nvimssmrn'mmv^
C
u l g vdi nhieu each ti ep can^jpn hpc mdi, each tiep can van hpe tfl van hda dang ngay cang te ra ed nhieu flu diem trong viec kham pha nhflng sac thai van hda phong phfl dflde the hien trong tae pham van hpc; hay giai ma nhflng phfl hieu, bieu tflpng van hda, ham an muon van ldp nghia trdm tfch ngan nam trong van ban van hpc cu the; hoac qua ldp be mat cua ngdn ngfl tac pham, tren cd sd so sanh hien thflc va lich sif, cd the di sau kham pha ndi ham tam ly van hda va hat nhan van hda tiem dn trong tac pham. Tfl dd'i chieu tdng the tren nhieu binh dien, nhieu gdc dp, nha nghien eflu ed the danh gia het cai hay cai dep cua tac pham van hpe va y nghia quan trpng cua nd ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cua nhan loai.
Thd Dfldng vdi tu each la met trao lUu van hpc phong phfl va ddc dao, la ket qua sinh ddng cua thdi dai bflng nd van hda manh me ddi Dfldng. Da cd biet bao nha tham binh thd ca vdi nhieu each tiep can khac nhau viet va If giai eai hay cai dep cua rieng thd Dfldng, song cd le vdn cdn chfla thda man vdi ngfldi dpc ngan nam nay. Trong bai viet nay, chflng tdi tfl gdc dp van hda hpc tim hieu eai hay
PGS.TS TRAN LE BAO Trudng Dgi hgc Sit phgm Hd Ngi
eai dep cua thd Dfldng; tfl each tiep can lien nganh, tren cd sd nhflng bai thd lau nay van dflpc coi la thO Dfldng luat, di sau vao If giai tfl duy nghe t h u a t ciia cac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy nghe t h u a t la mpt loai hinh tfl duy tham mi cua mpt cdng ddng (ke cd cua mpt tac gia), dflpc sinh ra trong dieu kien lich sfl cu the. Tfl duy nghe thuat bao gdm ca npi dung va phfldng thflc chiem linh cung nhfl each thflc the hien hien thflc cudc sdng. Cd' nhien tfl duy phai gan lien vdi ngdn ngfl, va khdng chi ngdn ngfl, nd cdn ham chfla nhflng quan niem triet hpc, tap tue tdn giao, phong each dao dflc va hflng thfl tham mi..., trd thanh san vat eua lieh sfl, cd the bien ddi va phat trien tuy theo thdi dai. Tuy nhien, trong trfldng ki lieh sif, tfl duy nghe t h u a t cd tfnh dn dinh tfldng dd'i, da ngflng tu lai va thdm t h a u vao tam li van hda dan toe, cau t h a n h mpt loai vd thflc tap the trong tdng sau cua ket cau van hda dan tdc. Nd chang nhflng bao Iflu nhflng gia tri van hda dan tdc ma cdn cd sflc manh to ldn, chi phd'i tnic tiep hoac gian tiep den tfl duy va hanh vi van hda ciia mpi ngfldi sd'ng trong cac thdi dai khac nhau.
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC sd 8(96) - 2009Ve tif duy nghe thuat.
1. Dac trflng d d u tien cua tfl duy n g h e t h u a t thd Dfldng la sfl k e thfla nhflng tfl duy t h a m mi cd d a i phfldng Ddng. Dd la mdt k i e u tfl d u y mdi la, ddy c a m t i n h vdi nhflng phfldng thflc da d a n g , a n h hfldng den t o a n bd ddi sd'ng t a m h n h cflng nhfl tfl duy cu a ca c d a n t dc phfldng Ddng . Nhin c h u n g , tfl d u y t h d m my phfldng Ddng CO bd'n dac trflng la tfnh cu t h e , tfnh tfldng trflng, tfnh t o a n dien va tfnh t i n h cam. T u y n h i e n , d day chflng tdi Iflu y tdi sfl ke thfla h a i dac trflng tfl duy phfldng D d n g la tfnh cu t h e va t l a h tfldng trflng t r e n g tfl duy thd Dfldng.
1.1 Tinh cu the cua tii duy thdm my trong thg Diidng.
Tfl duy cu t h e la ldi tfl duy, dfla vad ngdai h i n h ca biet, cu t h e cua sfl v a t h a y sfl van ddng bien ddi cfla sfl v a t de n h a n thflc sfl vat k h a c h q u a n . T r o n g qua t r i n h tfl duy eu t h e nay. nhflng h i n h tfldng sfl vat cu t h e dflpc h e t sflc cei trpng. Dac diem cd b a n cua loai tfl duy n a y la dem t a t ca nhflng cai phd bien, cai trflu tflpng, nhflng q u a n n i e m . . . cd' g a n g c h u y e n hoa t h a n h h i n h tflpng ca biet, cam tinh, mfldn phfldng thflc dd'i chieu t n i c tiep cua h i n h tfldng de bieu d a t tfl duy. Ldai phfldng thflc tfl duy dflng h i n h tfldng cam tfnh cu t h e ca biet de bieu hien nhflng y n i e m ed tfnh phd q u a t , cd tfnh q u a n niem, ve b a n c h a t la phfldng thflc bieu d a t cua n g h e t h u a t , la phfldng thflc the hien cai dep. .
