QUAN HE QUOC TE
PHAT TRIEN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE MY NHUNG VAN OE HIEN NAY
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hoa hpc cdng n g h e dUdc coi l i n h i n td' t h e n chd't t r o n g p h i t t r i e n k i n h te v i duy tri t h i n h vUdng t r o n g sud't hdn mdt t h e ky qua d nUdc My. Hien nay, t u y khdng the phii n h a n vi tri so' 1 t h e gidi d nhieu chi tieu, nhUng p h i t trien khoa hpc cdng nghe My khdng gia'u dUdc nhiing bat dn tiem tang. Nhutng b a t dn trong d i m b i o ngudn lufc p h i t trien khoa hpc cdng nghe, trong cd che khuye'n khich ddi mdi, s i n g tac d a n g n g i y mdt ldn d i n trUdc n h d n g t h i c h tbiic m a nUdc My phai del mat, nhU duy tri vi t h e cUdng qudc so' 1 ve k i n h te, b i o ve mdi trUdng, dam b i o an n i n h n a n g lUdng, n a n g cao ddi sd'ng dan cU, giam thieu b a t binh d i n g xa hdi... B i i viet dUdi day xin de cap tdi mdt so' v a n de cua p h i t trien khoa hpc cdng nghe My trong dieu kien nhiing n a m d i u the ky XXI n i y .Suf g i a h o a c u a li^c lifo^ng l a o d o n g h a n l a m v a d o i n g u c u a h o t a n g c h a m
Su t h a y ddi cac h e q u a n diem khoa hpc v i nhUng cudc c i c h m a n g khoa hpc dien r a ke tie'p n h a u gan lien vdi viec t h u hiit t a i n a n g t r e t h a m gia dpi ngu s i n g tao bdi vi m a c du t i n h lien n g a n h t r o n g c i c cdng t r i n h n g h i e n cutu k h o a hpc da t a n g len, nhUng ddi vdi n h i i n g lao dpng t r o n g dai da sd c i c n g a n h k h o a hpc t h i suf t h a y ddi
Do Vu Hifng Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My chuyen n g i n h da dUdc chuyen mon hda sud't ca ddi l i khong the dUdc ve can b i n (ke c i l i nghe nghiep s i n g tae). Vi vay, khdng khd hieu khi ndi ve nhUng v a n de khiing h o i n g hoac t h i c h thufc n i o dd t r o n g suf p h i t trien cua khoa hpc My hien dai, Tdng thd'ng Bush (con) trong B i o c i o ve chinh s i c h khoa hpc qud'c gia cua My trong the ky XXI cdng bd t h i n g 7/2004 da p h i t bieu r i n g "suf g i i m sut q u a n t a m tdi nghe l i m khoa hpc cdng nghe hien nay hoc Id d t a t c i c i c t i n g ldp dan cU nhUng dac biet gay gat la trong gidi p h u nU va c i c cdng ddng thieu sd.
Hien nay, ty le p h u nU l i 46% tdng sd dan cU lao ddng nhUng trong t h a n h p h i n ngUdi lao ddng khoa hpc cdng nghe thi con s d d d chi la 23%... NhUng ngUdi My gd'c Phi, ngUdi My ndi tieng Tay Ban N h a v i nhUng dai bieu ngudi My b a n dia chiem 24% d i n sd My, n h u n g cbl cd 7% l i c i n bd khoa hpc ky t h u a t " . N h u n g chi sd d i n g lo ngai nha't ve suf g i i m siit vai trd tUdng ddi va y nghia cua k h c a hpc t r o n g xa hdi My hien dai l i suf kien x u a t hien trong nhUng n a m 1990 - l i n d i u tien trong lich suf s a u Chien t r a n h the gidi thuf hai sd ngUdi n h a n hpc vi tien sy g i i m . N a m 1998, mufc d i e tao loai chuyen gia cao cap n i y d dinh cao l i 42.645 ngUdi nhUng n a m 2003 da giam xud'ng 40.710, t h a p hdn ca mdc n a m 1994 (41.034 ngifdi).
Viec d i m b i o cung cap c i n bd cho nghien cufu h i n lam trong may thap nien qua va'p phai hai van de:
Thd nhdt, so' nha khoa hpc va ky sU
lam nghien cufu va phat trien (R&D) tang len rat cham.
Thd hai, g i n lien vdi hien tUdng
tren l i xu hudng gia h o i ciia dpi ngu cic n h i khoa hpc ban lam ciia My.
