CHINH TRi - LUAT
INHCINC XU Hl/dNC DAN CHU HOA 6 CAC Nu'dc MY LATINH NGAY NAY
^ ^ ^ i ^ r o n g nhUng nam gan day, nen
£w\ chinh tri va ddi sd'ng xa hoi d
^ • J ^ c a c nUdc My Latinh da cd thay ddi cd ban. Met trdng nhutng thay ddi ndi bat la tie'n trinh dan chu hca dien ra sau rdng va manh me, the hien qua cac xu hifdng chu yeu sau day:
1. Md r o n g q u y e n d a n c h u va svf t h a m gia ciia n h a n d a n v a o c o n g viec, h o a t d o n g ciia n h a nvfdc
Xu hifdng nay la phd bie'n nha't va dUdc thiic thi tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong nhieu linh viic, dd la:
1) Md rdng, bd sung nhutng quy dinh cua phap luat ve dan chu va thiic tien hoa nhiing quy dinh dd.
Hien phap va phap luat ciia hau he't cac nudc My Latinh hien nay deu trang hi cu the va rdng rai cho nhan dan cac loai quyen dan chu cd ban, quyen dan chu tiem nang, quyen dan chu thich ling. Thay vi quy dinh
"nhan dan chi dUdc lam nhiing gi ma luat phap chd phep" nhu trUdc kia, nhieu nu'dc My Latinh dang ap dung quy dinh nhu trong Khoan 24 Dieu 2 Hien phap Peru: "Khdng ai hi budc phai lam nhUng viec ma phap luat khdng yeu cau, khdng hi cam nhutng gi ma phap luat khdng ca'm... Khdng han che ve til do ca nhan trii nhutng trifdng hop ma phap luat quy dinh".
2) Thiic hien binh dtmg moi mat giuta cac ca nhan, khdng phan biet gidi
ThS. Nguyin Anh Hung
Vien Nghien ctiu Chdu Mytinh, chimg tdc, tdn giao, dieu kien kinh te va gia dinh. Ve gidi tinh, phu nut dUdc hoan toan binh dang trong sinh hoat chinh tri nhU nam gidi. Phu nii d ta't ca cac nUdc My Latinh hien nay deu dUdc quyen bau cif va iing cif.
Cd tdi 14 quo'c gia d khu viic nay quy dinh phai cd it nha't 40%) so' ifng vien tranh cif vao cac cUdng vi cdng quyen la nii. O Argentina, Cdsta Rica va Cuba nhiing nam gan day, ty le nii nghi si tai Qud'c hoi ludn chie'm 40- 50%). Ve chimg tdc, viec phan biet mau da - chi ngUdi da trang va metizo (ngUdi ban dia lai da trang) mdi dUdc tham gia hdat ddng chinh tri nhU trUdc kia - nay da bi bai be; thilc hien binh dang va khuyen khich ta't ca cac chung tdc, sac tdc (dng Mdrales ngUdi da dd dUdc ifng cif va da dac cif Tdng thd'ng Bdlivia la mot vi du tieu bieu).
Ve tdn giao va dieu kien kinh te, gia
dinh, trUdc kia de ra tranh cif vao
chinh quyen, ifng cif vien thUdng phai
dap ifng quy dinh bat budc la ngUdi
thed Cdng giao, xua't than tif tang ldp
trung lUu hoac thUdng luu va cd lUdng
tai san dam bad dang ke, ngay nay
hau he't cac nUdc My Latinh da bai be
nhutng tieu chuan cau ky dd, chi quy
dinh ve dd tudi va nang lilc (dien hinh
nhu dng Toledo, Tong thd'ng Peru
nhiem ky 2001-2006, vd'n xua't than tif
tang ldp ha lUu va ban than tifng la
mot cau be danh giay).
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 23 3) T a n g cUdng vai trd cua qud'c hdi
va n h a n d a n dUdc cif dai dien t h a m dii hop qud'c hoi, t h a m chi dUdc de xua't dii l u a t .
