngoai d Thanh Hoa cd giae bien, sai thanh t h i n dieu Thuy quan va linh ddi Uy cha'n hdn 100 ngudi cflng 5
chiec thuyen di t u i n xet, den bSTy gid m^t b i l n hdi yen ndn n i t ve" (22). Ddi liic, vile t u i n tra mang tfnh phdng trd tfl xa; "Nay nghe nUdc Anh Cat Ldi gay hah vdi nfldc Thanh, cd t h i xay ra chinh chien. Nfldc ta giap vdi nfldc Thanh, ma vung Tra Sdn d cfla be Da N i n g trfldc day t a u thuyin nfldc ngoai thfldng tam ddng, nay d n phai dd x6t t u i n phdng de vQng chd be" (23). 0 mdt . mflc dp n h ^ t dinh, cac bien phap tuan tra gdp p h i n giQ vQng yen mat bien, giup ho?t ddng di lai dUdc t h u a n ldi, ngan ehan cac hoat ddng xam nhap tQ ben ngoai.
e. Chdng ciidp bien va ngdn chdn sii xdm nhdp tren bidn
Va'n de de doa ldn nhat doi vdi cdng tac phdng t h u b i l n dao dfldi trieu Nguyin la cudp bien. Nan cfldp bien vfla de dga tnic tiep de'n viec khai thac nguon ldi kinh t l tren bien, vfla gian tid'p lam phfldng hai den chu quyin qud'c gia. The nen, trilu Nguyen trong cac phflcing thflc phong thu bien dao ludn coi trong vide chdng cfldp bien.
Nam 1803, Gia Long da ban chi quy dinh ve viec dam bao thdng tin lidn lac trong viec phdng chdng giae bidn nhim dam bao cho edng tac phdng bi, ngan ch^n dfldc hidu qua: "Tfl nay v l sau, he dich thflc tha'y cd giae bien qua lai d ngoai biln, thi mdt mat chay tin hda td'c bao cho quan cdng dudng chuyin, tau, mdt mat chay tin hda td'c bao cho cac ddn phan t h u b ven bien vao mien trong, phia Nam den thanh Binh Dinh. Lai mot mat chay tin hda tdc bao cho cac ddn phan thu d ven bien miln ngoai, phia Bac ra den xfl Bic Thanh, de tien sflc cho tau thuyen cdng, tfl phdng bi" (24). Mat khac, de ddi phd vdi cUdp bien, nam 1806, vua Gia Long cdn chii trfldng trang hi cic loai t h u y i n nhanh, nhe va vu khi cho cac hoat ddng chdng pha cfldp bien cua cac tinh
Phirong thu-e phdng thfl biAi dAo...
thanh ven biln. Ddng thdi, cac hoat ddng ciia tau thuyan tren be cdn dfldc sii bao vd, hd trd ciia Iflc lUdng t u i n t h u bd biln d cac tinh. Neu trfldng hdp cd cudp b i l n tin cung nhau phfi hdp, chdng gifl cho den khi thuyen cua trieu ifinh an toan tdi Kinh dd Phu Xuan: 'Tfl nay, doan van tai viidt biln, cin phai d l phdng ngan ehan. Hien da truyen chi cho Bic Thanh chon lay thuyen d 8ai va binh dinh khf gidi dly du va phai cac ddi tieu sai ngdi vao thuyen, de bao vd doan thuyin den Bien Sdn. Lai truyen cho tran Nghd An chon ra 10 chiec thuyen d sai va 10 chide thuyen sai d kinh, cung den Bien Sdn, tuin tra mat bien, de ddi bao ve tie'p nhan"
(25).
Ddi vdi cac dia phfldng khi cd giae bien xu&t hien, phai lap tflc cfl cac dpi dan binh tuin bat d l tr^nh trfldng hdp giae b l dflpe da thd ma md rdng hoat ddng cfldp pha, ddng thdi eic dia phUdng lan can phai cd trach nhidm phd'i h(?p vdi dan binh trong tuin b i t d l cdng tac chdng giae bien dUdc hieu qua. K l tfl nam 1835, trieu dinh cdn chu trUdng trang bi sung trfldng cho thuyen buon can cfl tren chflng thflc cua quan dia phfldng di tang cfldng kha nang phdng chdng cfldp biln.