Nam 2001, so' cic lufc lUdng lao ddng ban lam d My dat mufc ky luc l i 245,5 nghin tien sy, so vdi nam 1975 l i 134,1 nghin, tufc l i tang 80%. Tuy vay, tii dill nhiing nam 1980 da xua't hien mdt khuynh hudng thd'ng tri la sau khi nhan hpc vi tien sy, nhUng chuyen gia cao cap nay da tuf bd nghien ciiu khoa hpc vi cac cdng viec trong khu vufc tU nhan v i trong cd quan chinh phii. That vay, ne'u nam 1975 tren 1/2 (53.4%) sd tie'n sy khoa hpc tiep tuc lam cac boat ddng khoa hpc v i giang day sau khi dUdc trad hpc vi thi dau nhutng nam 1980 ty le dd chi cdn l i 50%o v i nam 2001 giam cdn 44%). Trong khi dd, sd'nhan suf cua cic trung tam han lam chii ye'u l i m cdng tic nghien cufu khoa hpc tang cham nha't. Trong thdi ky 1975-2001 so' tie'n sy khoa hpc lam viec tai cic trung tam nay tang tuf 73,4 nghin len . 119,6 nghin ngudi (tUdng dUdng 63%).
Suf phat trien nhU vu bad cua khoa hpc My nhutng nam 1960 ket hdp vdi suf giim bdt td'c dp tang sd chuyen gia cd trinh dp chuyen men cao lam R&D da difa den ket cue la suf gii h o i tong the sufc lao ddng ban lam ciia My. Neu nam 1975 lufa tudi trung binh cua cac tien sy lam nghien cufu ban lam la 42,4 tudi thi nam 2001 da tang len 47,4 tudi. Cung trong thdi ky nay, cac nha khoa hpc d lufa tudi 35 da giam tif 25,9% tdng sd sutc lao ddng ban lam trinh dp cao xud'ng cdn 12,0% (tufc la giam hdn 2 lan); ty trpng cic nha khoa hpc va ky sU
d lufa tudi tuf 35-44 nam 1975 da giam tuf 36,8% xuo'ng 29,1% nhUng ddng thdi ty trpng cua cic nha khoa hpc va ky sU ciia nhdm gia lai tang len tUdng iing.
Dac biet ty trpng cac nha khoa hpc va ky sU d lufa tudi 44-55 da tang tuf 23,7%
nam 1975 len 31,8% nam 2001, con so' nay d liia tuoi 54-64 lan lUdt la 11,7%
va 23,1%), cdn ty trpng nhiing vi
"trUdng lao" d day (tren 60 tuoi) da tang tuf 2% len 4%. Tinh hinh nay da gay cang thang them cho nhutng cudc thao luan d My ve nhiing van de nhU nang sua't lao dpng, tfnh linh hoat va td chufc ciia cac trung tam ban lam va siic sd'ng lau dai ciia nd.
NhiJng v a n de ve gidi va c h u n g t o e t r o n g c a c n h a n g h i e n ciiu h a n l a m
Nhiing thay ddi ve lufa tudi trong thanh p h i n lufc lUdng lao dpng han lam da dien ra tren nen nhiing thay ddi ve gidi va chiing tdc kha ro. Trong p h i n tu cudi the ky XX, sd' ngUdi ngUdi nghien cufu han lam da trang va dac biet la dan dng da giam di ro ret. Neu nam 1975 so' ngUdi da trang chie'm 91% nhutng nha nghien cufu han lam cd trinh dp cao va so' dan dng da trang chiem 81% thi nam 2001, con so' nay giam tUdng ufng l i n lUdt la 82% va 59%). Them niia, ne'u nhU nam T975, nhutng ngUdi da t r i n g trong he thd'ng han lam chie'm 87%o, so' nam chuyen gia da trang cd hpc vi tie'n sy la 73%) thi nam 2001 nhiing ty le nay giam tUdng ling theo thut tuf la 72% va 41%
do sd phu nut da tang len tuf 10% nam 1975 tdi 29% nam 2001, ddng thdi nhUng dai dien sac tpc thieu sd' trong cung ky ciing tang tii 2% len 7%.
Nhiing thay ddi nay da day len khdng it cic t r a n h luan trong xa hpi My danh gii "nhutng gidi han" cua
"chfnh sich dieu chinh" phan bd' gidi -
chiing tdc t h e o "kha n a n g n h a n thdc"
va tUdng ufng la k h i n a n g s i n g tao khoa hpc cdng n g h e . Nhiing cudc t r a n h l u a n n a y da m a n h n h a tii cudi nhiing n a m 1960 xua't p h i t tuf cdng trinh ciia n h i t a m ly hpc My F.
lensen. Ong cho r a n g "trf t u e t r e n mdt mufc dp d i n g ke cd tfnh c h a t di truyen, v i cd suf k h i c biet ve p h i t trien tri t u e t r o n g c i c chiing tdc...".