4) H a mufc tudi va t h a n h p h a n dUdc quyen b a u cif. TrUdc kia, m e t sd' nUdc My L a t i n h quy d i n h cdng d a n p h a i 21 tudi trd len mdi dUdc di be p h i e u va gidi h a n k h a t k h e t h a n h p h a n dUdc quyen b a u cif. H i e n nay, t a t ca cac nUdc My L a t i n h deu chd p h e p cdng dan tii 18 tudi trd len dUdc di bd phieu va chi ca'm n h i i n g ngUdi dudi mifc tudi dd, hdac n h i i n g ngUdi hi b e n h t h a n kinh h a y bi tUdc q u y e n cdng d a n .
5) N h a n d a n dUdc t n i c tie'p quye't dinh nhiing v a n de t r o n g dai cua qud'c gia. H i n h thifc h i e u q u a nha't la trUng cau y d a n da dUdc ap d u n g t a i n h i e u nUdc My L a t i n h h i e n n a y . C h a n g b a n , tai Peru, trUng c a u y d a n dien r a khi cc viec sifa ddi mot p h a n h a y t d a n bd Hien p h a p ; t h d n g q u a cac n g u y e n tac vdi quy che p h a p l u a t ; t h d n g qua cac quy dinh cua t h a n h phd'; va cac v a n de lien q u a n tdi tie'n t r i n h p h a n quyen.
TrUng cau y d a n ciing da ap d u n g tai Venezuela vdi va'n de t a i ifng cif tdng thd'ng, tai Bolivia vdi va'n de qud'c hUu hoa cac cdng ty n a n g lUdng...
N h u vay, cd t h e ndi, day la xu hudng r d n g r a i va da d a n g nha't cua tie'n t r i n h d a n c h u h c a My L a t i n h , ddng thdi ciing la xu h u d n g quye't dinh hieu q u a , gia t r i va mifc dd cua tie'n t r i n h d a n chu. Dii cd nhutng biit pha, tie'n be d a n g ke va chac c h a n se tie'p tuc p h a t t r i e n t r c n g tUdng lai, nhiing xu hUdng n a y ciing cdn h a n che k h d n g de k h a c p h u c la t a c n e n nguy cd ldn xdn, m a t dn d i n h xa hdi va l a m ye'u di q u y e n liic n h a nUdc.
Tieu bieu nha't la trUdng hdp A r g e n t i n a n h i i n g n a m 2000-2002: dd t i n h t r a n g k i n h te t a i c h i n h suy sup, l a m p h a t p h i m a va tha't n g h i e p t a n g
Vdt, n h i e u n h d m ngUdj ldi d u n g quyen d a n chu r d n g r a i da bai cdng, bieu t i n h rdi bie'n t h a n h bao loan, cUdp pha t r i e n mien k h a p da't nUdc; chinh quyen ba't liic, k h d n g giai quye't ndi dii trong 18 t h a n g da p h a i 5 lan t h a y ddi Tdng thd'ng.
2. C a c d a n g p h a i m d i h o a c n h o d e u CO s\i p h a t t r i e n viidt b a e , n a m giiJ dvtdc q u y e n liic c h i n h tri v a t a o d\idc v i t h e q u a n t r o n g t r o n g x a h o i
Xu hudng nay h i n h t h a n h va p h a t trien m a n h tif dau nhiing n a m 1990.
Nguyen n h a n la do cac dang phai ldn truyen thd'ng da m a t dan uy tin, nhudng vi t h e cho nhUng dang va phong trao mdi vd'n budc vao vii dai chinh tri vdi nhieu muc dich, ke hoach la, thiic te va r a t cud'n hiit sii thif nghiem thudng cd d cif tri. Ddng thdi, cac dang nhd ciing thay ddi cd ban chie'n lUdc va phUdng thifc b e a t ddng, phii hdp va thich ifng n h a n h vdi thUc tien. Ke't qua la, che dd ddc dang hcae ludng dang ky ciiu luan phien n a m giii quyen liic n h a nUdc da dan t a n ra, thay vac dd la cac d a n g mdi va vai trd cua cac dang nhd ciing dUdc n a n g cac.