Dl t i l u trfl giae b i l n d nhQng vung giap bidn, trieu Nguyin cdn phdi hdp vdi chfnh quyin cac tinh Quang Ddng, Quang Chku cua trilu Thanh trong edng tac dilu tra, xfl ly nhQng tdn giae be: "Lai cd thuyen danh ca nfldc Thanh len vao vung Dd Sdn thupc Hai Dfldng. Ta'n thii TrUdng Van Nho b i t dfldc, kham trong thuyen tha'y cd sung trfldng, thanh la va trdng Tra'n t h i n Quang Ydn va Hai Dfldng deu dem viec tau len.
Vua sai gfli thU cho Tdng ddc Lfldng Quang tra x6t. Bon Chung Td Hdp bi b i t d thuyen danh ca deu ddng gdng dfla sang Kham Chau" (26).
Ddi vdi nhQng ngudi cd edng td' giae, truy bat giae be, nhQng ngudi dUdc cfl lam nhidm vu tuan tra, truy b i t giae be hoan thanh trach nhidm, nhQng ngfldi c6 cdng thi dfldc trieu dinh thudng trpng hau. Neu nhu ddn cfl vi ba't cfl ly do gi di t u i n khdng cdng hieu hoac khdng hoan thanh chflc trach dUdc giao thi theo mflc dp d l xfl ly.
Thdng thudng, dd'i vdi nhflng trfldng hdp nay, t r i l u Nguyin chu tnidng ha phim trat, lfldng bdng va bat budc tie'p tuc thiic thi eho ddn khi hoan thanh nhiem vu cho'ng cfldp bien.
Ndi chung, trieu Nguyen da c6 nhQng no Iflc ehdng cudp bien vdi cac bien phap Uu dai, true tie'p va cu the. Tuy cong tac chdng cUdp bien khdng phai luc nao cung td ra hflu hidu, song nhQng sfl nd Iflc ciia trieu Nguyin da gdp p h i n quan trpng vao gifl vQng an ninh va chu quyen bien dao.
/. Phd'i hgp vdi cii ddn trong bdo ve chu quyen vd cd che do ddi ngd doi vdi eong tdc phdng thu bien ddo
Ben canh cac bidn phap chi'nh qui nhfl to chflc, trang bi quan dpi, vu khf, phfldng tidn, thiet lap he thd'ng phdng thu... trieu Nguyen cdn phoi hdp vdi cU dan biln trong edng tac t u i n tilu, khao xet, bao ve biln dao. Day la mdt bien phap quan trong va mdi me so vdi cac trieu dai phong kien trUdc dd.
De thue hien cd hieu qua phfldng thflc nay, trieu dinh da hd trd nhan dan vung biln dao v l tau thuyin, vu khi de hp ed tiem Iflc chdng giae biln. Viec ca'p phat vii khf de phdi hdp trong viec chong cfldp bien can cfl vao sd dan, tinh hinh cu the d dia phfldng d l ed the dam bao dap flng dflpe tinh hinh thfle te eua cdng tac nay: "Vua di^
bao Bd Binh ring: "Giae be d dao ^o Ba vko khoang giao thdi mua he va mfla thu Ifla khe I6n ra de qua'y rdi dan chung d gin bl.
62 Rghien ciiru Ljch stc. so 7.2014 Vay sai tinh Binh Dinh, tinh Phu Ydn, tinh
Khanh Hda fldc lfldng ma ca'p sung d sang va giao mac cho cac xa thdn de chdng vdi giae eUdp" (27).
Thiic hien che' dp dai ngd doi vdi nhflng ngfldi lam nhiem vu d bien dao va cd cong trong bao vd biln dao dfldc trieu Nguyin chu trpng. Theo dinh che dp bdng Idc, trilu Nguyen quy dinh d cung mdt pham trat, nhung nhQng quan chflc dam trach d cac cfla be, tuan tra ngoai be ed ehe dd trpng hau hdn dat lien nham khuyen khfch hp tan tam dd'i vdi cdng viec. Dd'i vdi nhflng trfldng hdp cd edng lao, cd thanh tfch trong phdng thu bien dao dfldc trieu (finh khen thfldng de ddng vidn, khfch le, nhat la trong cdng tac chd'ng cUdp bien, k l ca cac Iflc lfldng dan binh, bien binh. Vat pham khen thfldng thdng thudng la vang bac, theo ca'p bac pham ham: "Giae bien Cha Va ndi ldn d hai phan Ha Tien. Cai dpi cai quan cac ddi Phii cfldng sd Phu Qud'c la Nguyin Van Xfldng dem dan binh dudi b i t , gie't het ca bon. Viec tau len, vua khen thudng cho Xfldng hai thfl ky luc va 10 lang bac, dan deu dfldc thudng tien theo thfl bae" (28).
