DIEU CHINH CHINH SACH CUA HOA KY DOI V6l TRUNC OUOC
Dl/dl THCll TONC THONC C. W. BUSH
C
hinh sach cua Hoa Ky dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e ke tii chuyen tham cua Tdng thd'ng R.Nixon (1972) cho tdi khi ket thiic Chien tranh Lanh dUde hinh thanh tren cd sd cd nhUng xem xet chien lUde Idn hdn va dUde thiic hien thdng qua nhUng nd liic hdp tac giUa hai ben. Sii kien Thien An Mdn thang 6 nam 1989 da d i n tdi bUde ngoat trong quan he hai ben va de lai mot sd' 'di san' v&n edn tac ddng manh tdi viec hoach dinh chinh sach ciia Hoa Ky dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e hien nay. 'Di san' thii nha't, nhU Kenneth Lieberthal ndi, mang lai "cdi nhin lech lac ciia Hoa Ky ve Trung Qudc''. Trong khi nhUng van de ve he tU tUdng da hi gat sang ben khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic, thi nhiing va'n de mdi nhu ldi ich chien lUde qudc gia hay nhan quyen... ngay cang cd anh hudng den quan he hai ben. Ndi chung, khac biet giUa hai nUde ve he thd'ng, gia tri xa hdi, chinh tri va kinh te trd thanh nhUng yeu td ngay cang tac ddng manh den hoach dinh chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e cua Hoa Ky. Di san thii ba la sii ma't niem tin chung giiia hai ben, thay vao dd la mdi nghi ngd lan nhau ve y dinh eiia mdi ben, nhUng ba't ddng ve nhan thiic, ldi ich ve nhUng van de chung nhU trat tii chinh tri the gidi sau Chien tranh Lanh, hay nhU van de kiem soat va ca'm phd bien vu khi hat nhan, va'n deNguyen Lan Hiiofng Vien Nghien ciiu Chau My lien quan den thUdng mai hay thiie day nhan quyen... Va ngoai ra nhan thiic ve sU "ndi len cua Trung Qudc" se tac ddng tdi ldi ich chien lUdc ciia Hoa Ky d khu vUe Chau A - Thai Binh DUdng, khien chd quan he hai nUde cang trd nen phiie tap hdn.
Hau he't cac va'n de gay ban tam che cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach Hoa Ky deu lien quan tdi mdt thiic te rang Trung Qud'e dang ndi len thanh mdt nUdc Idn tren trUdng qudc te', bdi vay Washington se phai tinh den viec giai quye't va dieu chinh quan he My - Trung nhu the nao. Ta't ea deu thd'ng nha't d diem Trung Qud'e dang ndi len thanh cUdng qudc ve kinh te va quan sii, nhUng lai khdng thd'ng nhat dUde ve miic do siic manh eua Trung Qud'e va nhUng tac ddng ciia nd, va chinh sach an ninh ma Bac Kinh se theo dudi.
Cac chinh quyen Hoa Ky tU nhUng nam 1990 lien tue cd nhUng each giai thich va chinh sach khac nhau ve va'n de ndi len eua Trung Qudc. TrUdng phai "Trung Qud'e la md'i de do?i" cho rang mdt nUde Trung Qud'e ndi len, ciing vdi td'e dp tang trUdng kinh te nhanh, tang eUdng siic manh quan sii, thiic day yeu cau thd'ng nha't lanh thd, va chinh quyen "ddc tai' trong nUde se ngay cang ciing ran va cd tinh dd'i dau hdn, ve lau dai se thach thUc hien trang va dao Idn can bang quyen liic
ciia khu vUc va the gidi. Theo ly thuyet cd ca'u hien thiic, cac qudc gia se rat nhay cam vdi kha nang thich ling trong he thd'ng qud'e te va tim each thay ddi cd ca'u qud'e te theo each phue vu td't hdn va thiic day ldi ich qudc gia ciia minh. Khi yeu siic, ho cd the mien eUdng cha'p nhan nhiing ban che ap dat len ho, nhUng mdt khi da dii siic, ho cd xu hUdng theo dudi quyen liic va tim each thay ddi hien trang. Ndi chung theo trUdng phai nay, quan he Trung My tif chuyen tham eua Chu tich Giang Trach Dan va Tdng thd'ng Bill Clinton vao cudi nhUng nam 1990, chii yeu la dUdc td ve them; nhUng ba't ddng ed ban gay ra nhUng nguy ed xung dot trong tUdng lai se khdng cd each nao giai quyet dUde^. Cach td't nha't la kiem che Trung Qud'e trUde khi nUdc nay trd nen qua manh, bdi khi dd mdi kiem che thi qua td'n siic.