Chang h a n , dang Lad ddng Brazil (PT) t h a n h lap n a m 1980, chi la mdt dang nhd, ye'u dt va chi gianh dUdc 3,5% sd' phieu trdng ky b a u cif tdng thd'ng n a m
1982; nhUng tif nhiing n a m 1990, dang nay cai tc va p h a t trien r a t manh, rdi t h a n g lien tiep t r e n g hai ky bau cif tdng thd'ng (cac n a m 2002, 2006) vdi sd phieu t h u dUdc deu t r e n 60%. Cdn tai Peru, dang Gamble du chi t h a n h lap t h a n g 1/1990, nhUng 3 t h a n g sau da cd tdi 200.000 t h a n h vien va t h a n g 6/1990 da trd t h a n h liic lUdng chinh tri m a n h nha't nUdc, khie'n C h u tich dang Fujimcri dac cif 3 nhiem ky tdng thd'ng hen tie'p (cac n a m 1990, 1995 va 2000).
N h i n chung, xu h u d n g n a y d a n g k h a phd bie'n, nhUng chUa cd sii d a m bao lau ben va vufng chac do mot so' nguyen n h a n . Thvt nhdt, cac d a n g mdi, d a n g nhd chifa cd n h i e u t h a n h tich va kinh nghiem n h u cac d a n g ldn, d a n g cam quyen t r u y e n thd'ng. Thti hai, t a m ly va n h u can cif tri My L a t i n h hien nay r a t n h a n h bien ddi.
Thii ba, cac d a n g mdi h a u het chi nhif cac lien minh vdi cd can td chiic va boat ddng long leo. thieu sii r a n g budc va ldng t r u n g t h a n h . Vi vay, de giU vUng va p h a t trien vi t h e q u a n t r o n g ciia minh, cac dang mdi va nhd can tiep tuc cai td. thd'ng nha't va thiic hien nhUng chien lifdc ddi phd. c a n h t r a n h thich hdp vdi cac d a n g ldn truyen thd'ng.
3. H i n h t h a n h d a d a n g , p h o n g p h i i n h i i n g t o c h i f c x a h o i , n h i i n g p h o n g t r a o d a i d i e n c h o ldi i c h c u a d a n c h i m g
Xu hudng nay d a n g p h a t t r i e n m a n h . 0 mdi nUdc My L a t i n h , ngoai cac dang phai chinh tri, hien cdn cd tdi h a n g t r a m , h a n g ngan td chifc, phong trao dai dien cho ldi ich ngifdi dan, tieu bieu n h a t la "cac td chifc khdng d a n g phai". Lcai h i n h "cac td chuc khdng d a n g phai" bao gdm nbUng td chiic h a n g xdm, nhiing nhdm dau bep trong cdng ddng, nhiing hdi k m h te binh dan, nhUng td chifc phi chinh phu... Mdi ngudi d a n My L a t m h cd the cd hoac k h d n g t h a m gia mot d a n g phai chinh tri, nhUng thUdng ludn t h a m gia vai td chifc nhU vay bdi nhutng td, chiic dd dai dien hieu qua cho quyen ldi thiet thiic cua ho. N h u n g td chiic ay chh yeu q u a n t a m den cudc sd'ng thifdng ngay d mile VI md (nhu n h a n dUdc cac dich vu dien, nu'dc, h a n g hoa, giao due va y te...) va t h u d n g img ho cac d a n g p h a i
c h i n h tri theo each thich hdp de dat dUdc m u c dich cua m i n h , nhUng cung de n i t lai sii i m g h e dd k h i nd khdng tad r a ke't q u a ro r a n g . Cac td chifc k h d n g d a n g p h a i a n h hUdng d a n g ke de'n n h i e u h o a t ddng c h i n h tri, nha't la viec b a u cif d ca'p dia phUdng, cd sd.