Xet ve lich sfl t h i ca T r u n g Qud'c, tfl nhflng tac p h d m xa xfla nhfl Kinh Thi, Ly Tao cua K h u a t N g u y e n , che den H a n phfl, ngdn ngfl thd deu chiu a n h hfldng
t n i c tiep tfl tfl duy cu t h e . T r o n g Kinh Thi cd den h a n g chuc ten chim mudng, cay ed, nfli sdng; den Ly Tao cua K h u a t N g u y e n ngfldi dpc lai tfldng chflng lac vao vfldn hoa t r a m thfl la; tiep den Hdn phu t h i t i n h t r a n g xa hoa ngdn ngfl cu
t h e tdi mflc phd trfldng n h a m ndi len cai hoa le cua da't trdi. Nhflng den thd Dfldng, hien tfldng ngdn ngfl cua tfl duy cu t h e va xa h e a da k h d n g cdn nfla. Bad n h i e u ldai chim cu t h e t r d n g Kinh Thi chi cdn mdt ldai "dieu" k h a i q u a t trong thd Dfldng. Bad n h i e u ldai hda trdng Ly Tao cua K h u a t Nguyen, n a y chi cdn mdt ldai "hda" - hda k h a i q u a t .
Ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng la ngdn ngfl k h a i quat, ngdn ngfl y niem. Dieu n a y mdt m a t do yeu cdu cfla dac diem tfl duy thdi dai, mdt m a t dd yeu edu t h e leai cua thd Dfldng l u a t vd'n ft tfl (56 hdac 20 tfl), nen k h d n g t h e dflng nhidu ngdn ngfl cu t h e m a p h a i dflng ngdn ngfl k h a i quat.
Nhflng phdng, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, sdn thuy, dien vien la nhflng h i n h tfldng ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t t r a n n g a p trong thd Dfldng.
Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t ngdn ngfl thd cdn cdn tfnh bieu cdm de trflc tiep tac ddng, kfch thi'ch vao giac q u a n ngudi dpc, vi vay k h d n g t h e k h d n g cd tfnh cu t h e cfla h i n h tUdng ngdn ngfl. Bdng cfl la ben c a n h ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t , t r o n g thd Dfldng v a n edn nhflng ngdn ngfl cu t h e . Dd la k h i cdn sfl v a t cd chflc n a n g ngfl n g h i a cu the, k h d n g t h e t h a y the, budc cac n h a thd p h a i liia chpn ngdn ngfl cu t h e vi vay ben c a n h "dieu" (chim) k h a i q u a t cdn cd h e a n g li (vang a n h ) , t h a n h dieu (chim xanh) h a y a n h vfl (cen vet)
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009
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rat cu the, mdi loai mdt chflc nang ngfl nghia khac nhau. Hinh tflpng "anh vfl"
trong bai thd Cung Td cua Chu Khanh Dfl la loai chim eu the, khdng the thay the mdt loai chim nao khac vao day dfldc:
"Ham" tinh due thuyet cung trung sfl Anh vfl tien ddu bat cam ngdn"
Vi sao nhflng cung nhan r a t mudn ndi chuyen trong cung ma lai phai ngam mieng? Bdi vi cd con anh vfl d trfldc mat.
Anh vu hay con vet la loai chim nghe hieu va biet nhai lai tieng ngfldi vi vay nhflng cung nhan khdng the va khdng dam ndi ra chuyen trong cung. Cho dfl khdng ndi ra nhflng ngfldi dpc cung ed the hieu, chac chan khdng phai la nhflng ldi ngdi ca nha vua, ma la nhflng ldi oan gian cao dp. Neu nhfl hai eau ddu ndi ve sfl giam cam the xac nhflng cung nhan dep, thi hai cau cud'i vdi hinh dnh con vet hieu va biet nhai tieng ngfldi, chang khac nao "ten gian diep" cua nha vua
"xam xoi" ehi em cung nhan du ea mfldi hai canh gid. Chdng len ndi dau the xac hi giam cdm la ndi dau tinh than ludn hi khd'ng che, vay bua cua ngfldi cung nfl.
Rd rang d day khdng mdt loai chim nao khac thay the dflpc ehflc nang eiia mdt cen vet lam dieu.
Mat khac, de dat dfldc tfnh cu the ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng, dac biet la danh tfl, thfldng phai ket hpp vdi nhflng danh tfl khac thee quy luat cua tfl duy "dflng minh dd vat", kieu nhfl dflng cae bd phan cd the ngfldi de phan anh sfl vat nhfl:
Sdn dinh, sdn ddu, sdn mach, giang ddu, giang VI, giang tam... Ben canh dd, danh tfl thfldng di lien vdi nhflng tfnh tfl de tao them mau sae tfnh chat cu the cho
sfl vat hien tfldng kieu nhfl: mi nhan, h a n vfl, Ifldng phong, minh nguyet, t h a n h tuyen, khdng sdn, bach van, hdng diep, xich thdng, thien thu tuyet, van li thuyen...
Hai cau thd sau trong bai Tuyet cu cua Do Phu
"LUdng ca hoang li minh thuy lieu, Nha't hang bach Id thudng thanh thien"
(Hai cai oanh vang keu lieu biec, Mdt hang cd trang vut trdi xanh) chang nhflng la mdt minh chflng ve sfl ket hpp hai hda gifla ngdn ngfl khai quat va cu the, da tao ra bflc tranh thien nhien tfldi dep ddy sflc sd'ng, phdng khoang md rdng tfl mat da't tdi bau trdi xanh, cd du mau sac tfldi sang cua hoang li, bach Id, thuy lieu, t h a n h thien, cd am thanh ed hoat ddng, lai mang dam tinh ngfldi, ma cdn tham dam tinh yeu thien nhien, yeu cupc sd'ng cua nha thd.