TrUdng phai "can dii", tuy hdan toan nhan thiie dUdc siic manh cua Trung Qud'e, nhUng van cho rang do anh hudng ciia truyen thd'ng lich sU, van boa va dao Khdng, Trung Qud'e cd the khdng lam thay ddi he thd'ng qud'e te cho dii Trung Qudc ed trd nen manh hdn nUa. Them vao dd, tang sii phu thudc l l n nhau trong cdng ddng qud'e te va tham gia vao cac td chiie qud'e te cd the khuyen khich eac hanh vi hdp tac hdn eua Bac Kinh. Vi vay. thed trUdng phai nay, tha}^ vi kiem che thi nen giiip dd Trung Qud'e gia nhap he thd'ng quo'c te. Ld gich an sau va'n de can du toan dien vdi Bac Kinh la: mdt chien lUde nhU vay se tao dieu kien gan ket nhan thiic siic manh khu viic va toan cau vao he thd'ng khu viic, qudc te va ngan chan xung dot toan cau nhu da tifng xay ra vdi sii ndi len ciia Diic, Nhat. Cud'i cung trUdng phai nay cho rang hai nUde nen chia se ldi
ich chien lUdc de chiing td hdp tac la can thiet va kha thi.
TrUdng phai thii ba, cho rang hai each hieu tren dan tdi nhUng quan niem, chinh sach thai qua ve hdp tac hay dd'i dau. NhUng ngUdi thiie dung than trong tap trung vao kha nang eiia sU can bang quyen liic trong khu vUc hdn vao y dinh. Ho cho rang dii cd sU tang trUdng va phat trien manh ve kinh te, quan sii trong 2 thap ky qua, Trung Qudc van edn dd'i mat vdi nhieu va'n de trong nUdc va quo'c te. Do khoang each giUa tham vong va kha nang, chinh sach cua Trung Qud'e vdi cac nUde lang gieng can mem mong hdn; than trong hdn, tranh nay sinh xung dot. Chien lUde td't nhat vdi Trung Qud'e la thich iing vdi ldi ich ciia Trung Qud'e trong khi dieu chinh hanh vi ciia Trung Qudc thdng qua bien phap ldi keo cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ciia nUdc nay bang phan thudng va ddi dau vdi nhUng hanh vi khdng hdp tac thdng qua lien minh an ninh trong khu vUc.
Chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e do Chinh quyen Bill Clinton de ra viia nham muc dich thiic day nhUng muc tieu chinh sach phue vu cho Uu the vUdt trdi ciia Hda Ky (sU thinh vUdng kinh te, tang ldi ich qudc gia, anh hudng), viia thiic day md rong dan chii, thi trUdng tren toan the gidi.
Chinh sach ddi vdi Trung Qudc ciia Clinton khdng thd'ng nha't do khuynh hudng eiia Chinh quyen Clinton mud'n xoa diu ca cac nhdm ldi ich va Qud'e hoi. Clinton tim each gan viec cap quy che tdi hue qudc cho Trung Qudc vao muc tieu thiic day nhan quyen, mdt nhiem vu ma sau dd dng da phai thifa nhan la khdng the. Khi d giUa nhiem ky hai, Clinton bat dau xay diing chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qudc tren mot khudn khd cd tinh xay diing hdn.
mdt md'i quan he "dd'i tac chien lUde".
Nguyen nhan la do Chinh quyen Clinton nhan ra rang: ho can cd quan he hdp tac ciia Trung Qud'e trong viec giai quye't va'n de cam phd bien vii khi hat nhan, hoa binh va dn dinh tren ban dao Trieu Tien, td chiic va phd'i hdp giai quye't eac van de d cap do khu vUc va toan cau. NhUng ldi ich kinh te eiia Hoa Ky d Trung Qud'e cung la nhan td quan trong tac ddng tdi chinh sach eua Chinh quyen Clinton. Tdng the ed the goi chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e eiia Chinh quyen Clinton la chinh sach "can dii".
Ngay tii dau, Chinh quyen Bush cd each tiep can khac hoan toan trong viec giai quye't cac va'n de qud'e te.