Luan diem n i y dUdc n h i t a m ly hpc R. H e r n s t e i n v i n h a n g h i e n cufu chinh tri C. M u r e e m p h i t t r i e n va umg hp manh me nha't. Nhutng vi n a y cung ket luan mdt c i c h chac c h a n r i n g tri tue chii yeu cd t i n h c h a t di t r u y e n , ddng mpt vai trd cufc ky q u a n trpng d mdi c i n h a n t r o n g nhUng t h a n h tiiu kinh te - xa hdi v i b e n h hpc xa hpi, sii phan bd' cua nd n g i y c i n g trd nen khdng ddng deu. Hp cdn chi ra r i n g
"nhiing t h a y ddi n h a n k h a u cd a n h hudng tieu cufc ddi vdi suf p h a n bd' k h a nang n h a n thufc d My m a n h den ndi nd cd t h e l a m n a y s i n h nhiing h a u qua xa hdi n g h i e m trpng". Hp p h i t bieu t h a n g r a r a n g "nhUng ngudi da den v i ngUdi ndi t i e n g T i y B a n N h a bi rdi loan chufc n a n g di t r u y e n ldn hdn Sd vdi d a n da t r a n g " v i dieu nay CO the d a n tdi l i m s a u sac hdn nhUng k h i c biet giiia nhUng ngudi da t r a n g v i nhUng dai dien ciia c i c n h d m sac tpc k h i c t r o n g c i c t h e h e tUdng lai.
Nhieu ngudi cho r i n g k e t l u a n cua c i c n h i khoa hpc n i y da d a n de'n gidi b a n tot cung rd r i n g l i "cic giai cap v i c i c chiing tdc cd t r i n h dp tha'p hdn ve sii p h i t trien t r i t u e se d i n d i n lan ludt nhiing t i n g ldp d a n cU p h i t t r i e n cao"
va ket cue ciia nd l i d My se d a n dan hinh t h i n h n e n mdt kieu loai xa hdi
"dang cap" ciia m i n h m a t r o n g dd t i n g ldp t i n h hoa, nhUng ngUdi cd k h i n a n g n h a n thufc n g a y c a n g hi cd lap hdn vdi bd p h a n cdn lai cua xa hdi,
lam t a n g len trong dd suf bat binh d i n g ve p h a n bd cua c i i vat chat va t h u n h a p .
Viec p h i n tich nhutng k h i c biet ve gidi trong he thd'ng nghien ciiu ban lam l i m R&D cdn ve nen mpt bufc t r a n h rdi bdi v i phufc tap hdn. T h a t vay, mdt bp p h a n i p dao nut tien sy khoa hpc (70,5 nghin ngudi) lam viec chil yeu trong 3 h n h vufc nghien cutu khoa hpc - y sinh, t i m ly va khoa hpc xa hdi va ndi chung thi 85% nU chuyen gia cd b i n g tien sy ciia gidi b a n lam My lam viec trong nhUng n g i n h nay. Ngoii ra, trong hnh vufc nghien cufu b a n lam cung da nay sinh mdt loai hinh p h a n cdng lao dpng cua rieng nd trong dd phu nU thudng chi giii dia vi chu chd't trong cic nghien cufu khoa hpc "dan em", cdn lai la cua n a m gidi. Theo mdt dieu tra g i n day ciia Quy khoa hpc qud'c gia, cudi the ky XX (nam 1997), "nhUng phu nU cd 14-
15 n a m t h a m nien cdng t i c khoa hpc sau khi n h a n hpc vi tien sy va lam viec t o i n p h a n cd 8% k h i n a n g van d i m nhiem chufc vu tha'p nha't. Ket luan nay cung dung vdi nhUng phu nU cd 20-21 n a m t h i m nien cdng t i c khoa hpc sau khi n h a n hpc vi tien sy... va cd tdi 14%
chac chan ddi vdi chufc vu giao sU".
N h i J n g v a n d e cd sd v a t c h a t , tai c h i n h
Cdn cd hai t h d n g sd' cufc ky quan trpng ve thiic t r a n g tiem life khoa hpc cua My la: Thd nhdt, suf tdn tai va k h i n a n g d i y du n h d n g dien tich cd ich dUdc c i c t r u n g t a m b a n lam sii d u n g de tien b i n h nghien cUu khoa hpc v i trien khai; thit hai, chi cho cd sd khf cu - d u n g cu tUc cd sd ha t a n g nghien cufu k h c a hpc cdng nghe. T r i i vdi y kien cdn b a t ddng, mac du nhUng k h o i n cbi tieu dd so cho viec d i m b i o vat chat cho nghien cutu khoa hoc va t n e n k h a i . c i c t r u n g tam
ban lam se thieu k h i nhieu nhiing dien tfch mdi va suf dam b i o ket can ha t i n g cho R&D. Trong thdi ky tif 1988 den 2001, dien tich hutu fch ciia cic trung t i m ban lam My suf dung cho nghien cufu va trien khai da tang len gin 40%) - tuf 10,4 trieu den 14,4 trieu met vudng. Hien nay, khoang 90% tdng dien tich hutu fch la do 4 hnh viic tri thifc khoa hpc suf dung:
- Cic nganh y sinh hpc (bao gdm c i cic khoa hpc ndng nghiep) chie'm 56%;
- Cic nganh khoa hpc ky thuat - 17%;
- Cic khoa hpc vat ly - 12%;
- Cic khoa hpc ve t r i i da't - 5%.