4. Co SLf l i e n m i n h r o n g r a i giiJa c a c d a n g p h a i , t o chifc, p h o n g t r a o
Day ciing la m e t xu h u d n g phd bie'n t r d n g tie'n t r i n h d a n chu hca d cac nudc My L a t i n h h i e n nay. Sii lien m i n h ra't r d n g r a i , t h e hien dudi ba h i n h thifc cd b a n :
1) Lien m i n h t r o n g cimg mot md h i n h , p h o n g t r a o , C h a n g b a n , dang Xa hoi Chile (PS) dUdc t h a n h lap tren cd sd lien m i n h va s a p n h a p 5 dang p h a i c a n h ta: H e a t ddng Xa hdi chu n g h i a (ARS), Xa hdi chu nghia M a r x i s t (PSM), Xa hdi thd'ng n h a t (PSU), H a n h ddng cong chiing mdi (NAP) va M e n h l e n h Xa hdi chu nghia (OS). Tai V e n e z u e l a , d a n g Xa hdi Dan chil thd'ng nha't dUdc t h a n h lap ngay 29/1/2007 t r e n cd sd lien m i n h va hdp nha't P h o n g t r a o N e n cdng boa thif n a m (MVR) cua Tong thd'ng Chavez vdi hdn 20 d a n g p h a i c a n h ta khac.
2) Lien m i n h vdi md hinh, phcng trad k h a c q u a n diem ( t h a m chi ddi lap) nhUng v a n t r c n g cimg Hnh viic. Chang b a n , d a n g Cdng ly (PJ) d Argentina thiic te la lien m i n h giiia h a i phai theo chu n g h i a Peron - mot p h a i cifng ran, bao thii va mot p h a i m e m deo, dn hoa.
Tai P e r u , Lien m i n h C a n h ta thd'ng nha't (lU) dUdc t h a n h lap til dau nhiing n a m 1980 la t a p hdp 9 dang p h a i c a n h t a - luc h d a t ddng chung vi Lien m i n h , liic lai h e a t ddng rieng nhU 9 n h d m chinh- tri k h a c biet. Cdn dang c a n h ta d a n t u y APRA cua P e r u cd thdi ky lien m i n h t r a n h cif vdi ca cac d a n g p h a i c a n h hutu va c a n h t r u n g .
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 25 3) Lien m i n h khac linh viic. Chang
b a n , d a n g chinh tri Gamble d Peru cd lien m i n h m a t thiet va dUdc hd trd dac lUc bdi cac td chifc k i n h te' q u a n trong d nudc nay n h u Td chute Cdng nghiep qud'c gia (SNI) va Lien minh qud'c gia c a c doanh nghiep t u n h a n (CONFIEP).
Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t cua nhiing h i n h thifc lien m i n h r d n g r a i t r e n deu k h a long leo va k h d n g lau ben. Lien minh thUdng chi c a n thie't k h i cimg hdp sifc giai q u y e t n h i i n g va'n de ldn hoac trUdc cac ky b a u cif q u a n trong.
Xong viec, lien m i n h t h u d n g t a n ra hdac t u giai t a n .
5. K i m c h e h i e u q u a h o a t d o n g va a n h hifdfng c u a c a c liic lifdng p h i d a n c h i i t r u y e n t h o n g
Song h a n h cimg tien t r i n h d a n chu hoa d nhutng nUdc My L a t i n h trong thdi gian gan day la viec kim che hieu qua boat ddng va a n h hUdng cua cac Ilic lUdng phi d a n chu t r u y e n thd'ng - nha't la q u a n ddi va n h a thd Cdng giad.
Q u a n ddi vd'n la cdng cu bad ve va tra'n ap dac liic cua cac n h a nUdc tai My L a t i n h . Liic lUdng n a y t h u d n g til gia t a n g q u y e n lUc b a n t h a n , can thiep s a u rdng vao cac chinh sach va boat ddng cua n h a nUdc (dinh cao la lat do che do d a n sii, thie't lap che do ddc tai q u a n sii), ddng thdi giam bdt, bai bd, n g a n ca'm n h i e u q u y e n d a n chu cua n h a n d a n . Tuy n h i e n , tif cudi nhiing n a m 1980, h i e n p h a p n h i e u nUdc My L a t i n h da dUa r a va thiic hien sii gidi b a n d a n g ke vai trd cua q u a n ddi: q u a n ddi p h a i la liic lUdng t r u n g lap, k h d n g t h a m gia cac h e a t ddng c h i n h t r i , k h d n g sif d u n g cac bien p h a p p h a n d a n chu, ngUdi difng dau liic lUdng vii t r a n g (bd trUdng qud'c phdng, bd trUdng a n ninh...) p h a i la q u a n chifc d a n sii chii k h d n g phai la cac t u d n g linh q u a n sii .v.v...