Them nfla, dac trflng tfl duy cu the nguyen thuy da thflc day manh me nang life tfl duy hinh tflpng va nang life nhan thflc tham my cua cac dan tdc phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd eac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
d mdt trinh dp nha't dinh, loai tfl duy nay da quy dinh va coi trpng each thflc md phdng sfl vat khach quan cua nghe thuat phfldng Ddng; mat khac nd tao ra sfl thdm thau, dan xen va tdng hdp gifla cac loai hinh nghe t h u a t phfldng Ddng nhfl:
"thfl - hoa tfldng thdng" (tfldng thdng eua thfl phap va hpi hoa), "thi - nhac - vfl nha't the" (thd ca- am nhac- vfl dao gdm mdt the), "thi trung hflu hoa, hoa trung
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUdC so 8(96) - 2009Ve tdduy nghe thuat.
hflu thi" (trong thd cd bflc tranh, trong
bflc tranh cd thd)... r.' 1.2. Tinh tiidng triing cua tii duy
thdm my trong thd Diidng.
Tfl duy tfldng trflng la loai tfl duy dflng mdt sfl vat nao dd de bieu dat mdt sfl vat khac cd dac trflng tfldng tfl. Ve ban chat tfldng trflng la "ta du", la mpt loai hinh tfl duy mfldn sfl vat hien tfldng da biet de so sanh, giai thfch sfl vat chfla biet. Thdi vien cd, tat ca dd'i tfldng tfl nhien dflpc con ngfldi sflng bai, ve bd'i chat deu la vat tfldng trflng. Con ngi di thdng qua quan he tfldng tfl cua vat nay vdi vat khac de nhan biet sfl vat. Vi vay tfldng trflng la mdt trong nhflng thao tac cua tfl duy ra ddi r a t sdm giflp con ngfldi nhan thflc, cung la phfldng phap rat sdm cua nhan thflc tham my.
Tflpng trflng khdng phai la loai tfl duy dpc hflu ciia thd Dfldng. Song do yeu cdu cua tfl tfldng tham mi "y tai ngdn ngoai"
(y d ngoai ldi), "ngdn tan y bat tan" (ldi het ma y khdng cflng) va yeu cdu cua ' the loai thd luat Dfldng nen thd Dfldng
cang cdn tfl duy tflpng trflng. Trdng thd Dfldng, ngfldi ta ludn bat gap nhflng uObi tfldng tfldng trflng, ham an nhieu ldp nghia. De bieu dat con ngfldi, cac nha thd cd thfldng dflng tfl nhien: nhfl sdng nui (nhan gid nhao sdn tri gia nhao thuy - ngfldi cd dflc nhan hpc theo nfli, ngfldi cd dflc trf hpc theo nfldc); cay cd nhfl tflng cue trflc mai, dieu thfl nhfl dai bang, phfldng hoang, manh hd, en se..., lai cd the dflng ca nhan vat, sfl kien, dia danh de the hien. De chi thdi gian, cac nha thd thfldng dflng cay cd, am thanh
ehl mfla vu, nhat nguyet nam thang chi thdi gian tudn hoan...
Chang han bieu tfldng "dfldng lieu sac" (sac dfldng lieu) treng bai thd Khue odn cua Vfldng Xfldng Linh:
"Hdt kien mach ddu dfldng lieu sac, Hdi giad phu te mich phong hdu"
(Nhac trdng ve lieu ben dfldng, Phong hau nghi dai sui chang kiem chi), da gdi ra bao ldp nghia cho ngfldi dpc xfla nay. Dfldng lieu trfldc het tfldng trflng cho ngfldi phu nfl mem yeu, tfldng trflng cho mfla xuan, lai la vat gdi nhac sfl chia li (khi chia tay ngfldi Trung Qud'c cd phong tuc be canh lieu trao nhau). Lai them "sac dfldng lieu" chi thdi gian tudn hdan trdi chay, nhac nhd ngfldi thieu phu dang "bat tri sdu" (khdng biet budn), gid day dang canh "xuan xanh" nha't dinh se den lflc "thu tan". Tudi xuan se het, ddi ngfldi phdi pha nhfl mdt quy luat khac nghiet cua tao h da, mdt t rd dfla nghiet nga cfla thdi gian. Va "sdc" trong triet hpc Phat giao la hien hflu dd'i lap vdi "khdng" la hfl vd. Cai "sdc sdc khdng khdng" kia bat day vang vpng nhfl tieng ehudng hfl khdng oanh tinh ngfldi thieu phu hay tran trpng dd'i vdi' hanh phflc hien hflu ndi trdn the. Chinh vi vay ma mdi chi "hot kien" - chdt nhin thay, cai
"sdc mau dfldng lidu" kia, da khien ngfldi thieu phu bflng tinh. Cai "hd't kien" kia nhfl mdt lan set xe toang tam man do tfldng day had quang vinh hda vd'n lau nay bung bit, che phu ngudi thieu phu, nay dot ngdt bflng sang tinh ngp, thay ddi han quan niem sd'ng: hd'i han vi da bao chdng di kiem an phong hdu.
Khao khat hanh phflc that manh liet.
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nhflng sfl the hien t h a t kin dao va tinh te chi qua cai thoang nhin mdu dfldng lieu day bieu y tUpng trUng. Khdng can nhieu ldi, chi qua hinh anh tUpng trUng
"dUdng lieu sdc" VUdng XUdng Linh da ddn nen vad dd bad tU tudng, tinh cam dam chat nhan van.
2. Song dieu dac biet nha't cua tU duy thd Dudng la tU duy quan he
2.1 Tu duy quan he la leai tU duy sif dung cac quan he de phan anh. chiem linh hien thiic khach quan. Tu duy nay lam nen cai dec dad cfla thd Dudng. Nha nghien eflu Phan Ngpc da nhan dinh chfnh xac ve loai tfl duy quan he nay:
"cai hay cua thd Dfldng la d each kham pha hien thflc, li giai hien thflc. hay ndi mdt each triet hpc, each chiem linh hien thflc. Dd la each xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cua nhflng hien tflpng ma giac quan cho la dd'i lap nhau"'^'.