Trong chien dich bau eif nam 2000, cac ed' va'n eiia Tong thd'ng Bush ung hd each sii dung siic manh ciia My de thiic day ldi ich qud'e gia, xay diing eac lien minh an ninh va eUdng quyet vdi cac dd'i thu tiem nang. Trif mdt sd' ngoai le, hau bet cd' va'n cao ca'p ve chinh sach dd'i ngoai deu la nhUng ngUdi ed tU tUdng bao thii, ciing ran, tifng phue vu trong Chinh quyen Reagan va Bush cha trifdc day. Ho phe phan each tiep can ciia Chinh quyen Clinton la qua mem mong, thieu quye't doan, chi quan tam tdi chii nghia da phifdng ma khdng tap trung vao ket qua cud'i ciing. Dieu nay cung cd the la do thien hUdng eiia nen chinh tri Hoa Ky. Dd la cac tdng thd'ng mdi se dUa ra chinh sach khac vdi tdng thd'ng tien nhiem, ban dau ed the la nham chiing td sii khac bi|t, tham chi la trai ngifdc vdi quan diem eiia tdng thd'ng tien nhiem. Theo James Mann, "Sau Chinh quyen Nixon, tat ca nhiing ai dUde bau vad Nha Trang khi nham chiic deu ed y dinh thay ddi phong each hoac chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qudc".'
it nha't ed hai khac biet ed ban giUa hai Chinh quyen Clinton va Bush trong hoach dinh chinh sach cua Hoa Ky dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e. Dd la: thit nhat, thay vi xem Trung Qud'e nhU mot "dd'i tac chien lUde"\ Chinh quyen Bush neu dac trUng quan he vdi Trung Qud'e mdt each phUe tap hdn.
trong dd hai nUde viia cd the hdp tac tren met sd' va'n de cu the, nhifng nhin chung cd xu hudng canh tranh hdn tren eac van de khac. Trong chien dich van ddng ciia minh, iing cU vien Bush da vai lan vi Trung Qud'e nhU
"dd'i thu canh tranh chien lUde" eiia Hoa Ky^ Khai niem nay dUdc nha'n manh trdng Bad cao qud'e phdng bd'n nam mdt lan (QDR) va bao cao Tdng quan tinh hinh hat nhan (NPR), trong dd coi Trung Qudc vUa la dd'i thii canh tranh quan sii tiem tang eua Hoa Ky tai chau A - Thai Binh DUdng va vUa la muc tieu ma Hoa Ky nen suy ngam ve viec sii dung vii khi hat nhan eiia nUde nay.
ThiC hai Id khac biet ve each tiep can chinh sach. Neu Clinton tim each gan nhUng tien bd ve nhan quyen vdi ca'p quy che td'i hue qudc cho Trung Qud'e hoac dieu chinh nhUng bat ddng trong cac va'n de cu the nham xem xet nhUng bd'i canh rong hdn trong quan he hai ben, thi Bush thdng qua mdt chinh sach phan doan gan vdi tifng va'n de cu the. Ndi each khac, Hoa Ky se tim kiem sii hdp tac vdi Trung Qud'e d nhUng linh viic ed the, nhUng se Cling ran trong giai quyet d nhUng va'n de can phai ciing ran. Dieu nay cd the giai thich tai sao ifng cii vien Bush lai iing hd viec ca'p quy che quan he thUdng mai binh thUdng vinh vien cho Trung Qudc (PNTR), nhUng Chinh quyen Bush cung san sang ap dung lenh trifng phat (it nhat 7 lan cho tdi gan day) vdi nhung gi ma
Bush cao budc Trung Qudc vi pham quy che ca'm phd bien vii khi hat nhan. Them vao dd, cac quan chiic cua Chinh quyen Bush, ke ca tdng thd'ng, cung chi ra rang, hdp tac hai ben trong va'n de chd'ng khung bd' se khdng dUdc sii dung la cd cho Trung Qud'e bien minh cho nhUng vi pham ve tdn giao va nhan quyen eiia minh*^.
Nguyen nhan cua sii thay ddi chinh sach nay dUde Co' va'n chinh sach ddi ngoai Condoleezza Rice giai thich la do Trung Qud'e cd "nhiing lai ich sdng con khong dUdc gidi quyet" vdi Dai Loan va bien Ddng, Trung Qudc ba't man vdi vai trd ciia My, Trung Qud'e khdng phai la qud'e gia thich sii nguyen trang ma mud'n thay ddi can bang quyen liic d chau A theo mong mud'n ciia minh. Ba Rice cho rang, chinh sach ap dung dd'i vdi dd'i thii chien lUdc la nen theo dudi sU hdp tac bat cii khi nao cd the, nhUng Hoa Ky cung "khong bao gid nen s(S ddi dau vdi Bac Kinh" khi ldi ich bi xung ddt.^
Viec xac dinh lai md'i quan he My - Trung nay cung phu hdp vdi chien lUdc toan cau do cac thanh vien chinh ciia ndi cac nhU Dick Cheney va Paul Wolfowitz vach ra vai nam trUde dd.