Diu the ky XXI chi cd g i n 30%
dien tich cua cic trung tam ban lam dUdc cho l i t h o i man d i y dii dieu kien va nhu c i u de tien hanh nghien cufu khoa hpc v i trien khai tren nhUng dien tich nay. Tuy nhien, nhutng trung tam n i y chii yeu thudc nhutng n g i n h tri thufc khoa hpc nhU toan hpc, khoa hpc xa hdi, khoa hpc t r i i da't va tam ly hpc.
Dieu ky di cua thiic trang khoa hpc My hien nay l i nhutng n g i n h tri thufc dang p h i t trien manh me nha't (dac hiet l i cic khoa hpc y sinh va cic khoa hpc m i y tinh) lai thieu nhieu nhat dien tich de tien h i n h nghien cufu khoa hpc va trien khai. Tren 80%) trung tam nghien cufu han lam My dUdc tham dd tuyen bd' hp c i n nhUng dien tich bd sung de tie'n h i n h nghien cufu khoa hpc v i trien khai vdi tdng dien tfch b i n g 25%) dien tich hien cd (3,8 trieii met vudng).
Trong nhfing nam d i u the ky XXI chi hang nam cho cd sd khi cu - dung cu len den 1,5 ty USD tiic gap 3 l i n nam 1983. Dieu quan trpng can ghi nhan d khoan tai trd n i y l i hdn mdt mia (55,3%) do chinh phu lien bang ganh vdi nhutng ty trpng k h i c nhau
tuy theo n g i n h , tren 80%o cua khoa hpc vu tru, 28% cho cic khoa hpc ndng nghiep. Ndi chung, chi cd sd khi cu - dung cu chiem k h d i n g 4,6% tdng chi de thufc hien nghien cufu khoa hpc va trien khai h i n lam.
Trong 20 nam g i n day, ty trpng chi cho mua sam nhutng dung cu v i khi cu mdi cho R&D giim. Nguyen nhan chu yeu giam Uu tien chi cho khi cu - dung cu trong thdi ky tif 1983-2001 l i d chd trong nhutng nam nay chinh phii lien bang giam chi k h i ro cho muc nay cua R&D tii 62,3% xud'ng 55,3%.
Thufc trang dam bao khf cu - dung cu cho R&D khdng thoa man khien cho van de p h i i dat dUdi suf kiem soit tnic tiep cua Qudc hpi va Qudc hpi da cap kinh phi dac biet de tien hanh dieu tra dac biet thich dang (thufc hien nam 1994).
Van de cd ban cua suf phat trien va hoan thien hdn niia tiem nang khoa hpc cila My da het sutc gay gat trong nhiing nam 1990 sau khi ke't thiic Chien t r a n h Lanh. Dd la khi nhutng kha nang mdi cila suf p h i t trien khoa hpc va cdng nghe da md ra nhiing tim tdi mdi nham xic lap quan he tcl Uu giuta vai trd cua chinh phu (d day la chfnh phu Lien bang My) va cd che thi trUdng cua khu vufc kinh te tU nhan My. Van de cap bach dat ra la phai cd cd che thich hdp de phat trien khoa hpc cdng nghe trong tinh hinh mdi.
Co dau h i e u suy g i a m boat d o n g k h o a h o c
Theo Vien thdng tin khoa hpc d
Philadelphia, so' bai b i o khoa hpc cua
200 cdng ty cd R&D h i n g d i u trong
thdi ky 1981-1999 da len de'n dinh cao
nam 1992 (vdi 12.500 bai) va de'n nam
1999 chi cdn 11.300 (giam 10%), chu
ye'u la linh vufc vien thdng, nam 1992
cd 1.600 b i i nhu'ng 1999 chi cdn
1.000. N e u k h d n g tfnh n g a n h vien thdng, tuf 1981 de'n 1999 sd b i i b i o t a n g tuf 6.600 len 11.200. P h a n ldn sd t a n g len la cac bai b i o thudc linh vufc dUdc p h a m va cdng n g h e sinh hpc.
Nhiing linh vufc k h a c n h u h o i hpc, khoa hpc m i y t i n h , cac k h o a hpc v a t ly, cong n g h e k h d n g t a n g .
So' lUdng b i i b i d k h d a hpc cua nhdm 110 trUdng dai hpc h a n g d i u (cdng v i tu) d My tuf 1981-1999 t a n g cham, t r u d n g cdng t a n g c h a m hdn trudng tu.
Hai suf kien t r e n che tha'y g i n day boat ddng k h o a hpc cdng nghiep v i b i n lam deu cd bieu h i e n g i i m siit nao dd. Dieu n i y p h a n i n h mpt p h i n tinh h i n h t r o n g nhutng n a m n i y n g a n s i c h lien b a n g cho R&D cdng nghiep tinh t r e n G D P giam: 1980 - 0,5%, 1990 - 0,4%, 2000 - 0,2%, 2004 - 0,2%.