Cac nha thd Dfldng khdng ve sfl vat ma tao ra cac quan he ddng nha't hda gifla sfl vat nay vdi sfl vat khac, nhdm dem lai eho ngfldi dpc sfl chiem hflu thfl vi va cd dfldc hanh phuc nhd viec tfl tham gia kham pha eac quan he treng thd. Vi vay thfldng thflc thd Dfldng la phai tim ra cac quan he ay; dpc thd Dfldng khdng phai dpc bdng mdt ma dpc bdng quan he. Cd the ndi day la dac diem tfl duy eua thd Dfldng va cflng la cd sd de khu biet eua ne vdi the b a i thd khac trfldc va sau ddi Dfldng, rdng hdn la khu biet ca vdi thd phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay.
Nguyen nhan cua hien tfldng tfl duy quan he nay trfldc he't phai ke tdi triet hpc cd dai Trung Qud'e, trong dd cd each
58
nhan thflc tfl cac mat dd'i lap cua Lao Tii;
Id'i tfl duy dat dau bdng gifla cac hien tfldng dd'i lap ciia Trang Tfl va dac biet d quan niem am dfldng khi coi mpi sfl vat deu la sfl thd'ng nha't ciia hai mat dd'i lap la am va dfldng, la trong am cd dfldng trong dfldng cd am... da anh hfldng sau sac tdi each tfl duy cfla cac hpc gid Trung Qud'e ngan nam. Vi vay ndi tfl duy thd Dfldng la tfl duy quan he, ndi thd Dfldng la tho cua cae mdi quan he, thd am dfldng cung khdng ed gi la qua. Ben canh dd ddi Dfldng la thdi dai khai phdng va phuc hflng van hda, vfla ke thfla tfl duy truyen thd'ng lai vfla tiep n h a n tfl duy ngoai lai eua Phat giao - mdt thfl tdn giao hoai nghi cao dp vao cai hflu hinh, vao cai van hda do eon ngfldi sang tao ra.
Nd da triie tiep gdi ra "cai trdng khdng"
cua nghe t h u a t vdi ca phfldng thflc truyen dat "vd ngdn", "tnic ehi truyen tam" ddy chat am du va cflc ki cd dpng, cflng da in dam dau an vao thd Dfldng.
Trong thdi dai nay, ca ba tfl tfldng Nho, Dao, Phat cflng dflpc song hanh tuyen truyen, da dem lai nhieu ddi mdi treng quan niem, nhan thflc va ca tfl duy ve vfl tru va nhan sinh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'c ddi Dfldng.
Nguyen nhan thfl hai khdng kem phdn quan trpng la yeu cdu cua hinh thflc the loai thd Dfldng, dac biet thd Dfldng luat vd'n la loai thd nhd be. Hien thflc eude sd'ng vd'n rdng ldn, thien hinh van trang lam sao cd the dung nap vao mdt the thd nhd be, ma lai phai ndi len dflpc nhflng van de rung ddng ldng ngfldi ngan nam. thi khdng the chay theo Id'i mieu ta. d day chi cd the gpi va each liia NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009
Ve ta duy nghe thi^.
chpn td't nhat la cac nha thd ddi Dudng phai diing len cac mdi quan he. Tfl cac md'i quan he nay, ngfldi dpc cd the kham pha ra ban chat sau kin cua sfl vat hien tfldng, cflng nhflng ky thfl cua nghe thuat thd.
2.2 Tfl duy quan he nay da chi phd'i toan bd td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng, dac biet la thd Dfldng luat, tfl cap dp vi md de'n vi md. .,
,, J. Ndi den td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng, ngfldi ta hay ndi tdi tinh can dd'i. Tfrih can dd'i nay dfldc the hien d niem, luat, van, dd'i. Cd niem, luat, van, dd'i deu the hien ro tfl duy quan he theo kieu "ket cau song hanh dd'i xflng phi dd'i xflng", vd'n la bieu hien cua md'i quan he cd ban gifla am va dfldng. Sfl dan xen va chuyen hda gifla thanh bang va trac, ca trong Id'i gieo vdn, trong cac ddng thd va cau thd da tad nen cau trflc chat che va tudn hean tfl cau 1 den cau 8 rdi lai tfl cau 8 trd ve cau 1 nhfl met cau trflc toan ven va chinh the trong qu an nie m tfl duy Trung Hoa.
Ban chat cfla thd ca vd'n da gan lien vdi tfnh a m nhac , eho nen thd Dfldng cflng cd tfnh am nhac. Cac nha thd ddi Dfldng lam thd de dpc va dpc cho nhau nghe chfl khdng phai de xuat ban nhfl ngay nay. Ma da dpc thi khdng the khdng quan tam tdi tfnh nhac. Mac dfl ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng khdng phdng phfl, phdn ldn la ngdn ngfl khai quat, lai them nhiing t i lay de tao nen tfnh nhac bi
l u y crnr Dl
thalih dieJ'lc?t h | p vdi nhflng khoang trdng trong ddng thd
da tao thanh nhip dieu cd lflc reo rat, ed lflc lang dpng, dem lai sflc cud'n hflt cfla tfnh am nhac trong ldi thd Dfldng. Ngfldi nghe tfl hien tflpng red rat cfla am thanh cd the kham pha hien thflc met each mdi me. Cai thanh khi cua nha thd dflpc the hien treng thanh dieu, tiet tau cua bai thd va dflpc cdng hfldng trdng ldng ddc gia ngan nam. Ngfldi Trung Qud'c van cd cau: "Ddng thanh tfldng flng ddng khi tfldng cdu" la nhfl vay.