Chien lUdc nay nham muc tieu duy tri vi tri doe tdn eiia Hoa Ky tren the gidi. Nd vach ra mot trat tii the gidi trong dd Hoa Ky can ngan chan khdng de cho bat ki qudc gia nao hay lien minh nao trd t h a n h cUdng qudc va khdng cho ba't ki qud'e gia nao ndi len thanh dd'i thii toan cau bat ke liic nao.
Vdi quan diem chien lUdc nay, bat ki qudc gia nao du ehi gan d vi tri thach thiic vi tri ba quyen eua My nhU Trung Qud'e, ciing se la dd'i thu chien lUdc: "Muc tieu dau tien cda chung ta Id nhdm ngan chdn mot doi thu mdi lai ndi len. Day la doi hoi xem xet sii thd'ng tri ddng sau chien liicfc quo'c
phong khu viic mdi vd doi hdi chung ta no liic ngan chan bdt ki ciidng qudc thil dich nao thdng tri khu viic cd cdc nguon liic, diidi si/ kiem sodt chat che, du de tao ra ciidng qudc toan cdu. Cdc khu viic do bao gom Tdy Au, Dong A, lanh thd Lien Xd cu, vd Tdy Nam A."^
Vu khiing bd' 11/9 vao nUdc My tac ddng ra't Idn tdi quan he My - Trung.
Thu^ nhat, nd lam thay ddi tU duy chien lUde trong xay diing chinh sach dd'i ngoai eua nUde My. Nd khie'n Chinh quyen Bush dot nhien kham pha ra mot ke thii mdi hien thiie hdn - mdt md'i de doa tiic thdi hdn dd'i vdi an ninh My, chii khdng chi la mot dd'i thu tiem tang va lau dai - Trung Qudc.
Tren thiic te, trong tUdng lai gan, md'i de doa an ninh chii yeu vdi Hoa Ky khdng phai bat nguon tii cac eUdng qud'e Idn ma tii "nhUng mang ludi ngam" eiia chii nghia khiing bd' qud'e te. Trong bai phat hieu tai West Point vao thang 6/2002, Bush ehi ra r i n g hdp tac ciia cac nUde Idn trong cude chien ehd'ng khiing bd' thuyet phue dng rang: "chung ta cd cd hdi td't nhat ke tii khi cd sii xuat hien cua cdc nhd niidc ddn toe trong the ky XVH trong viec xay diing mot the gidi, ndi md cdc ciidng qudc canh tranh trong hod binh thay vi chudn bi cho chien tranh."''' Ban Chien lUdc An ninh qud'e gia (NSS) eua Nha Trang nam 2002 cung khang dinh lai y tUdng nay: "Hien nay, cdc ciidng qudc the gidi nhan thay ho d ciing phia - thd'ng nhdt bdi nhiing de doa chung tii bao loan vd khung bd'."'" Diia tren nhUng nhan thiic mdi nay, Ngoai trUdng Powell phat trien "chien lUdc quan he dd'i tac"
trUde khi he't nhiem ky. Ong cho rang cuoc chien chd'ng khiing bd' va viec xay diing quan he mang tinh xay diing giiia cac cUdng qud'e khdng loai trif lan
nhau. Hoa Ky thiie hien cude chien ehd'ng khiing bd' "vdi mdt mdt hiCdng ve sii hdp tdc giUa cdc ciidng qudc.""
ThiC hai. vu khiing bd' 11/9 da mang lai cd hdi cho Trung Qudc diing gan My hdn. Chac chan Washington khdng can mdt "dd'i thii chien lUdc" d Ddng A khi ho dang hi mac vao cude chien tranh du kich d Iraq. Trai lai, Washingtdn can sii hdp tac ciia Trung Qud'e hdn bao gid he't de duy tri sii dn dinh tai chau A - Thai Binh DUdng.