Ddng thdi cdng n g h i e p c u n g da d u n g ngudn rieng ciia m i n h t i i trd che R&D t a n g : n a m 1980 n g i n h ccng nghiep da chi cho R&D 1,1% GDP;
nam 1990 - 1,4%; n a m 2000 - 2%; n a m 2004 - 1,6%. V i nhd vay t i n h h i n h cd c i i thien chiit it.
Quy khoa hpc qud'c gia cho biet sd' lUdng bai b i o k h o a hpc cua My trong tdng so' c i c bai b i o k h o a hpc cua c i c nudc t r e n t h e gidi giam: 1988 l i 38%, 2001 la 3 1 % , m a t k h i c , lUdng trich d i n cung giam tuf 52% n a m 1992 t u t xud'ng 44%) n a m 2 0 0 1 .
Tinh t r a n g thie'u n g u d n n h a n lufc cho R&D dUdc bii d i p mdt p h i n b a n g chinh s i c h n h a p cU song dieu n i y cd the la mpt nguy cd ddi vdi My t r e n ba mat. Thd nhdt, viec diia vao ngudn n h a p cU sinh vien, n g h i e n cufu sinh v i nha khoa hpc nUdc ngoai k h d n g t h e la mpt h u d n g vutng c h i c n e u My cuf diia v i o dd m a i de cd n g u d n c u n g hdp ly, mpt khi cd suf cd' n i o dd xay r a l a m ngiing t r e hoac t h a y ddi, n g u d n lufc
n a y cd t h e de doa My. Thd hai, chi R&D h e n bang, dac biet chi cho R&D cd b a n t r o n g c i c n g a n h vat ly va cong nghe k h d n g d i p ufng dUdc n h u c i u an n i n h v i k i n h te. De ddi phd vdi n h u n g t h i c h thufc t r o n g n h i e u t h a p ky tdi (duy tri ldi t h e c a n h t r a n h cdng nghe cao, ddi phd dUdc vdi nhUng thach thufc an n i n h qud'c gia, g i i i quyet cic v a n de n a n g lUdng va mdi trUdng v.v...) thi My se can n h i e u n h a khoa hpc v i cdng n g h e hdn, t a n g cUdng d i o tao n h i e u hdn sd vdi hien nay ket hdp vdi n h a p cU lac ddng khoa hpc cdng nghe nUdc n g o i i . Thd ba, chinh s i c h c h u n g v i chinh s i c h khoa hpc cdng n g h e dUdc t h d n g qua bdi mdt so' cd q u a n v i c i c phdng t h i nghiem qud'c gia, dac biet l i cd q u a n an n i n h qudc gia nhUng l u a t p h i p My chi chap n h a n cdng d i n My mdi dUdc lam nhutng duf i n cd lien q u a n den an ninh qud'c gia. Neu ngudn cung c i c n h a t o i n hpc t r i n h dp cao suy giim. thi cd q u a n an n i n h qud'c gia se cd van de ldn. Ty le ngUdi My dUdc trad hpc vi tien sy g i i m tuf 70,7% xudng 62,8% tuf n a m 2000 den 2006.
Tuy nhien, khdng nen ngo n h a n r i n g , n h u n g dau hieu t r e n the hien My d a n g hi suy sup trong linh viic khoa hpc cdng nghe, du sii suy yeu tUdng ddi cd t h e x i y ra. Tai lieu cho tha'y vi trf cua My cdn vdng chac trong n e n khoa hpc cdng nghe the gidi. My chi cho R&D b i n g 44% cac nUdc OECD, ldn hdn 6 nifdc cdn iai trong nhdm G7 (223,4 ty), chiem 2,6%
GDP (tUdng dUdng mufc t r u n g binh cua OECD va cao hdn 15 nifdc EU).
- C i c doanh nghiep My chi cho R&D t a n g 1,9% G D P so vdi 1,5%
t r u n g binh ciia OECD.
- Cif 1.000 ngUdi lao ddng thi cd 9,5 ngUdi la n h i khoa hpc, ty le nha nghien cufu t r e n tdng sd dan cao hdn miic t r u n g binh t h e gidl.
- Sd tien sy dao tao chiem 30%o trong OECD.
- My chiem 37°o trich dan bid chi khca hpc cua nhdm.
- My vUdt tat ca cac nifdc k h i c ve su trien khai sue manh khoa hpc.
cdng nghe tren tat ca cic phu'dng hudng khoa hpc cdng nghe hien dai.
Van de nidi m a he t h o n g doi mdi quoc gia My d a n g va se doi m a t
Su phit trien nhin chung l i thanh cdng cua My trong q u i trinh phat trien di len tii' xa hpi ndng nghiep den xa hpi cdng nghiep va xa hdi hau cdng nghiep da dUa den suf hinh t h i n h cii du'dc cic nha nghien cufu trong ma'\' thap ky qua de cap tdi "he thd'ng ddi mdi qudc gia"" (National Innovation System - NTS) ma nhieu qud'c gia da va dang ng'hien cufu. diic nit kinh nghiem My de hinh thanh va phat tnen NTS cua minh trong cudc chay dua phat t n e n tiem life khca hpc cdng nghe va nang cac kha nang canh tranh cua nen kinh te dat nu'dc. ke ca nhung nudc cd trinh dp p h i t t n e n cao nhu Due. Thuy Dien. hay nhung nu'dc mdi ndi len nhu Han Qud'c. Trung Qudc. An Dp. Nga.... tru'dc t n e n vpng p h i t t n e n manh me kmh te t n thuc.
xa hdi tri thufc trong t h e k y XXI.