Tfnh can dd'i cua tfl duy thd Dfldng the hien re ret trdng ca ndi dung va hinh thflc dd'i eua thd. Dd la sfl the hien ddc dao cua tfl duy quan he va la phfldng tien hflu hieu phan anh hien thflc cua cac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy Trung Qud'c vd'n cd sfl can dd'i trong dien dat, nhflng chi den ddi Dfldng mdi cd cau dd'i thd. Ndi nhfl nha nghien eflu Phan Ngpc: "cau dd'i thd la dd nhu cdu ndi tam, khdng cd d ddu ddi Han.
Cai nhu cdu thay niinh thd'ng nha't vdi ngeai gidi ddi hdi mdt sfl the hien nghe thuat ma neu khdng cd thi khdng the nao bpc Id dfldc"'^'. Cau dd'i *iy^.iuyi| thd Dfldng da la mpt minh c h f l n ^ ^ ^ f d che tfl duy quan he eua cac y ^ ' ^ H i '^di Dfldng. Cd leai dd'i hoan ehinh nhfl met cap am dfldng can dd'i cfla cdng dd'i, cd loai dd'i ngay trong mdi ddng thd vfla dd'i xflng lai khdng dd'i xflng eua tieu dd'i, cflng cd leai dd'i y ddng tren trflpt thdng xud'ng ddng dfldi nhfl kieu dd'i Iflu thuy...
cd the nj(| hinh thflc cau dd'i thd trong
S I T ^ miff yPpng
nhaf eac ma t dd'i la p cua sfl vai nien tflpng. Mac dfl thd Dfldng khdng dflng he
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thd'ng suy luan, song nhd cac kieu cau ddi thd phong phfl da thuc day ngfldi dpc phai suy luan.
Hai cau thd dd'i r a t chinh trong bai
"Thfldng Sdn tao hanh" (Di sdm d Thfldng Sdn) eua Vi Trang lau nay dfldc coi la "thdn cfl":
"Ke minh mao diem nguyet, Nhan tfch ban kieu sflOng"
(Tieng ga gay, trang tren leu tranh;
Dau chan ngfldi in tren sfldng cdu gd).
De the hien "eai thdn" cua sfl kien di that sdm, tac gia da sfl dung tai tinh cae yeu td' dd'i: danh dd'i vdi danh, ngfldi dd'i vdi vat, thdi tiet dd'i vdi thdi tiet, t h a t can dd'i hoan chinh. Chi den khi ngfldi dpc tham gia vao suy luan, dfla vao cac quan he: tieng ga gay va trang la tin hieu ehl thdi gian trdi cdn chfla sang.
Cflng vdi thdi gian la khdng gian da e biet, khoanh khde dau chan ngfldi ddu tien in d tren sfldng dpng dam dac nha't ndi cdu gd; cai than cua sfl kien di that sdm mdi hien ra. Rd rang tac gia chi gdi thdng qua cac quan he dd'i l^p, song lai thflc day ngifdi dpc phai tham gia suy luan mdi cd hanh phflc ciia sfl kham pha. Nhfl vay dpc thd Dfldng theo tfl duy quan he khdng phai la dpc d cac ddng thd ma la dpc gifla cac ddng thd de tim quan he.
Ve mat ngdn ngfl, cflng vi tfl duy quan he tao ra sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, cflng vdi yeu edu nghiem ngat ciia the loai, cho nen nhflng hfl tfl the hien sfl ddng nha't hay thd'ng n h a t deu cd tdn so' xuat hien cao. Dd la he hfl tfl cdng, tfldng, dfl (nghia cua chflng dai loai la cflng nhau). Va de ndi len sU thd'ng nhat
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ciia cai ddn n h a t vdi tdng the, thUdng ngUdi ta dung he hfl tii co, dpc , nha't...
Hai cau thd ndi tieng cua Vfldng Bpt:
"Lac ha dfl cd 16 te phi
Thu thiiy cong trfldng thien n h a t sac"
(Canh cd bay vdi r a n g sa
Nfldc thu cflng vdi trdi xa mpt mdu) da la mpt minh chflng ve viec sd dung cd hieu qua cac he hfl tfl nay gdm "dfl",
"te", "cdng" va "nha't". Hai ddng thd cd den bd'n hfl tfl. Ben canh dd la nhflng hinh anh nhfl cd pham, cd thdn, cd van, cd nguyet... van con dpng trong ldng ngfldi dpc ngan nay, khi nd la tie'ng long ciia ca the tieu vfl tru mud'n hda vao dai vfl tru. Ngflpc lai nhiing hfl tfl mang mau sdc chflng minh hay tao ra mpi bien phap suy luan kieu nhfl: chi, hd, gia, da... dfldng nhfl vang bdng trong cac bai thd Dfldng luat. Bdi le quan niem cua tfl duy quan he trong thd Dfldng la cdn sfl ddng nha't trflc tie'p cac mat dd'i lap, chfl khdng can chflng minh va suy luan.
3. Cau tfl nghe t h u a t . ..-,115 p 3.1 Cau tfl nghe t h u a t la each thflc td chflc eua mdt tac pham nghe thuat, la pham trfl tham my quan trpng ciia nghe thuat. Nd la thfldc do cua chat Ifldng thi ca, khi nd dem lai cho dpc gia nhflng hflng thfl va hfldng thu thdm mi vd han, cung la k h a t vpng cua thflc tien sang tao nghe t h u a t d mdi nha thd.