Quye't dinh chien lUde eiia Trung Qud'e nhanh ehdng iing hd cude chien chd'ng khiing bd cua Hoa Ky mot lan nUa lai dat Bac Kinh (it nha't la be ngoai) vao vi tri dd'i tac quan trong cua Washington. Dieu nay da cd tac ddng den sii dieu chinh chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e eiia Bush. Va de dap lai thien chi eiia Trung Qud'e, Bush quye't dinh dii hdi nghi APEC tai ThUdng Hai, ba't cha'p cude chien tai Afghanistan dang tiep diln, day cung la chuyen tham nUde ngoai dau tien tii sau vu khung bd 11/9. Bush tuyen bd neu hdi nghi khdng dUde td chiie d Trung Qudc, dng cd the se khdng tham du.'' Sau dd, vao thang 2/2002, Bush sang tham chinh thiie Bac Kinh trong chuyen tham ba nUde chau A. O Trung Qudc, Bush ca ngdi nd liic eiia Trung Qud'e trong cude chien chd'ng khung bd (WOT) va khuyen khich tang eUdng hdp tac an ninh va kinh te trong linh vUc nay. Day la dieu quan trong va khdng binh thifdng ve viec mdt Tdng thd'ng My tham mot nUde hai lan trong vai thang. Nd cho thay sU quan tam va thay ddi trong thai do eiia Bush ddi vdi Trung Qud'e. Cd the coi dd la bUdc dao dau cho viec thay ddi tiet tau chii dao trong chinh sach ciia My dd'i vdi Trung Qudc.
Trong cude gap dau tien vdi Chii tich Trung Qud'e, Bush chinh thiic tif
bd viec sii dung cum tii "dd'i thii chien lUdc". Bush bat dau gdi Trung Qud'e la
"mdt nUde Idn va khdng phai la mdt ke thu ciia My". Bush khang dinh "coi Trung Qud'e nhU mdt ngUdi ban ciia My" va tuyen bd' Hoa Ky tim kiem mdt md'i quan he "thang than, xay diing va hdp tac" (Candid, Constructive and Cooperative). Tinh tii "xay diing" va
"hdp tac" la nhUng gi ma Trung Qudc mdng mud'n trong khi tinh tif "thang than" dUde Hoa Ky them vao nhu sii du phdng cho kha nang xau ciia mdi quan he trong tUdng lai. Khai niem 3C nay cung lam sang td tU bat nguon tU thuat ngU IC (competitive) la canh tranh trUde dd. Trong phien dieu tran trUde Qud'e hdi thang 4/2002, Ngoai trUdng C. Powell khang dinh lai cdng thiic 3C de md ta quan he My - Trung.
Ong giai thich quan he 3C nay cu tlie la: "mdt mdi quan he mang tinh thdng thdn, xay diing vd hdp tdc Id nhiing gi chiing ta dang xay dUng vdi Trung Qudc: thdng thdn d nhiing chd chiing ta bdt dong; xay diing d nhiCng cho chung ta hieu ra tii nhiing viidng mac triidc do; vd hdp tdc d nhiing chd chiing ta CO chung ldi ich kinh te, khu viic hay toan cau."'' Trong budi tiep Thii tUdng On Gia Bao tai My vao thang 12/2003, Powell nha'n manh hdn vao quan he 3C nay: "Cdc ong thdng thdn, xay diing vd cdc ong tim kiem quan he hdp tdc vd dd chinh xdc la nhiing dieu chiing toi tim thay d Trung Qudc". Ong ndi rd: "chung toi can mot quan he nhU vay cho cdc the he trong tiidng lai de tdng ciidng vd md rong hod binh."''
Tuy nhien, nhU da de cap d tren, trong quan he My - Trung khdng ehi bao gdm khia canh "xay diing vd hdjj tdc', ma edn bao gdm ca khia canh
"thdng thdn" d nhUng van de bat ddng ha>' nghi ngd giiia hai nUdc. Chinh \i vav, khi cac nha ngoai giao dang nd lUc
tang CUdng phat trien quan he chinh tri giiia hai nUdc thi cac nha hoach dinh chien lUde quo'c phdng My van ludn can than de phdng vdi sU phat trien kinh te va siic manh quan sii eua Trung Qud'e.
Ndi each khac, bdng ma ve "md'i de doa Trung Qud'e" khdng bao gid bien ma't trong tam ly ciia mot sd' ngUdi My.
Nam dau tien trong nhiem ky hai cua Bush, va'n de Trung Qudc, sau khi da lang diu di mdt each dang ke tii ba nam trUdc. dot nhien lai trd thanh tam diem eiia cdng luan My.