Theo td chuc OECD. NTS la mot he thdng cic cd quan thudc cic linh vufc khic nhau. cdng va tu. boat ddng ciia nd n h i m kham p h i . du nhap. bien ddi va phd bien cic cdng nghe mdi. Dd la mdt he thdng cd tinh tUdng hd cua cic ddanh nghiep cdng va tu. cic tru'dng dai hpc va cic cd quan chinh phu n h i m hUdng tdi suf phat trien cua khoa hpc va cdng nghe trong pham vi qud'c gia. Tinh tu'dng hd cua cic thanh p h i n niy cd the la ve mat ky thuat.
thUdng mai. luat phap va tai chinh
nham p h i t t n e n , b i c trd hay thufc hien cic boat ddng khoa hpc cdng nghe. Nhan dinh n i y bao ham day du h i m y dUdc cic nha nghien cufu va thiic tien k h i c nhau de cap ve NTS ndi chung va NTS cua My ndi rieng, trong dd nhUng nha nghien ciiu ndi tie'ng My ve linh vufc nay nhU Nelson R.R.
(cua Colombia University), Rosenberg (ciia Stanford University), Chris Freeman.... NTS da gdp p h i n quyet dinh dem lai cho nUdc My: nen khoa hpc cdng nghe hung manh. nen kinh te cd sufc canh t r a n h cao. kha nang ddi mdi bae nhat the gidi. d i m b i o dUdc an ninh qud'c gia. Nhiing nhan to' quan trpng d day la:
- Bang ngan sach nha nUdc lien bang My d i u tU manh cho nghien ciiu khoa hpc cd ban. cd y thiic v i da thufc hien cic bien phap thiic day tang tnidng kinh te dufa tren ket q u i nghien cufu khoa hpc. tim ra va thilc hien du'dc nhung ddt p h i khda hpc cdng nghe trong tufng thdi ky: y sinh - chi ldn nha't thudng xuyen treng nghien cufu cd b i n , cdng nghiep b i n dan. cdng nghe m i y tfnh. cdng nghe thdng tin. cdng nghe gen. cdng nghe nano tif cudi the ky XX de'n nay.
- My da tien phong trong viec xay dufng va duy tri suf p h i t trien cic td hp'p ddi mdi (innovative cluster) nhU Thung liing Silicon. Tam giac nghien cufu d Ndrth Carolina. Route 129 d Boston va rai rac hang chuc td hdp tren khap nUdc My.
- My cd mang lUdi cung cap vd'n
mac hiem ciic ky manh. dan ket chat
che vdi cac dau mdi cdng nghe d
nhutng khu vufc then chd't. Ke't ca'u ha
tang va he thd'ng thue umg hp mao
hiem. Hp hieu sau sic dich vu ngan
hang thdng thudng khdng dap iing
nhu c i u tai chinh cho cic cdng ty khdi
sii bang cdng nghe mdi.
- My cd t h i t r u d n g lao ddng linh boat tao n e n suf can b i n g t r o n g t r a o ddi thda m a n c u n g - c i u ve viec lam d miic dp cao. My cd n h i e u t h a n h cdng trong viec tao r a viec l a m m a b o a t dpng k i n h d o a n h nhd la c h u lufc.
- He thd'ng giao due My cd h i e u q u a cao, ty le t n i n g t r u y e n vao c i c dai hpc cao (80% h i n g n a m ) .
- Mdi trUdng h a n h chinh tao dieu kien cufc ky t h u a n ldi cho khdi nghiep kinh doanh. NgUdi mud'n khdi nghiep kinh doanh chi qua nhutng t h u tuc dang ky ddn gian, dUdc trd giiip tuf chinh phu hen bang. Cdng ty khdi nghiep l i mdt cdt ldi ciia NIS My - day l i hinh thifc cdng sinh tri thufc h a n l i m v i vd'n mac hiem cd t i c dung xiic t i c , dem nhUng ddi mdi tif phdng thi nghiem ra thi trUdng. Cdng ty khdi nghiep nudi dudng cong nghe mdi tuf khi t h a i nghen cho de'n khi cic cdng ty ldn n h a n tha'y ldi ich trien vpng ldn va day la cd sd hinh thanh lien minh chie'n lUdc giuta cic cdng ty de thufc hien tiep cac q u i trinh p h i t trien tiep theo cua s i n pham.