Dieu dac biet la cd nhieu nha thd ddi Dfldng cung viet ve mpt de tai nhfl: sdn thiiy dien vien, bien tai, chien tranh, cung nfl, chinh phu... song mdi bai lai cd mpt each thflc the hifin dpc dfeo khac nhau. Dieu nay la do cau tfl mdi bai
NGHIEN CUU TRUNS QUOC sa 8(96) - 2009
Ve tdduy nghe thuat...
khac n h a u . Dd la each s a n g tao t r o n g qua t r i n h k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc sd'ng cfla mdi n h a thd, l a m n e n sflc h a p dan va sfl trfldng tdn cfla thd Dfldng . Ddng gdp eho sflc h a p d a n va trfldng tdn ay khdng t h e k h d n g ndi tdi tfl duy q u a n he xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cac m a t ddi lap - m e t loai tfl duy sinh r a t r o n g ddi Dfldng.
Cau tfl (cdn gpi la tfl thd) la each k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc sd'ng m e t each ddc dao nha't cfla tflng n h a thd trdng tflng bai thd. G a n n g h i a vdi cau tfl thd, mi hpc T r u n g Qud'e cd k h a i niem "y canh" h a y "y c a n h n g h e t h u a t " "cdnh gidi nghe t h u a t " . Dd la sfl k e t hdp hai hda gifla tfl tfldng t i n h cam chfl q u a n cua tac gia vdi mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h q u a n tao t h a n h h i n h tfldng m a n g h a m nghia phong phu, klicu gdi tri tfldng tfldng cua ddc gid. Nhfl vay eau tfl va y c a n h deu phai dflng tdi t h a e tac tfl duy va dac biet d day la " sU k e t hdp hai hda gifla tfl tfldng t i n h cam chu q u a n cua tac gia vdi mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h quan", mdt kieu tfl duy q u a n he lam nen cai ddc dao treng cau tfl cua thd Dfldng.
Tren cd sd md'i q u a n he cd b a n cua triet hpc am dfldng, cac n h a thd Dfldng da tad dflng vd v a n cae mdi q u a n he t h e hien tfl thd. T i e u bieu nha't la q u a n he gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi bad gdm t r a m md'i quan he c h d n g chit, gifla ngfldi vdi v a t va gifla vat vdi vat, nhflng v a t d day van la de t h a y t h e cen ngfldi, chu yeu la quan he gifla con ngfldi vdi t h i e n n h i e n gifla tinh va c a n h . O day cdn Iflu y n h a nghien eflu Nhfl T h a n h n h a n m a n h leai quan he ddc hflu cua thd Dfldng la q u a n
he ddng n h a t gifla eac mat, cac hien tfldng m a giac q u a n che la ddi lap. Nhfl vay tim h i e u tfl thd Dfldng thflc c h a t la p h a t hien cac q u a n he. tim hieu va li giai cac ldp y n g h i a cua cac q u a n he ay.
3.2 Xet tfl gdc dp cfla tfl duy q u a n he, p h a t t r i e n k i e n giai ve tfl thd Dfldng cfla n h a n g h i e n eflu P h a n Ngpc , ta cd t h e t h a y each thflc cau tfl cua thd Dfl dng l u a t theo ba k i e u q u a n he cd b a n . Mdt la ddng nha't gifla cac m a t ddi lap, h a i la dflng m a t n a y ndi m a t kia t r e n cd sd hai m a t dd'i lap, b a la tad r a cac cdnh h u d n g n g h e t h u a t .
a. Kieu cau tfl thfl nha't la ddng n h a t cac m a t dd'i lap, tieu bieu t r o n g nhflng bai thd: T h u hflng (Dd Phfl), De dd t h a n h n a m t r a n g (Thdi Hp), X u a n tfl (Lf Bach), Lflng Tay h a n h (Trdn Dao)... trong nhflng bai thd nay cd dfl loai ddng nha't gifla ngfldi va c a n h , gifla q u a khfl va hicn tai m a t va cdn, gifla sd'ng va chet...
C h a n g h a n bai X u a n tfl cua Lf Bach da t h e hien cao dp cua nhflng ddng n h a t nay:
Yen thdo nhfl bi'ch ty Tdn t a n g de luc
Dfldng q u a n hoai quy n h a t Thi t h i e p d e a n trfldng thi X u a n p h o n g b a t tfldng thflc H a sfl n h a p la vi.
Dich thd
Cd Yen nhfl sdi td x a n h
D a u Tdn x a n h n g a t r u c a n h s u m sue Khi c h a n g t u d n g nhd ngay ve
Chfnh la k h i t h i e p t a i te t r e n g ldng Gid x u a n d a u biet chi cflng
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Cd sao len ldi vao trong man la
Ndi tdi tfl thd xuan la ndi tdi sfl md ddu cua nam, sfl doan tu cua mpi ngfldi va hanh phuc Ifla ddi.
Hai cau md ddu la sfl ddng nhat cua thdi gian mfla xuan va dd'i lap ve khdng gian xa each gifla da't Yen va dat Tan.
Dflng sfl phat trien khac nhau ciia cay ed'i trong thdi diem mfla xuan de the hien sfl xa each qua ldn ve khdng gian, cung la de gidi thieu sfl each trd qua ldn ciia ddi Ifla ke chinh phu ngfldi ehinh phu.
Hai cau tiep la met cap Iflu thfly dd'i the hien ndi nhd thfldng thfldng tnic ndi Cdn tim cfla ddi Ifla xa each kia. dfldng nhfl cd thdn giao each cam. cfl chang ndi bien tai nhd ngay ve la thiep ndi que nha dau den dflt rudt. Va ngfldi dpc lai thay sfl ddng nha't ve tam trang treng sfl dd'i lap ve khdang each khdng gian.