Treng suo't nam 2005, phUdng tien truyen thdng My danh sd' lUdng thdi gian dang ke dUa tin ve Trung Qud'e va quan he My - Trung. Vd sd' cac tieu de bai bao, tin thdi sii, bai tap chi va sach tap trung vao eac van de kinh te - quan sii cd khiic mac trong quan he hai nUde. Chang ban ve kinh te, nhUng lo ngai nay sinh tii cac hau qua "toan cau hoa", tang dang ke ve gia dau do sii trdi day cua Trung Qud'e; cac vu mua lai cac cdng ty My ciia cac cdng ty Trung Qudc (nhU Tap doan Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) mua lai cdng ty dau Unocal, Haier mua cdng ty san xuat Maytag eiia My va Lenovo mua lai chi n h a n h may tinh ca nhan IBM). Ve quan sii, vd sd' bao cao cua Bd Qud'e phdng va Qud'e hdi deu mang am dieu dang ngai trUdc viec Trung Qud'e day manh xay diing quan ddi hien dai. Mot sd' ngUdi cdi dieu nay nhif la lan sdng khac ve "edn sd't Trung Qudc" trong cdng chiing My. NhUng ngUdi khac gdi la sii quay trd lai ciia sU bai ngoai "md'i de doa Trung Qud'e". NhUng dii ba't cii dien ta nao, ly do that sii dang sau cua lan sdng mdi nay la nhan thiic ve sii trdi day ciia Trung Qud'e nhU cUdng quo'c khdng Id ve kinh te va quan sii. Rd rang, mot sd chinh khach va lanh dao
quan sii va gidi tinh hoa My dang lo lang ve td'e do trdi day cua Trung Qud'e, dac biet ve quan sU. Viec sa lay tai Iraq ciing lam tang them sU lo ngai nay cua ho.
Nam bat dUdc va'n de nay, nhUng nha hoach dinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai Trung Qudc tim each lam diu di md'i lo ngai tii phia My va eac nUde khac.
Bdi vi, ho hieu rang neu khdng nd ciing se khdng mang lai sii dn dinh trong md'i quan he hai ben. Vi vay, tii nam 2002, gidi tinh hoa Trung Qud'e, dai dien la Zheng Bijian, tifng la Trd ly cho Chii tich Hd Cam Dao bat dau phat trien ly thuyet mdi ve "sii trdi day hda binh" nham giai quye't nguon gd'e sau xa sU hoai nghi ve Trung Qudc ciia phUdng Tay ndi chung va Hda Ky ndi rieng. Trong phat hieu nhan chuyen tham Hoa Ky, Tdng bi thu Giang Trach Dan cd' gang leo lai luan diem: Hoa Ky can mot khung chien lUdc mdi de nhin sU trdi day eiia Trung Qud'e nhu mot cUdng qud'e.
Zheng Bijian tuyen bd' Trung Qud'e se nam lay con dUdng mdi trdi day hda binh hoan toan khac vdi Diie, Nhat va Lien Xd cu. Con dUdng mdi dUde dac trUng bdi sii gan ket hdn la tach biet khdi tien trinh tdan eau hda kinh te.
Toan eau hda kinh te khien sii trdi day hda binh eiia Trung Qud'e la ed the. Su phat trien ciia Trung Qud'e can mdi trUdng hda binh, ddi lai, sii phat trien dd se cung cd' hdn nUa hda binh qud'e te. Tdm lai, sii trdi day hda binh ciia Trung Qudc mang lai nhUng cd hdi hdn la thach thiie chd cdng ddng qud'e te.
Thuyet "sii trdi day hoa binh" ciia Trung Qud'e rd rang cd tac ddng den nhan thiie eiia quan ehiic va gidi tinh hoa My. Thii trUdng Ngoai giao My Robert B. Zoellick cho rang: "Viec lam the nao ddi phd vdi siic manh dang
khdng ngiing trdi day eiia Trung Qud'e la mot va'n de quan trong trong chinh sach ngoai giao eiia My." Va dng neu ra quan diem "My phai thay ddi chinh sach "hoa nhap" trong 30 nam qua"
nham "giiip Trung Qud'e van dung hanh dong mang tinh xay diing."''' Phat bieu ciia Thii trUdng Ngoai giao Rober Zoellick ve md'i quan he hai nude vao thang 9/2005 la sii cu the hoa cho sii thay ddi nay'^ Trong phat bieu cua minh, Zoellick dat ra mot sd nen tang mdi trong quan he My - Trung. 6 n g dUa ra thuyet ve "Ben lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem".