Dd'i vdi trudng hdp thflc thi nhiem vu bao ve bien dao ma m i c phai sai lam, trieu Nguydn cung xem xet tuy theo mflc dp nang nhe de xfl ly. Theo dd, hinh thflc xfl phat nhe thi danh trUpng, nhic nhd, nang thi cat chflc, tu day: "Cfla bien Thuan An cd thuyin cdng trd ve, thu ngfl Ngdn Van Quyen nhan l i m la thuyen Tay dfldng, lien dem bao bd. Vua bao r i n g : Cac cfla bien nha nfldc da ca'p cho kinh thien ly de' trdng rd ngoai xa, sao lai l i m l l n nhfl the! Lien sai thi ve de ngay danh trfldng de phat" (29).
Nhu vay, nhan thflc trpng trach cua bd phan phu trach bien dao nang n l hdn so vdi cac chflc vu khac, viec thiet dat che dp dai ngd eua cae vua trieu Nguyen d mflc dp
nha't dinh da tao ra dUdc sfl khuye'n khfch va ran de de tfl do giup bp phan nay hoan t h a n h chflc trach hieu qua hdn trong cdng tac phdng thu.
2. B a i h o c k i n h n g h i e m tit phong t h u b i e n d a o Viet N a m dvldi t h d i cac v u a d a u t r i e u N g u y e n
a. Ndng cao nhdn thiic ve tiem ndng vd vi the eua bien ddo
Lam chu khdng gian bidn dao rpng ldn, cac trieu dai trong lich sfl phong kien Viet Nam ludn y thflc dUde vi tri cua bidn dao dd'i vdi chu quyin qud'c gia dan tdc, vdi sii phat trien ciia da't nfldc va trieu dai. Cac vua d i u t r i l u Nguyen da neu cao bai hpc ve phdng thii, bao ve chu quyen, ddc lap dan tdc. Trong sudt thdi gian tri vi, vua Gia Long, Minh Mang ludn la'y kinh nghiem cua cha dng, bdi hpc trong lich sfl d l nhic nhd minh neu cao canh giae, coi thdi binh la cd hpi d l cung ed sfl vQng chic cua trieu dai, la can nguyen de dam bao sinh ke' lau dai trong phat trien da't nfldc. Chfnh eae vi vua nay da tflng can dan trieu t h i n khi thflc thi nhiem vu phdng thu phai y thflc dUdc sil thiet yeu eua ehu quyen bien dao trdn tflng vung da't dUdc trieu dinh giao phd. Nhan thflc v l bien dao xuyen sudt trieu Nguyin da gdp p h i n dam bao an ninh ehu quyin dan tdc, la bai hpc ve nhan thflc eua bac d m quyen ddi vdi chu quyin de tfl do CO trach nhidm trong phdng thu, bao ve.
Trong khi do, nfldc ta "cd vi trf quan trpng, cd bd bidn dai, nhieu sdng ldn, nen tfl xfla den nay ke dich tU ben ngoai ldi dung bien va sdng de xam nhap " (30), do dd, cung vdi da't liln, bien dao ngay nay da trd thanh mpt bd phan khdng the tach rdi cua chu quyen dan tdc. Bao ve bien dao vi thd' da dUde quan tam, nhan thflc, dUdc xae dinh dd la mdt nhiem vu an ninh chie'n Ifldc cua qud'c gia, dan tde. The' nhUng, chu quyen
Phirong thure phong Hid bi&i dap...
bien dao ma chung ta lam ehu ngay nay dang bi de dpa, t r a n h cha'p tfl nhilu phia.
Do dd, tQ bai hoc cua t r i l u Nguydn ve nhan thflc bien dao ddi hdi chung ta trong mpi hoan canh phai ludn coi biln dao la mdt phin cua chu quyen cua dSn tdc d l tQ dd cd sfl dinh hudng dung d i n trong hoaeh dinh chu trUdng, chinh sach, trong bao vd, khing dinh chu quyen va phat t r i l n bien dao Viet Nam hien nay.
Ngudn ldi kinh td, giao thdng trong nhan thflc cua bidn dao ke tfl trieu Nguyen den nay v i n tid'p tuc dfldc khang dinh va cin dfldc phat huy hdn nfla khi ma Dang va Nha nfldc ta xae dinh "tie'n manh ra bien va lam chu vung bien. Phat trien tdng hdp kinh te bidn, khai thac ldi thd khu vflc cua cfla bien, hai dao de tao thanh vung phat triln cao, thuc day cac khu vflc khac. Xay dflng can cfl hau c i n d mot sd' dao dd tie'n ra biln khdi. Ket hdp chat che phat triln kinh te vdi bao ve an ninh trdn bien" (31). Do dd, trfldc m i t va ve lau dai, khai thac kinh te bien ket hdp vdi bao ve an ninh chu quyin bien dao la bai hpe xuyen suo't rut ra tfl kinh nghiem cua trieu Nguyin, ddng thdi cung la chien lUdc ddi hdi Dang va Nha nude cin phat huy trong bdi eanh hien nay.
Day manh hdn nfla vi thd ve giao thdng eua biln dao de tQ do hinh thanh he thd'ng cae cang bien, cae tuyen giao thdng ndi vung va qudc te' de vfla dam bao phuc vu muc tidu phat trien kinh te'bien, vQa dam bao chid'n lUdc an ninh trong phdng thu bien dao cua da't nfldc.
Dudi trieu Nguyin, eac bac elm quyen diu nhan thflc dfldc vi trf chie'n Ifldc ciia bien dao, tfl do van dung vao phat trien dat nfldc, bao ve sfl vflng chic cua trilu dai. Ke thfla bai hpc lich sfl dd, ngay nay can danh gia dung va khdng ngflng nang cao vi the, tilm nang cua bien dao de khai thac phuc
vu phat triln kinh te', phuc vu chie'n Ifldc bao ve ddc lap, chu quyen dan tdc.
b. Tdng ciidng sUc manh todn dien trong phong thu bien ddo
Tfl nhan thflc, trilu Nguyin da cd' ging thflc tiln hda boat dpng phdng thu. Bang ngudn npi lilc va vdi sflc manh cd the, trieu Nguyin da ra't chu trpng trong viec td chflc trien khai cac boat ddng phdng thii biln dao. Trong edng tac phdng thu, trieu Nguyin khdng chi phat huy sflc manh ndi tai cua chinh quyen ma cdn huy dpng ngudn Iflc hd trd tQ cU dan bien dao sd tai, hpc tap kinh nghiem tfl ben ngoai. Ta't ca dd tao nen mdt sflc manh tdng hpp, toan dien de bao ve ddc lap, chu quyen dan tpc.
Vi the, bai hpc ve phat huy sflc manh toan dien trong phdng thu bien dao tfl trieu Nguyin cdn cd y nghia quan trpng trong phdng thu bien dao hien nay.
Cdng tac phdng thu dfldi trilu Nguyin dfldc thfle hien thdng qua nhilu phUdng thflc. Dd la sfl ket hdp sflc manh cua mdt liic lfldng thuy quan dfldc td chflc, trang bi, huan luyen hiing manh, vdi he thd'ng phdng thu d cac cfla be dupc thiet dat cac phao dai, phat trien he thd'ng thdng tin lien lac, day manh cdng tae chd'ng cudp bien, kiem soat va ban ehe tau thuyen ra vao b cac cfla bien, phat trien cdng tac eflu hd, cflu nan.