Hai cau cudi la sfl ddng nha't ngfldi chmh phu vdi gid xuan de rdi lai dd'i lap vdi gid xuan. Lan gid xuan da gpi len hanh phflc Ifla doi trong long ngfldi chinh phu. Gid xuan cung tfl de dn ao chang ai ngan nd'i. nhfl ndi ldng ngfldi chinh phu khdn ngudi nhd thfldng da diet ke ehinh phu ndi Ifl thfl. Nhflng lan gid xuan khdng quen biet kia chui vao man cflng lam ngfldi chinh phu giat minh canh giac. Cau cud'i la mdt cau hdi cua ngfldi chmh phu - hei gid hay tfl hdi minh de rdi khdng dinh sfl kien trinh trong trang cua ngfldi chinh phu.
Rd rang thdng qua viec ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap Lf Bach da tao dflng dfldc mpt tfl thd trong sang va dam tinh ngfldi.
b. Kieu cau tfl thfl hai la dung mat nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai mat dd'i lap. Ben canh nhflng tfl thd ddng nha't cac mat ddi lap, cac nha thd Dfldng cdn hay dflng ddng ndi tinh nhfl "Dieu minh gidn" (Vfldng Duy), dung mdng ndi thflc nhfl "Xuan oan" (Kim Xfldng Tfl), dung canh ndi tinh la mpt quan he cd ban va phd bien cua thd Dfldng, tieu bieu nhfl
"Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang Lang" (Li Bach)...
Hai cau thd cud'i trong bai "Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang Lang" cua Lf Bach viet:
"Cd pham vien dnh bfch khdng tan, Duy kien Trfldng Giang thien te Iflu"
(Bdng budm da k h u a t bdu khdng, Trdng theo chi thay ddng sdng lflng trdi).
Hai eau thd nay hdu nhfl chi ed cdnh.
Nhflng trong cai cdnh kia da the hien chan chfla tinh cua nha thd hp Lf trong eudc dfla tien nay thdng qua hai nhan tfl la "cd" va "duy". Trong bai thd "Dieu minh gian" (Khe chim keu) ciia Vfldng Duy - nha thd Phat, tfl thd chu yeu dfldc tao nen nhd quan he dung dpng ta tinh that tinh te. Yen tinh dfldc nha thd mieu ta ngay cang tang tien. Ddu tien la sfl yen tinh eiia "ngfldi nhan" trong dem vang nghe dfldc ca "tieng ddng" cfla hoa que nhe rdi. Yen tinh dflpc nang len de'n trinh dp tuyet dd'i tdi mflc ngpn nfli vao mfla xuan cung nhfl nhoe tan bien vao dat trd i - "xuan sdn khdng". Yen t inh cflng lam cho anh tra ng vfla Ide sang da hi chuyen ddi chflc nang thanh sflc manh cua am thanh khien cho chim nfli kinh hai va cud'i cflng la khe nui cang
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009Ve tif duy nghe thuat.
yen tinh hdn khi tieng chim keu dem vang len, lai tdt lim di, de rdi tra lai cho ndi day sfl yen tinh cang dam dac hdn, cung nhfl trong dem den chi cdn mdt anh Ifl Ide len rdi lai tat chi lam cho mdu den ciia dem them dam dac hdn ma thdi. Ca bai thd la chfl "tinh" tuyet dd'i cua Thien dfldc the hien bang nhan td'"ddng" dd'i lap.
c. Kieu cau tfl thfl ba la dflng len cac
"canh hud'ng" ham chfla ddy mau thudn.
Rat nhieu bai thd Dfldng khdng he cd canh de the hien tinh, cflng chdng tha'y cd sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, ma chi tha'y nha thd dflng len nhflng canh hud'ng dac biet vdi nhflng quan he phi logic. Cdn ngfldi se dfldc "ddn ngp" khi rdi vao nhflng canh hud'ng nay. Kieu cau tfl nay rat gdn vdi "cdng an Thien". Dd la each dflng hinh thflc ldi day de dfla ra phep tu tap trflc tiep cua cac thien sfl vi dai ddi Dfldng, giflp eac de tfl cua minh den ngp trflc tiep, be qua nhieu khau trung gian. Legic cua cdng an Thien la Idgic cua cai ph i li . Ne be gay nhflng chuan mflc quen thupc cfla le phdi thdng thfldng, pha tan tang bang vinh eflu cua
"If tfnh phd thdng", de rdi sau dd, khi can bang dfldc tren nhflng manh vd nay la sfl den ngd. Nhflng bai thd tieu bieu cho kieu cau tfl nay la: Dang U Chau dai ca (Trdn Tii Ngang), Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl (Ha Tri Chfldng), Dp Tang Can (Gid Dao), Tan gia nfldng (Vfldng Kien)...
Trong canh hud'ng Trdn Tfl Ngang dflng tren Dai U Chau nhin trfldc, nhin sau chang thay ai, ngam trdi dat ma rdi le.