Chinh sach nay nham dUa Trung Qud'e trd t h a n h "ben lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem" trong he thd'ng qudc te dang tdn tai do My giU vai trd chii dao. Trong dd, lan dau tien trong tuyen bd chinh thifc eua chinh quyen, dng chi ra rang, Trung Qudc khdng cd he tu tUdng ciic doan va chd'ng My va khdng tim each lat do he thdng quo'c te dang tdn tai. Ket luan nay cd ban cha'm diit sii tranh cai lau nay trdng cdng chiing My ve viec lieu Trung Qudc ed thanh mot Lien Xd ke tiep hay khdng trong ky nguyen hau Chien tranh Lanh. ZoeUick cung tuyen bd la Trung Qudc khdng con diing ngoai he thd'ng qud'e te. Sau hai thap ky cai each va md cifa, Trung Qudc da trd t h a n h thanh vien tdan dien cua he thd'ng qudc te. Dii Trung Qudc van chUa phai la mot nen dan chii, nhUng ban than Trung Qudc khdng bao gid tham gia vao cude chien chd'ng dan chu. Vi vay, Hoa Ky khdng can loai bd hdp tac lau dai vdi Trung Qud'e. k h a i niem thii vi nha't dUdc de ra trong phat hiiu nay la keu goi Trung Qudc trd thanh "ben lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem" trong he thdng qudc te dii dng khdng thiic sii giai thich cum nay cd nghia la gi.
Cum tii mdi "ben lien quan ldi ich ed trach nhiem" gay ra sii tranh luan sdi ndi trong gidi quan sat ve Hoa Ky ciia Trung Qud'e. Tranh luan trd nen thii vi hdn do tinh md hd ciia cum tU nay va khd khan trong viec dich sang tieng Trung Qud'e vdi mdt cum tU tUdng iing. Xua't hien mdt vai each dich khac nhau tren cac phUdng tien truyen thd'ng eiia Trung Qud'e. Mdt sd nha phan tich Trung Qud'e ehi ra rang Hoa Ky dang hinh thanh nen mdt chien lUdc mdi vdi Trung Qud'e va Hoa Ky s i n sang cha'p nhan sii trdi day cua Trung Qudc. NhUng ngUdi khac hoai nghi y dinh thiic sU ding sau khai niem nay. Ho chi ra ring, trong khi khai niem nay cho tha'y Washington chinh thiic cdng nhan Trung Qudc nhU thanh vien hdp phap ciia he thd'ng qud'e te hien thdi, nd cung cd nghia la hien thdi Washington se dat ra mdt bang ehuln cao hdn cho cac va'n de trong nUde va qudc te ciia Trung Qudc. Trong qua khii Hoa Ky cd the cho Trung Qud'e mot sd dd'i xif dac biet ve thUdng mai, nhan quyen, phd bien hat nhan... khi Trung Qud'e v l n la nUde diing ngoai he thd'ng, sU dd'i xii dac biet dd khdng edn dUde dam bao cho mdt ben hen quan ldi ich ed trach nhiem.
Cude dd'i thoai nhan thiie cdng khai nhu vay la ehUa tiing thay trong lich sif quan he My - Trung. Nd chi ra r i n g ea hai nUdc nhan tha'y sU cln thiet va tam quan trong eua viec tim^
ra khung nhan tbilc chien lUde mdi n h i m xac dinh va dn dinh quan he nay. My mud'n tim ra mdt \i do nhan thifc hdp ly de chap nhan va d niiic do nao dd tham ehi giiip dd sii trdi day eiia Trung Qudc vdi tU each la mdt cUdng qudc Idn. Dan dan, khai niem
"ben hen quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem"
n i m trdng ngdn ngii ciia My ve Trung
Qud'e. Cum tii nay n I m trong nhiing van kien chinh thiic d eac ca'p khac nhau trong Bo Ngoai giao, Nha T r l n g va Lau Nam gdc nhU dUdc phan anh trdng hai van kien gan day eiia chinh quyen la QDR va NSS. Trong chuyen tham My gan day eua Chu tich Trung Qud'e Ho Cam Dao, cac nha lanh dao hang dau hai nUdc rd rang cung cha'p thuan each ndi nay. Trong nhan xet hoan nghenh luat South Lawn cua Nha Trang, Tdng thd'ng Bush lan dau tien tu dung cum tii nay.'^ Doi lai, nhan xet ciia Chu tich Hd Cam Dao trong bUa an trUa tai Nha Trang cung de cap cum tii nay dii dng nhanh ehdng them rang Trung Qudc va My nen trd thanh "dd'i tac mang tinh xay diing".^^
Bat dau vdi khai niem ben lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem, cd ve cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cap cao trong Chinh quyen Bush ed' dUa ra mot tap hdp ngdn ngU mdi de dinh nghia ve Trung Qud'e va quan he cua My vdi nUde nay. Gan day, Hoa Ky van chUa san sang vdi sii trd lai cua ngdn ngU dudi thdi Clintdn va goi Trung Qudc la mdt "dd'i tac chien lUdc"