Nhutng ke't q u a dem lai t h a t k h a q u a n , c h a n g h a n : sud't thdi ky 1930- 1980, cd tdi 40% nhutng t h a y ddi n h a nUdc d My L a t i n h dien r a sau dad chinh q u a n sii; giai d e a n 1981-1990 giam mot nifa - chi chiing cdn 20%, va h o a n toan k e t thiic vao n a m 1991 (nam xay r a cudc dao chinh q u a n sii cudi cimg tai Haiti).
La qudc dao cua h a u b e t cac nUdc My L a t i n h , Cdng giao cd a n h hudng ldn va n h a thd trd t h a n h mdt thie't che d a n g ke t r o n g he thd'ng chinh tri. Tac ddng cua nd t r o n g tien t r i n h dan chu, t r o n g b o a t ddng b a n h a n h va thiic thi l u a t p h a p k h d n g gay gat nhU cua q u a n ddi, nhUng s a u rdng, ben lau va khd t h a y ddi. Q u a n he, a n h hudng cua n h a thd Cdng giao ddi vdi he thd'ng chinh tri k h a rdng: dUa cac tin dieu, giao ly vao cac v a n b a n p h a p l u a t cua n h a nUdc; bao l a n h tdi cao ve m a t t i n h t h a n cho cac b o a t ddng chinh tri;
diing ra d a n xep x u n g dot giuta cac t h i e t che chinh tri hoac giuta cac d a n g phai ddi lap; va cdng k h a i trd giiip hdac p h a n ddi nhiing n h a n vat cd the liic cua chinh quyen (dien h i n h nhU viec Hdi ddng Giad si A r g e n t i n a tiing keu gdi ta't ca cac t i n do Cdng giac nUdc nay bd phieu cho ifng cif vien Peron n a m 1946, nhd vay ma dng dac cif tdng t h d n g vdi sd' p h i e u k h a cao.
NhUng n a m 1955, ciing chinh Peron hi nhdm q u a n sii lat do ngay sau khi dng hi n h a thd n i t phep thdng cdng triing p h a t do trUdc dd dng dam dUa mot sd' quy dinh bai hac Cdng giao vao trong cac trUdng hoc). Dii n h a thd Cdng giad d i n h hUdng, tad hy vong va difc tin cho tin do, nhUng muc dich thiic te la me hoac tin dd va phuc vu ldi ich, quyen liic cua gidi l a n h dad Cdng giad n e n nd bi cci la liic lUdng phi dan chu. C h i n h vi t h e , tif dau nhUng n a m 1990, h a n g loat nUdc My
Latinh da ban hanh nhutng dao luat kim che anh hifdng cua Cdng giac:
tach biet nha thd khdi nha nUdc, thiic hien binh dang giiia cac tdn giac, cac tin dd dUdc tii do liia chon boat ddng chinh tri theo phap luat, gidi ban hoac bai bd han quy dinh ifng cif vien quan chifc nha nifdc phai la ngifdi theo Cdng giao .v.v...