Tuy n h i e n , k h i c h u y e n tuf xa hdi h a u cdng nghiep s a n g xa hdi tri thufc, nen k i n h te h a u cdng n g h i e p s a n g nen kinh te tri thufc, N I S lai dufng trUdc yeu c i u va t h i c h thiic mdi c i n p h i i vUdt qua de tien len. Dd chinh la nhiing v a n de da dUdc xem xet t r e n day. Xin diem t h e m mpt sd yeu c i u mdi me bao triim ca h e thd'ng N I S m i khi van d u n g n g a n s i c h n h a nUdc de hien thufc h o i c h i n h s i c h khoa hpc cdng nghe va b a n t h a n chinh s i c h khoa hpc My p h a i ddi phd.
Thd nhdt, hien n a y trong q u i trinh chuyen sang k i n h te tri thufc, mpt van de ndi len bao t r u m l i : suf xua't hien mdt loat dac diem t h e n chd't trong dd quan trpng nha't l i suf ddi mdi viec tao ra cua cai va t a n g n a n g s u a t lao dpng va sii duy tri va n a n g cao k h a n a n g canh t r a n h se dUdc dufa chu ye'u khdng
p h i i chi vac vi tri lanh dad the gidi ve nghien cufu cd b i n trong cic linh vufc khoa hpc tuf nhien va cdng nghe ma cdn la suf lam chu h a n g d i u the gidi ve n a n g lufc sang tao. Suf s i n g tao ra cua cai va viec lam dufa tren cd sd ddi mdi va cac y tudng mdi se cd xu hUdng it trdng cay vao cic linh vufc khoa hpc tuf nhien va ky t h u a t ma chu yeu l i trdng chd vao cic linh vufc khoa hpc td chufc va xa hdi, vao nghe t h u a t , cic quy trinh kinh doanh mdi, vao suf d i p ufng nhu c i u k h i c h h i n g dufa tren nen s i n xuat theo n h u c i u rieng biet, se ri nhd, vdi c i c s i n p h a m v i dich vu chuyen mdn h o i , trong dd suf thiet ke chii y va sii h a p d i n ddi vdi tufng sd thich c i n h a n se quan trpng hdn sd vdi cic yeu td chi phi tha'p hay cdng nghe hoan toan mdi.
Thd hai, My v i n l i nUdc lanh dao the gidi ve tie'n h i n h nghien ciiu cd b i n . Nhiing sd s i n h chi phi nghien cufu cd b i n cho thi'y d My td'n kem hdn d c i c nUdc k h i c . V a n de mdi d|it ra d day l i lam sao vufa p h i t trien nen khoa hpc mdi d trong nUdc vufa van dung n e n khoa hpc mdi dUdc p h i t trien d c i c nUdc.
Thd ba. My c i n p h i i l i m gi de tri thufc k h c a hpc cdng n g h e la met p h i n trong nen giio due cho t a t c i hpc sinh, d i p ling n h u the nao n h u c i u giio due da n g a n h , da chieu.
Thd tit, lam the nao de cd hieu q u i hdp t i c qud'c te d cic cap dp trdng linh vufc nghien ciiu cd b i n , chia se g i n h nang tai trd che nghien cufu nhU the nac.
Thd ndm, c i c t h a n h p h i n trong NIS c i n p h i i ddi mdi cu t h e n h u the n i o de dam b i o tfnh n a n g dpng cua nd t r e n t a t ca c i c m a t d i p ufng dUdc n h u c i u p h i t t r i e n tiem lufc khoa hpc cdng nghe trong dieu kien mdi. Dudi day, xin k h a i q u i t npi d u n g ciia NIS ndi c h u n g va N I S ciia My dang van h a n h ma chi n g a n sach l i ngudn tai trd chu yeu.
Bang 1: Cac chufc n a n g chu yeu va cac t h a n h p h a n c h i n h cua NIS
Cac c h i l e n a n g c h u y e u
Cac n h i e m v u d a c t h u
Cac chufc n a n g h o a c h d i n h c h i n h s a c h K H C N v a n g a n s a c h Thiet lap cic chinh
s i c h va suf dung c i c ngudn liic
Quy che
- G i i m s i t , xay dufng va kiem t r a c i c chfnh s i c h , cic ke hoach lien q u a n den boat dpng KH&CN qud'c gia;
- Lien ket cac n g a n h lien q u a n (nhU kinh te, thUdng mai, giio due, y te, mdi trUdng, qud'c phdng);
- P h a n bd cic ngudn lufc, n g a n s i c h cho c i c nganh KH&CN;
- Thiet lap cic chUdng t r i n h khuye'n khich n h a m thiic day ddi mdi va c i c boat dpng KH&CN k h i c ;
- D i m b i o k h a n a n g thiic hien cac chfnh s i c h v i dieu phdi cic hoat dpng;
- D i m bao k h i n a n g duf b i o va d i n h g i i c i c xu hudng cua suf t h a y ddi cdng nghe.