theo nghia rd rang. Cd ve Nha Trang v l n lo lang nhieu ve viec sii dung tif
"chien lUdc" de md ta quan he vdi Trung Qud'e gid'ng nhU nghia ciia cum tii "dd'i tac chien lUdc" vd'n dUde danh cho nhUng ddng minh cua My va cac nen dan chii (theo dinh nghia ciia My). Tuy nhien, do anh hUdng cua khai niem ben lien quan ldi ich cd trach nhiem, Hoa Ky hien san sang thao luan nhUng va'n de "chien lUdc"
trong quan he hai nUdc va cdng nhan Hoa Ky va Trung Qud'e cd mot so' "ldi ich chien lUdc" chung. NhUng dieu chinh chinh sach nay phan anh mot thiie te la quan he My - Trung da vUdt xa pham trii quan he song phUdng, hai nUde can phai hdp tac trong cac cdng viec chung de dd'i phd vdi muon
van thach thiie ciia qudc te thdi ky hau Chien t r a n h Lanh •
Chu thich:
1) Kenneth Lieberthal (1996), "A New China Strategy,"
in Agenda 1996: Critical Issues in Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), p. 183 2) Susan M. Puska (1998), New Century. Old Thinking:
The Dangers of The Perceptual Gap in U.S.-China Relations (CarHsle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, April 10, 1998).
3) James Mann (1999), About Face: .A History of America's Curious Relationship with China, from Nbcon to Clinton(New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1999), p. 130.
4) Ramon Hawley M\ers. Michel Oksenberg, and David L.
Shambaugh (eds.), Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush and Clinton Administrations (New York:
Rowman & Littlefield. 2001).
5) Council on Foreign Relations' website "Campaign 2000: the Candidates, Their Supporters & E.xperts Debate Foreign Policy" [http://www .foreignpolicy2000.org/library/index.html].
6) Rosemaiy Foot (2003). "Bush, China and Human Rights,"
Survival, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer 2003). pp. 167-186.
7) Rice, Cxjndoleezza (2000), "Promoting the National Interest,"
Foreign Affairs, Januaiy/February 2000, tr. 56.
8) Frontline. (2005). The War Behind Closed Doors.
httpy/ \v\\-N\ .pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fronlline/shows/ii'aq/ctc'wolf html 9) Bush, George W (2002) "Remarks by the President at
2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy," J u n e 1, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/200 20601-3.html.
10) White House (2002), "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America," September 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf
11) Powell, Colin (2004), "A strategy of partnerships"
Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2004, tr. 4, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20040101 facssay83104-
p50/colin-l-powell/a-strategy ofpartnerships.html.
12) Zhiqun Zhu (2006), US - China Relations in the 21st Century, Routledge, Taylor & Francis, tr. 113
13) Powell, Colin (2002a) Testimony Before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, April 24, 2002, http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/
2002/9685.htm.
14) Powell, Colin (2003) Remarks at dinner honoring Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, December 8, 2003, http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/
2003/26973.htm.
15) "Xu hil6ng dieu chinh chien lUdc cua Chinh quyen Bush doi vdi Trung Quoc". TTXVN, TLTKDB, Trl-9,2006
16) Zoellick, Robert (2005a) "Whither China: from membership to responsibility," remarks to National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, September 21,
2005, http://www.ncuscr.org /articlesandspeeches/Zoellick.htm.
17) Bush, George W. and Hu Jingtao (2006a) , "President Bush and President Hu of People's Republic of China participate in arrival ceremony," April 20, 2006.
http://ww\v.whitehouse.gov
/news/relcascs'2006/04/images/20060420_v042006db- 0046jpg515h.html.
18) Bush, George W, and Hu Jingtao (2006b), "President Bush and People's Republic of China President Hu change luncheon toasts," .April 20, 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/04/200 60420-2.html.