Cd cam nhan dfldc sfl trdng vang vd cflng gifla thdi gian va khdng gian cfla mdt ca
the nhd nhoi trong dai vfl tru bao la, mdi tha'y het dflpc ndi dau cd ddc tuyet ddi cua nha thd. Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl lai la mdt cdnh hud'ng dac biet khac eua Ha Tri Chfldng. Tinh hud'ng dae biet nay da tao nen net ddc dao "ngu bi fl hai"
(gifi cai bi vao cai hai) ciia bai thd. Hdn tam mfldi nam mdi ve que, ban be, hp hang cflng trang Ifla khdng cdn nen nha thd vd'n la "chfl" lai bi bien thanh
"khach" trfldc nhflng chau be tfldi cfldi ma "xa la". Nu cfldi cang hdn nhien ma ngay thd cua nhflng chau be lai cang lam cho ndi budn, that vpng cua nha thd cang tang len trong tinh hud'ng den sflng sd nay. Va Dp Tang Can lai la mdt khoanh khac dd'n ngp khi rdi Tinh Chau ndi Iflu trfl da mfldi nam. Mfldi nam lam khach Tinh Chau, long khdng ngudi nhd que nha. Nhflng hdm nay qua ben Tang Can, nhin lai Tinh chau da thanh cd' hfldng.
That bat ngd, tfldng nhfl phi If nhflng nghi ki lai thi tha'y rat hpp If. Tat ca la nhflng canh hud'ng dac biet nay deu dfla theo quy luat bat ngd den mflc phi legic cua tfl duy quan he.
Cd' nhien de tim hieu het cai hay cai dep cua thd Dfldng cdn phai quan tam tdi nhieu yeu to' nghe thuat khac ca ben trong va ben ngoai tac pham de cd each tiep can tdng the, lien nganh. Song tim hieu thd Dfldng tfl gdc dp van hda, dac biet la tfl tfl duy quan he la mdt van de ed tfnh then chd't va If thu hfla hen cd the dem lai nhflng kien giai mdi. Tfl duy quan he da anh hfldng manh me va sau sac tdi qua trinh sang tad nghe thuat cua thd Dfldng va da trd thanh mdt kieu
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tfl duy doe hflu cua ddi Dfldng. Cflng vdi nhflng ma van hda k hac, kieu tfl duy quan he nay da dem lai cho nen van hpc Trung Qud'c va van hpc the -gidi ngpn nfli thd Dfldng sflng sflng hdn ngan nam nay.
Trong thdi h a u hien dai hdm nay, ne'u nhfl chu nghia hau hien dai phfldng Tay hien ra nhfl sfl tfl huy cua nen van hda chau Au cfl, nhfl sfl tfl bd qua khfl vi dai cfla minh thi chu nghia hau hien dai phfldng Ddng lai la sfl gidi phdng va sfl trd ve vdi chfnh ban than minh, trong tam hdn minh. Tfl duy phfldng Tay hi han che bdi cap dp If tfnh va thflc dung khdng the nao hieu va chap nhan dflpc tfl duy "logic sieu If", "tfl duy gifla nhflng ddng chfl", "cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien" cua phfldng Ddng. Cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien trong tam hdn mdi eon ngfldi phfldng Ddng, cd the ket hpp nhflng mat dd'i lap theo each ciia minh, dflng chflng nhfl nhflng ma so' ma chi nhflng ngfldi cd cflng mdt kieu tam hdn, mpt kieu tfl duy mdi hieu dflpc. Va tfl duy quan he vdi cac cap ddi am - dfldng , ban chat - hien tflpng, ki hieu - y nghia... van edn in dam trong trong tam thflc cac dan toe, cae nen van hda phfldng Ddng se cd tac dung bd khuyet che tfl duy li tinh lanh lflng trdng tam thflc van hda phfldng Tay dang reu ra. Ve nguyen tdc ed the dem legic phflOn^Ddng than bf nay gifi vao cac san pham hau hien dai ciia van hda dai chflng rdi xuat cang sang thi trfldng phfl-dng Tay. Cdn ngfldi phfldng Tay vdn da mat di tam thflc tfl nhien, trdng qua trinh tieu thu san pham hau hien dai phfldng Ddng, se hap thu nhflng
Idgic phfldng Ddng tham nhudn trong dd va se dan tfl cai tao tfl ben trong theo nep tfl duy va nep sd'ng phfldng Ddng. Ve mpt y nghia nao dd, chii nghia hau hien dai phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd tfl duy quan he, tfl duy sdng tfl nhien phfldng Ddng da cd chflc nang eflu the ca the gidi phfldng Tay dang chuyen tfl "van hda"
sd'ng sang "van minh" chet, bang each dat vao tam hdn con ngfldi phfldng Tay y chf va Idgic ciia phfldng Ddng. Phai chang day cung la sflc manh ciia van hda mem phfldng Ddng.
CHU THICH: '.'.H':
(1), (2) Phan Ngpc: Cdi hay ciia thd Diidng - Cdch gidi thich vdn hgc bdng ngon ngd hgc. Nxb Tre, 1995, tr 116. tr
139)
. ; l (>[} •>;;•:) i l l i t Q
TIT LifiU THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Trdn Le Bdo: "Nghien cdu gidng dgy vdn hgc Trung Qudc td md vdn hda", tr.387-396 trong "Mgt sd vdn di ve li ludn vd lich sd vdn hgc", Nxb DHQG HN 2002
2. Trdn Le Bao: Y cdnh nghe thudt trong thd cd Trung Qudc, tap chi Nghien eflu Trung Qudc sd2(60) - 2005
3. Tran Le Bao: Gidi md vdn hda trong tdc phdm vdn hgc (khao sat tfl van hoc Trung Qudc), sd 2(90) - 2009
4. S, Kernev: Chu nghia hdu hien dgi phUcfng Tdy vd ch u ng hia h du hie n dgi phiidng Ddng. Van hda Nghe An i49 25-5-
2009
5. Nhfl Thanh: Thd tim hieu tU thd cua thd Dudng, tap chf Van hec 1-1982
6. Nguyin Khdc Phi, Trdn Dinh Sfl; Ve thi phdp thd Diidng, Nxb Da Ndng 1997