- Tao r a mpt he thdng do ludng tieu c h u a n va kiem dinh qud'c gia;
- Tao ra mpt he thd'ng qud'c gia n h a n d a n g va b i o ve sd hutu tri tue;
- Tao r a cic he thd'ng qud'c gia d i m b i o an sinh, y te va mdi trUdng.
Cac chufc n a n g thiJc h i e n T i i chinh
Dam b i o hieu n a n g
Tdi Uu hda cic ngudn liic va p h i t
huy tiem n a n g
- Quan ly c i c he thd'ng tai chfnh p h u hdp cho viec q u i n ly cic chufc n a n g k h i c cua he thd'ng;
- Su dung sufc m u a cua chinh p h u de thiic day ddi mdi trong s i n xuat h a n g hda va dich vu ma chinh p h u c i n . - Thufc hien c i c chUdng t r i n h KH&CN, bao gdm ta't c i cic loai nghien ciiu va p h i t trien cdng nghe;
- D i m b i o c i c dich vu KH&CN;
- Dam b i o cd che thiet lap lien ket R&D, ufng dung thufc tien;
- Tad ra c i c lien ket boat dpng K H & C N vumg va qudc te;
- Lap cic cd che d i n h g i i , t h u t h a p va phd bien c i c cong nghe tot n h a t ;
- Tao ra c i c s i n p h a m , quy t r i n h va c i c dich vu mdi tii cic ket q u i cua boat ddng KH&CN.
- D i m bao cic chUdng t r i n h v i q u a n ly c i c cd q u a n trong n g a n h giao due va dao tao n h a n lufc KH&CN;
- P h i t huy tiem n a n g KH&CN cua c i c cd quan;
D i m b i d cd che cho phep duy tri h o a t ddng ciia cdng ddng KH&CN;
- Khdi day ldi ich qud'c gia cho K H & C N va nhutng s i n g kien qud'c gia ve KH&CN.
- Thiet lap, q u i n ly cap n h a t cac djch vu thong tm (nhu cac t h u vien, cd sd dd lieu, cac dich vu thdng ke, cac be thd'ng chi so', cic he tho'ng lien lac);
- Thiet lap, q u i n ly va cap n h a t cac dich vu ky t h u a t (nhu do lUdng, tieu chuan boa va kiem dinh);
- Thiet lap, q u i n ly va cap n h a t he thdng cap phat, dang ky va b i o ve sd hdu tri tue;
- Thiet lap, q u i n ly va bo sung cic cd che cho phep d i m b i o an ninh va b i o ve sUc khde va moi trUdng;
- Thiet lap va q u i n ly cac cd quan nghien cUu quo'c gia.
B a n g 2: C a c cd q u a n c h u c h o t t r o n g N I S ( H e tho'ng d o i m d i q u o c g i a ) My Chinh phu va cac cd quan lam
chinh sach Ha nghi vien
IJy ban khoa hpc
LJy ban doanh nghiep nho ThUdng nghi vien
Uy ban ThUdng mai, Khoa hpc va Van tai LJy ban Doanh nghiep va Doanh nghiep nho
"Van phong Paten va ThUdng hieu Bo ThUdng mai
Cd quan Thong tin va Vien thong Qudc gia Co quan Quan ly Cong nghe
Van phong Cbinb sach Cong nghe Vien Tieu chuan va Cong nghe Qudc gia Van phong Chinh sach KH&CN
Cac to chtfc thiic day d o a n h nghiep Hoi dong ve Canh tranh
Phong ThUdng mai Vien KH&CN Bang LJy ban Phat trien Kinh te
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. National Science Foundation (1997,1998,2005), Anual Report, 'Washington.
2. National Science Foundation (1998, 2006), Science and engineering indicators 1998, 2006, Washington.
3. The White House (1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009), Economic report of the President, Washington.
4. U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of S t a t e (2004), Outline of the U.S. Government, Washington.
Cac vien nghien cilu han lam va giao due
Hpi dong KH&CN Qudc gia Quy Khoa hpc Quo'c gia
Vien Han lam K^y thuat Cong trinh Quo'c gia
Cac trung tam nghien cdu cong nghiep va cac td chdc doi tac doi mdi
SEMATECH
Hiep hpi cac Nha quan ly Cong nghe trUdng Dai hpc
Doi tac che tao md rpng
Cd quan Quan ly Doanh nghiep nho He tho'ng tai cbinb
Ngan hang Xuat - Nhap khau
Ban Thdng ddc He thdng Dii trut Lien bang
Ban tu van tai chinh moi titWng
PWC Money Tree (Cd quan thong tm ve vdn mao hiem)
Nghien ciiu Doi mdi Doanh nghiep nho
5. Congressional Budget Office (2008), The economic and budget outlook. F,Y, 2008 • 2018, Washington.
6. Department of Defence (2002,2006). The National Security Strategy of the United States, Washington.
7. Domestic Policy Council (2006), American Competitiveness Initiative, Washmgton.
8. Gibbons H, (1997), Science and Technology serving our goals - Technology and economic growth, Washington.