Cdng tac phdng thii bien dao vi the' tao nen mdt sflc manh ed kha nang phdng ngfla, ngan ehan tfl xa cung nhfl mang lai hieu qua thiic te. Ke't qua do la sU huy ddng sflc manh y ehi cua bac cam quyen dfldi trieu Nguyin, vdi sflc manh npi liic eua trieu dai, ciia dan tpe de cd the dam bao cho ehu quyin eua trilu dai dUdc vflng chai trong bdi canh qud'c te, khu vUc cd nhieu bie'n ddng. Hien nay, va'n de bao ve chu quyin biln dao Viet Nam cung dang d trong bdi canh tfldng tfl khi ma tinh hinh qud'c te
Rghien cihi Jdjch a&. s6 7.2014 phat t r i l n theo xu the "hoa binh, ddc l^p
dan toe, dan chu, hdp tac va phat t r i l n la xu the ldn; nhUng d^u t r a n h dan tdc, d^u tranh giai cS^p, chidn t r a n h cue bd, xung dot vii trang, xung ddt s i c tdc, tdn giao, ch^iy dua vu trang, ho^t dpng can thidp, lat dd, khiing bd, tranh ch^p lanh thd, bien, dao, tai nguyen va canh tranh quydt liet ve ldi fch kinh td' tiep tuc diln ra phflc tap. Khu v i ^ chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng va Dong Nam A phat trien nang ddng, nhflng cung ti^m in nhflng nhan to* mai dn dinh. Tinh hinh dd tao thdi cd phat trien, dong thdi dat ra nhQng thach thflc gay git, nha't la dot vdi nhflng nfldc dang va k6m phat trien" (32).
Do dd, tfl bai hpc kinh nghiem cua trieu Nguyin, thflc tien cdng tac bao vd chvi quyen bien dao ddi hdi chung ta phai phat huy sflc manh toan dien cua toan Dang, toan dan, cua ea hd thd'ng chfnh tri de xay dflng mot hd thd'ng phdng thu quoc gia, mpt nen quoc phdng toan dan vflng manh d l cd the dam dfldng dUdc nhidm vu phdng thu bidn dao.
Trilu Nguyin trong pham vi va mflc do nhat dinh chUa the t r i l n khai hd thong phdng thu eua trilu dinh ra lam chu nhQng vung bien dao d ngoai m i l n bidn viln.
Trong trudng hdp dd, t r i l u dinh ho trd mot p h i n cho dan chflng vd vu khf, hua'n luyen, lUdng thflc, ddng thdi huy dpng sii tinh nguyen ddng gdp cua cu dan dia phUdng v l khi gidi, nhan Iflc vao cdng tac phdng thu.
Chinh vi thd da cd ra't nhieu dao, vflng biln, cU dan tu nguydn thanh lap cac phao dai, cac doi dan binh di dam bao cho cong tac phdng thu tai cho moi khi cd cUdp bi4n.
Bai hpc v l huy dpng sflc manh toan dan da gdp p h i n vao cung cd chu quyen cua trieu Nguyin d nhflng vflng da't vd'n thudc chu quyen cfla qude gia, cd' ke't tao ndn mdt h^
thd'ng phdng thu, mpt khdi thd'ng nhlft trudc sii xam nhap tQ ben ngoai. Bai hoc vd huy dpng sflc mfinh, ngudn It^c tQ trong
dan,.bdi dfldng va phdi h ^ vdi nhan dkn, nh^t la nhan dan tai vung ven biln, hai dao de dam bao tot cho cong tac phdng thu, bao v$ doc lap chu quyen da dfldc ke thfla can phai phat huy cao do hdn nfia trong bao ve chu quyen bi4n dao hien nay n h i m thflc hidn chinh sach quan ly va bao v^ biln dao theo hudng "phat huy sflc msinh toan dan toe va thUc hien cac bidn phap c i n thid't bao ve chu quy^n, quydn chu quyen, quyen tai phan qudc gia trdn cac vung biln, dao va q u i n dao, bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trfldng biln, phat t r i l n kinh te bien" (33).
c. Xay d^ng vd hodn thien hi thong cffsdphdp ly vechu quyin biin ddo
Ngay khi lam chu mot lanh thd thdng nh^t tren cd sd danh b^i trieu Tay Sdn, trieu Nguyin da chu dong xae lap quyen lam chu cua minh ddi vdi h^ thdng bien dao. B i n g nhieu phflcftig thflc tidn hanh, song v i ^ xay dflng cd sd phap 1^ de thflc thi, k h i n g dinh chii quyen bien dao dfldc trieu Nguyin coi la bidn phdp hflu hieu mang tfnh ben vQng, lau dai. NhQng can cfl phap ly dUdc k h i n g dinh dd khdng chi cd y nghia ddi vdi trilu Nguyin ma con cd gia tri cfl li$u ddn ngay nay. Do dd, kd thfla thanh qua va kinh nghiem ljch sfl cua trilu Nguyin, chiing ta c i n \ky dflng, hoan thidn cfl lidu phap 1^ trong k h i n g dinh, thflc thi chu quydn bien dao, nha't la vd'n dd chii quyen doi vdi hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa.
Ngay tQ nam 1809, vua Gia Long da xae dinh chu quyen cua trieu Nguyen dc5 vdi q u i n dao Hoang Sa vdn dU0c k h i n g dinh chu quyen dfldi thdi chiia Nguyen. Kd tyc sfl nghidp cua Gia Long, vua Minh Mang tiep tuc k h i n g djnh chu quydn tren hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Trfldng Sa va cac vflng bien dao khac. Phfldng thflc xae lap cd sd phap 1^ b i l n dao dUdc ti^n hdnh thong qua thiet I|ip h$ thdng hai dd d cac vflng biln
Phirong thiJrc phdng Hifl hiin dio...
ven bd phuc vu k h i n g dinh chu quyen va dam bao an ninh trudc sfl xam nhSp cua giae be. Ddi vdi cac vung bien dao xa ma trieu finh khdng the thfldng tnic dam bao chu quyen, trieu Nguydn ap dung phUdng thflc thflc thi chu quyen dinh ky bang each cfl cac dpi thuy binh hang nam ra tnic tie'p d m md'c, do dac, ve hai dd de thuc thi, bao vd chii quyen cua minh. Mac du dudi trieu Nguyin va'n de t r a n h cha'p biln dao ehUa tflng xay ra, the nhUng nhflng efl lidu phap IJ vdi dly du cd sd, bang chflng dd la ly le thuyet phuc de t r i l u Nguydn da'u tranh ndu cd tranh cha'p ve va'n de biln dao. Do do, xay dung he thd'ng phap l-y nham phuc v\} muc tidu da'u tranh, thiic thi va bao vd chu quyen trd thanh mdt phUdng thflc, bai hoc kinh nghiem quan trpng tfl trieu Nguyen trong cdng tac phdng thu va bao ve chu quyen biln dao.
.Trong khi dd, va'n de chu quyin bien dao, dae bidt la va'n de chu quyin tren hai quin dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa dang trd thanh mpt trong nhflng nhiem vu chie'n Ifldc cua Dang va Nha nfldc ta bidn nay. De khing dinh ehu quyin bien dao eua Vidt Nam, chung ta e i n kd' thfla nhflng thdnh ti^u, bai hoc kinh nghiem ma trilu Nguyen da de lai. Cac di san ve chu quyen bien dao ma trieu Nguyen de lai nhfl he thd'ng cac hai dd, ban dd, cac sfl lieu ghi chep ve boat ddng cua t r i l u Nguyen trdn hai q u i n dao nay phai dflpe eoi dd la cd sd phap ly trong lich sfl phuc vu eho cdng tac da'u tranh, giao due va khdng dinh chii quyin biln dao. Mat khac, kd thfla kinh nghiem cua trilu Nguyin ve sfl chu ddng trong xay dilng cd sd phap ly cua da't nfldc, chung ta cin hoan thien viec hoach dinh dfldc hai gidi trdn biln vdi cac nude, xay dflng cac nguyen t i c t i c flng xfl tren Biln Ddng, thdng qua cac diln dan qud'c te de khang dinh cd sd phap ly cua Viet Nam dd'i vdi chu
quyen biln dao, hoan thien hdn nQa he thdng luat bien dao phuc vu cdng tac bao vd va khai thac chu quyen bien dao. Hd thong cfl lieu phap ly dd se la ed sd nen tang dinh hudng cho cdng tac phdng thii, bao vd, thuc thi va khang dinh chu quyin biln dao cua Viet Nam ma tnldc do k l tfl trieu Nguyin da thfle thi va k h i n g dinh.
Hdn nQa, cung vdi viec chu trpng xay dflng cfl lieu phap ly b i n g viec elm mdc, ve cac hai do, td ehflc cac dpi thuy binh hang nam ra bien ddn cac quin dao nhim t u i n tra, kilm soat va thflc thi, khang dinh ehu quyen bien dao eua qud'c gia, trieu Nguyin cdn chu trUdng phat trien he thd'ng dan sinh thdng qua md rdng luc lUdng eU dan tren dao, xay dflng cac hang muc cdng trinh nhu ehua, gieng nfldc va cac cdng trinh dan sinh khac... Ngoai ra, trieu Nguyen cdn toan quyin td chflc viec khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te' bidn d nhflng vflng biln dao nay thdng qua cae dpi bien binh cung la mdt yeu td' k h i n g dinh chu quyen bien dao tren thiic tidn. Sfl cd mat cua he thd'ng dan sinh cua cU dan Viet chinh la bing chflng hung hdn nha't ve chu quyen eua trieu Nguyen ddi vdi cac vung bien dao nay. Cd t h i ndi, trieu Nguyen da co cai nhin thiic td' hdn v l vide xay dflng he thdng eac ed sd phap ly cho chu quyen bien dao, khdng ddn t h u i n khang dinh chu quyen tren van ban. Hien nay, khi chiing ta dang trong giai doan da'u tranh d l khang dinh, bao vd chu quyen biln dao, van de phat trien he thdng dan sinh, khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te tai cac vung biln dao thudc ehu quyen tren cd sd bai hoe kinh nghiem eua trilu Nguyen cd y nghia nhfl la mpt cd sd phap ly cin dUdc ke thfla va phat huy. Dang va Nha nude cin cd nhflng cd ehe uu tien hdn nfla cho can bd, chien s! phuc vu cdng tac bao ve chu quyen tren cae dao va q u i n dao, dong thdi eung ra sfle hd trd ngfl dan ve phUdng tien, vat cha't
66 Rghien ciru Lieh s i . so 7.2014
phuc vu khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te' tai cac vung b i l n ma chung t a dang da'u t r a n h bao ve chii quyen, c i n p h a t trien va n h a n rdng cac phong trao nhU "Gop dd xdy diing Triidng Sa" de p h a t t r i l n hcfti niia he thd'ng dan sinh n h u la mdt cfl lieu phap ly sd'ng de khang dinh ehu q u y i n bidn dao.
Nhfl vay, de khang dinh chu quyin bien dao, t r i l u Nguyen da xay dflng mdt he thd'ng cfl Hdu phap ly hoan ehinh. He thd'ng cfl lidu do dfldc xae lap ca tQ hai phia van
CHU THICH
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(2). Quo'c sii quan t r i i u Nguyen, Minh Menh chinh yi'u, Nxb. Thulin Hoa, Hue, 2010, tr. 1672.
(3). Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 3, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 136.
(4), (5), (9), (14), (19), (20), (21), (23), (27). Quoc sii quan t r i l u Nguyen, Minh Menh chinh yi'u, sdd, tr. 1666-1667, 1634-1640. 1633, 1659, 1665, 1665, 1669-1670, 1672, 1651.
(6). Quoc sii quan t r i l u Nguyen, Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 2, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc. Nxb. Giao due, Hue, 2004. tr, 758.
(7). Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc, Nxb. Giao due, Hue, 2002, tr. 870.
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(10), Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thuc luc, t a p 3, sdd, tr. 165.
(11). Bin theo Nguyin Nha, "Cac chiia Nguyin va nha Nguyen xae lap va thue thi chii quyen Viet Nam tai quan dao Hoang Sa va Triidng Sa tfl dau t h e k y XVII de'n khi thUc dan Phap xam lUOc va do hq Viet Nam", Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hoc: Chda Nguyin vd viiOng trieu Nguyen trong lich si Viet Nam tii theky XVI de'n theky XIX, Uy ban Nhan
ban va thUc t i l n dam bao eho t r i l u Nguyin du efl Hdu d l thflc thi quyen lam chu bien dao ciia minh. Ngay nay, khi va'n de dau t r a n h va k h i n g dinh chu quyen bien dao dang dien bie'n phfle t a p , chiing ta c i n bie't ke thfla di s a n phap ly bien dao ma trieu Nguyen de lai, ddng thdi tfl bai hpc kinh nghiem trieu Nguyen dd hoan thien hdn nfla he thd'ng phap ly phuc vu qua trinh da'u t r a n h khang dinh chu quydn bien dao Viet Nam hien nay.
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(18), (24). (25). Noi cac trieu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hoi dien sit le, t a p 5, sdd, tr 418, 424, 424.
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