6. Dang phai va phong trao canh ta - dai dien cho tif tifdng, hoat dong dan chu, tien bo va cho dong dao nhan dan - phat trien manh nie, nam giii phan ldn quyen liic nha nifdfc
Dang phai va phong trao canh ta tren the gidi hinh thanh til cud! the ky XVIIL nhUng thiic sii phat trien sdi ddng vdi nhieu thang tram treng sud't the ky XX. Neu nhif treng nhiing nam 1920-1990, dang phai va phong trao canh ta cUc thinh d phan phia Ddng chau Au vdi hien than la chu nghia xa hdi. thi cudi the ky XX va dau the ky XXI, sau sU sup dd cua Lien Xd va he thd'ng xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au, sU phat trien canh ta lai "dinh cU" d My Latinh. Ma'y nam gan day, dang phai canh ta cua cac nUdc thudc chau luc nay da gan nhu ddng loat nam giii dUdc chifc vu tdng thd'ng - cUdng vi difng dau he thd'ng chinh tri mdi qud'c gia cdng hoa: Venezuela (nam 1998), Chile (2000), Brazil (2002), Argentina (2003), Panama (2004). Uruguay (2004), Bolivia (2005), Ecuador. Nicaragua va Peru (2006)... va gan day nhat la El Salvador (trong cudc bau cif tdng thd'ng ngay 15/3/2009 tai nUdc nay, iing \aen Mauricid Funes cua dang canh ta Mat tran Giai phdng Dan tdc Farabundd Marti da dac cif vdi 51,3% tdng sd phieu cif tn).
Cd difdc nhiing thanh qua tren, ve mat khach quan. la do sU pha san md
hinh kinh te ciia chu nghia tii do mdi.
Tren thiic te, d phan ldn cac nUdc My Latinh da chiing minh chu nghia tii do mdi khdng giai quye't dUdc cac va'n de kinh te - xa hdi bifc xiic, khdng dap ifng diidc nhiing nhu cau, nguyen vong chinh dang cua ddng dao nhan dan lao ddng. Nhutng nam^ gan day, cugc da'u tranh cua quan chiing ddi cai thien ddi sd'ng, chd'ng chinh sach kinh te cua nha nUdc, ddi giai quye't viec lam... da nd ra d nhieu qud'c gia ma dinh cac da khie'n mot sd' tdng thd'ng cua cac dang canh hutu phai tif chifc - nhu da dien ra d Ecuadcr, Peru, Bdlivia. Cdn ve mat chu quan, thanh cdng dat dUdc dd cac dang phai canh ta da bie't ddi mdi tU duy va phUdng thifc boat dong. Thay che da'u tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa ra cifdng linh tranh cif phii hdp vdi nguyen vong cua nhan dan lao ddng;
biet tap hdp cac lilc lUdng va cac chinh sach lien minh' rdng rai; tang cUdng doan ket, lien ket cac phong trao canh ta va tien bo khac nhau trong nu'dc va khu viic, da'u tranh nghi trUdng vdi nhiing muc tieu hap dan cif tri.
Nhin chung, trong nhutng nam vifa qua, da sd chinh phu canh ta d My Latinh da tuyen bd' hoac da thiic thi cai each kinh te - xa hoi, chuyen tii md hinh chu nghia tii dd mdi sang md hinh kinh te thi trUdng ket hdp giai quyet cac van de dan chu va xa hdi;
day manh chien dich chd'ng tham nhiing; tie'n hanh cac chUdng trinh:
cai each rudng dat, xda ddi giam
nghed, Xda nan mu chut, tad cdng an
viec lam, cung ca'p tin dung va vd'n
chd doanh nghiep vii'a va nhd, xay
diing nha d cho ngu'di nghee, cai thien
dich vu y te, phat trien van hca cdng
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 27 ddng. dieu c h i n h met sd' l u a t theo
h u d n g coi t r o n g ldi ich qud'c gia va cd ldi chd ngUdi lad ddng. Ve ddi ngoai, t u y chUa h o a n t o a n t h o a t khdi sii le thudc vao My nhUng dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua cac nUdc n a y da t h e hien rd xu h u d n g mong mud'n cd sii doc lap nhieu hdn. Cac nUdc t r c n g k h u viic da ndi lai va t a n g cUdng hdp tac vdi Cuba, p h a n ddi c h i n h sach bae vay ca'm v a n cua My ddi vdi qud'c gia xa hdi chu n g h i a nay; i m g ho tie'n t r i n h dan chil boa t r o n g q u a n h e qud'c te va cai td Lien hdp qud'c; img hd cudc da'u t r a n h chd'ng chu n g h i a k h i m g bd';
pha'n da'u vi mdt t r a t tii t h e gidi mdi, dan chu va b i n h d a n g , vi hoa binh, ddc lap d a n tdc va tie'n bd xa hdi.
Ben c a n h n h i i n g t h u a n ldi va t h a n h tUu d a n g ke, liic lUdng canh ta My L a t i n h cung d a n g p h a i dUdng dau, vUdt qua n h i e u khd k h a n , thif thach.
Trcng chien lUdc toan cau ndi chung va chien lUdc cci My L a t i n h la "san sau" cua minh, chac c h a n My se tim mci each chd'ng pha, n g a n can liic lUdng c a n h ta len cam quyen, ngan chan chinh p h u tie'n be tai mdi qud'c gia thiic hien cac chUdng trinh, ke beach thien ta de ra. Met sd' dang canh ta (d El Salvador. Nicaragua...) tifng t h a m gia t r a n h cif tdng thd'ng nhieu lan nhUng chUa hoac it gianh t h a n g ldi mdt p h a n dd sii can thiep thd bao, t r a n g trdn cua My. Vdi nhiing chinh p h u tie'n bd len cam quyen, cac dang phai c a n h hiiu t r u y e n thd'ng ludn tim each can pha, chinh p h u mdi lai chUa q u a n ly dUdc t c a n bd nen k i n h te va phUdng tien t h d n g tin dai chiing, vi vay cdn n h i e u khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h , b i n h dn d a t nUdc. Ve m a t chu quan, d mdt sd' nUdc My L a t i n h , dang c a n h ta cdn p h a n t a n , chUa dean ket, chUa cd t r u n g t a m du m a n h va uy tin de t a p hdp liic lUdng. O khdng it chinh
phii tie'n be cam quyen, dc phai lien minh rdng rai de dac cut, nen da gap nhieu khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h vi cd nhieu t u tUdng, k h u y n h hudng khac n h a u t r c n g b a n l a n h dad, khd di den sii thd'ng nha't chung. O nhieu dang canh ta (nha't la thudc phai ta dan tuy), te Sling bai ca n h a n cdn phd bien, tac cd hdi cho l a n h t u dang phd trUdng va lam quyen... NhUng khd k h a n , b a n che nay khdng de va khdng the sdm khac phuc, p h u thudc vac nhieu ye'u td', a n h hudng chu quan, khach q u a n va ca vao nhUng t h a y ddi cua tien trinh dan chu boa •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1, Richard Hillman, Understanding Contemporary Latin America, Lynne Rienner, London, 2001,
2, Diana Kapiszewski, Encyclopedia of Latin American Politic;. Oryx Press. Westport, 2002, 3, David De Ferranti, Inequality in Latin America,
The World Banl^, Washington DC, 2004.
4, Siri Gloppen & Lise Rakner, Globalization and Democratization: Changllenges for Political Parties,
Fagbok, Bergen, 2007.
.5, Eduardo Lora, The State and State Reform in Latin America. American Development Bank, New York, 2007,
6. Ho Chau, Tran Mai Chi & Nguyen Viet Thao, My Latinh - mot viing ndng dong, NXB Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Npi, 1998.
7. Nguyen Dang Dung, Hinh thu'c ciia cdc nhd niidc duang dai, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 2004.
8. Nguyen Chu Dudng, The che nhd niidc ciia cdc qudc gia tren the gidi, Nxb Tit phap, Ha Noi. 2005, 9. Mai Ly Quang (chii bien), 250 qudc gia vd viing
lanh thd tren the gidi, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 200.5.
10. Do Minh Hdp & N g u y i n Kim Lai, Nhiing vdn dS todn cdu trong thdi dgi ngdy nay. Nxb Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2006.
11. Pham Thai Viet, Todn cdu hod: Nhiing bien ddi ldn trong ddi sdng chinh tri qudc te vd vdn hod.
Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2006,
12. Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri the gidi ,sau ndm 1945. Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi. 2007.
13. N g u y i n Dang Dung & Nguyen Chu DUdng. Liic/c gidi to chiic bq mdy nhd niidc cua cdc qudc gia,
Nxb Lao dong Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2007.
14. Cac website:
www.opendemocracy.net www.socialistaction.org www.politicalstudies.org www .foreignaffairs.org www.latinamericanperspectives.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics
