Nghien cini Ton giao Sd 08 (134), 2014,88-95 NGO THI BfCH*
\AA VAI TRO CUA PHAT GIAO DDI V 0 I TINH T H A N DOC LAP TlT CHU THCH BINH - TIEN LE
Tdm tdt: Bdi viit phdn lich vai trd ciia Phdt gido ddi vdi tinh thdn ddc lap tu chii thdi Dinh - Tien Le, the hien tren nhieu Unh vuc nhu ehinh tri, vdn hda. xd hdi. gido due. dgc biet la thdng qua vai trd quan trpng cua nhiing vi cao tdng tieu bieu nhu Khudng Viet, Phdp Thuan. Van Hanh.
Tu khda: Phdt gido, linh thdn. doc lap. lu chu. y thiie. ddn toe, Dinh - Tien Le.
1. Dat van de
Trong sudt ehieu dai lich su, tinh than doe lap tu chu hinh thanh gan lien vdi truyen thdng dung nude va giu nude ciia nhan dan Viet Nam; la ngon duoc soi dudng giup ngudi dan nude Viet vugt qua mgi khd khan, chien thang moi ke thu xam luge. Thdi dai md dau cho tinh than ay la cac trieu Dinh - Tien Le (968 - 1009). Nhiing yeu td quan trgng gdp phan hinh thanh tinh than ddc lap tu ehCi trong cae trieu Dinh - Tien Le ngoai truyen thdng yeu nude, truyen thdng van hda.... cdn cd su ddng gdp cua Phat giao vdi tu each la mdt thuc the xa hdi. Dieu nay the hien ro qua vai trd quan trgng cua cac cao lang nhu Khudng Viet. Phap Thuan, Van Hanh tren cuang vj la cd van chinh iri, quan su. ngoai giao.
2. Phat giao vdi y thuc dan toe thdi Dinh va Tien Le
Trong the ky X. nha nude dgc lap mdi dugc xay dung dang dan tu cLing cd. Trong bdi canh dd. bao luc va quan su la ung xu trdi ciia cac dng vua va bd may nha nude. Song dang ngac nhien la. chinh nhiJng dng vua tirng "dat vac dau giua san. nudi hd bao trong cCii" de tran ap moi chdng ddi, lai img hd Phat giao. Phat giao khi ay da lan rdng h4u nhu khap mgi mien ciia ca nude. Mdt Idp eao tang ngudi Viet la tri thirc duong thdi da xuat hien. Luc lugng Phal giao thuc su tham gia vao cudc
" ThS.. nghien cuu sinh, Khoa Ton giao hgc. Hgc vien Khoa hgc \5 hgi. Vien Han
lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam.
Ngo Thj Bich. Vai tro cua Phat giao... 89
van ddng giai phdng dan toe, d i m g vao hang ngu nhan dan chdng ap buc, gianh lai nen doc lap cho 6k\ n u d e ' .
S u phat trien ciia Phat giao trong ldng xa hdi Viet N a m d the ky X mdt mat do he thdng t u t u d n g ciia tdn giao nay cd nhieu net t u a n g ddng vdi van hda Viet N a m . mat khac do su ddng gdp Idn lao ciia nhieu cao tang trong viec thdng nhat va phat trien cac he phai Phat giao. N h d su phat trien manh me ay ma Phat giao t r d thanh mdt edng cu tinh than de xay dung va quan ly dat nude: " K h i dat nude dugc ddc lap cDng la liic uy tin va vai trd xa hoi cua luc lugng Phat giao dugc khang dinh. Nha nude ddc lap non tre lai dang can mdt diem tua ve y thirc, mot cdng cu tinh than de xay dung va quan ly day nude. Trong khi d d , cac dudng m d i ciia Nho giao lai chua phat trien day du. Trong tinh hinh dd, Phat giao lat nhien chiem dugc mdt dja vj uu thang"-^
T h d i D i n h - Tien Le, nhieu vi cao tang tham gia cd van chinh trj cho vua, dugc ggi la Qudc su nhu Van Hanh. Thdng Bien. Vien C h i e u . . . Hg gop phan xay dung dat nude thdng qua quan diem chinh trj ve van nude.
Quan niem van nude ra ddi trong bdi canh lich sir dan tgc cudi the ky X . trong nude thi nan be phai tranh gianh. nhan dan thdng khd; ben ngoai thi nha Tdng lam le xam luge, quan Chiem Thanh gay su. Trong bdi canh nhu th6, Le Dai Hanh tham van Thien su Phap Thuan. Quan diem chinh tri ciia vj thien su nay the hien ro qua bai tha Van nuac ciia dng"'.
Viec cae eao tang ddng vai trd quan trgng trong giai quyet chinh sir chirng td anh hudng to Idn ciia hg vdi hai trieu Dinh - Tien Le. Hg dem tai nang va tri tue giitp vua Dinh Tien Moang va vua Le Dai Hanh giu gin nSn ddc lap t u chu ciia dan tdc. Sd dT cac cao tang xac djnh duae vi the.
tao dugc niem l i n va su trgng dung ciia cac vua D i n h - Tien Le bdi vi ho quan tam thuc su ddi vdi van menh dat nude. Hg la nhtrng ngudi rat cd y thiie ve qudc gia dan tgc. Nha vua luon can tdi tri thiic ciia hg de trj qudc binh thien ha. Su phat trien ciia Phal giao vdi vai trd la y thirc dan tdc djnh hinh rd ret Irong mgi lang Idp nhan dan:
"Phat giao nha D i n h . Tien Le dugc truyen ba rdng rai trong nhan dan.
Cac tang Idp quan chiing dan gian thi tim thay d dao Phat mot niem an iii cho ddi sdng khd cue ciia m i n h . sau hon 1.000 nam sdng dudi ach thdng Irj ha khac ciia phong kien Phuang Bac va sau nhirng nam trong nude bj loan lac do cac luc lugng phong kien chia re. ga\ be phai danh nhau tranh gianh quyen the ( . . ) . Liic n a \ . tang sT giu mdt vai trd quan trgng. W) la
Nghien cifu Ton giao. So 8 - 2014
mdt luc lugng chmh tri va kinh te vung vang, ndm doc quyen ve van hda nghe thuat. C u n g v d i cae vua Dinh, Tien Le su dung cac thien su, tri thuc ciia dan tdc luc bay g i d vao viec tri vi dat nude tat se chju anh hudng cua he tu t u d n g Phat giao. V a thuc td nha Dinh, tiep theo nha Tien Le da ISy tu t u d n g Phat giao lam he t u t u d n g chii dao de t r i n u d e , tire Phat giao gii>
dia v i doe tdn d u d i trieu f ) i n h va T i e n Le""*
N h i e u cao tang th6 hien dugc vai trd cd van quan su. trd thanh luc l u g n g hd t r g dae lire cho trieu d i n h . De chuan bj cho mdt cude chien tranh di den thang l g i , Le D a i Hanh da tien hanh mdt cudc van ddng sue manh toan dan, trong dd cd ca ngudi tai tham gia vao cudc chien tranh nay. Cac nhan tai t r i thuc, nhat la cac nha su, da tham gia cudc van ddng nay m d t each tich cue. Thien su Van Hanh giup vua t i n h toan ve tuang quan luc l u g n g giira ta va giac de cd su chuan bi chu tat. D a i su Khudng V i e t den eau nguyen lai nui V e L i n h de cudc chien chdng thanh cdng.
Thien su Phap Thuan soan t h u tri hoan cudc tan cdng eiia quan T d n g de quan la cd them t h d i gian chuan bj luc l u g n g .
M o t sd cao tang cdn tham gia tich cue vao mat tran dau tranh ngoai giao. ddng gdp tich cue cho su nghiep bao ve nen ddc lap t u chii ciia dan tgc. Hg da dimg tai nang cua m i n h , nhat !a sir dung van c h u a n g nhu mpt cdng cu dac luc. Cac tac pham van chuang ciia hg the hien rd quan diem chinh t r i . n h u phat bieu cua Thien su Phap Thuan t r o n g bai Van nuac.
Cac tac pham van c h u a n g nay dat den mdt miic do rat cao m d i cd the the hien dugc khuynh hudng ndi bat ciia ddng van hgc t h d i su, tap trung cao do vao van de ndng bdng nhat ciia dan tdc thdi bay g i d la chii quyen dan tgc va lam chii dat nude.
V a n c h u a n g dugc nhieu tang sT su dung lam vu k h i trong cudc dau tranh bao ve va xay d u n g nen dgc lap t u chii ciia Dai C d Viet. Day la diem chung ciia eac cao tang nhu Khudng Viet. Phap Thuan va Van Hanh. " D d n g t h a t h d i su V i e t N a m bat dau vdi D i n h K h d n g bay g i d den Phap Thuan va K h u d n g V i e t rdi Van Hanh da t r d thanh ddng t h a ehii luu ciia nen van hgc V i e t N a m " ' . Dieu dd chirng td m g i sinh Igc eiia dan tdc deu tap trung vao su nghiep xay dung chu quyen qudc gia va k i ^ n thi^t mdt nen thai binh cho dat nude. Sir kien ngoai giao d i ddn L y Giac nam 986 the hien su trudng thanh ciia y thirc ddc lap t u chu cua dan tdc irong m g i lang Idp nhan dan. Vua Le Dai Hanh nhan thay lam quan trgng ciia the dien qudc gia nen da chgn va eu ngudi tai gioi de giao thiep vdi sir
Ngd Thj Bich. Vai tro cua Phat giao... 91
than nha T d n g . Thien su Phap Thuan, ngudi dugc vua lua chgn cho su klen nay dai dien eho mdt tang Idp t r i thirc rat dac biet, t r i thuc Phat giao.
N h u vay, viec nang th6 dien qudc gia trudc su than cua nha T d n g trong bdi canh hg v i n lam le thdn tinh nude m i n h chung t d vua Le thuc su y thirc dugc nen dgc lap t u chii cua dan tdc. Gdp phan cdng sire rat Idn trong su nghiep dd la nhu-ng nhan vat Phat giao ndi tieng nhu Khudng Viet. Phap Thuan, Van Hanh.
De khang djnh y thirc dan tgc dugc gay dung tir t u t u d n g Phat giao, cac vua D i n h - Tien Le quan tam den viec djnh pham trat cho ddi ngu Tang thdng: " K h i D i n h Tien Hoang quy dinh thii' bac cap van vo. thi cung trieu tap tang sT. Cac tang sT tai gioi dugc vao hoang thai mieu. Dinh Tien Hoang cdn an dinh pham trat cho cac tang sT, dao sT cho Phap su Truang M a N i , chirc Siing Chan uy nghi, cho Phap su Dang Huyen Quang. Phat giao nude ta dugc trieu dinh cdng nhan tir dd va tang sT cd djnh giai pham khi ay cung la lan dau tien'"*^. Viec quy djnh cac chirc quan tang dao ddng thdi vdi viec xay dung bg may nha nude chirng td vua Dinh chu trgng den vj tri cua tdn giao, nhat la Phal giao. Nha Le tiep theo cung theo dudng ldi dd ciia nha D i n h .
Trong bdi canh dat nude cd nhieu bien ddng. nhan tai dugc trgng dung da phan thudc ve t r i thirc Phal giao. D u d i thdi D i n h - Tien Le.
viec m d mang dan tri va bao ve dgc lap dan tgc deu dua vao Phat giao.
Dieu nay de hieu, vi luc lugng i r i thirc Phal giao liic d d . tieu bieu nhu Khuong V i c t , Phap Thuan va Van Hanh. la nhung ngudi ndi trdi trong trieu dinh ve mat tri ihirc. dao dire va le nghTa. Phal giao da khang dinh vai trd cua m i n h trong ddi sdng chinh trj xa hdi dat nude thdi Dinh - Tien Le, la nen lang quan trgng cho su hung thinh cua tdn giao nay trong cac trieu dai ve sau'.
Y thiie diin tdc djnh hinh tren co sd t u tudng Phat giao cung tac ddng trd lai, tao dieu kien cho Phat giao phat trien. T h d i Dinh - Tien Le, ben canh eac trung tam Phat giao hinh ihanh tir trudc, lieu bieu n h u trung lam Dai La \ d i chiia Khai Qudc (chiia Tran Qudc nga\' nay), xuat hien them nhiJ-ng trung tiim Phat giao m d i . lieu bieu nhu trung tam Hoa L u vdi nhieu ngdi chiia thap \ a ciic cdi kinh ciia M a i tdng.
V d i sir phal iricn nhu \i\\. ddng gdp cua Phat giao ddi vdi viec xay dyng y ihiic dan tgc thdi Dinh - Tien Le la rat Idn. Phat giao tda rdng \ : i
92 Nghien CUXJ Ton giao. So 8 - 2014
tham sau vao d d i sdng cua dan chung va trieu d i n h . D a y la tien de cho sir phat trien ciia cac thien phai t h d i ky nay, gdp phan lam phong phu y thuc dan tgc. Hai thien phai Idn tieu bieu cho y thuc he Phat giao dan tdc la Ty N i Da L u u C h i va V d N g d n T h d n g van tiep tuc phat trien t r o n g thdi Dinh - T i e n L e : " T r o n g khoang t h a i gian do, theo Thien uyen tap anh, thudc ddng thien T y N i D a L u u Chi cd cac nha su the he m u d i n h u Phap Thuan, M a Ha, thd he m u d i mdt n h u Thien O n g , Siing Pham, the he thir m u d i hai n h u V a n H a n h . . . Cdn Irong ddng thien V d N g d n T h d n g cd nhCi-ng nha su the he thir ba n h u Van Phong, the he t h u t u n h u Khudng Viet, the he thir nam n h u Da B a o . . . " " -
Tir m d i nen Phat giao quyen nang. do yeu cau ciia ljch sii-, vao dau ky nguyen ddc lap. Phat giao V i e t N a m da bien ihanh mdt nen Phat giao chdng ngoai x a m . Day la mdt trong nhtrng thanh t u u cd y nghTa nhat trong giai doan Phal giao V i e t N a m thinh dat. G i d i Phat giao da tich cue tham gia vao phong trao van ddng ddc lap vdi mdt ly luan van ddng het sire rd net. Nhia-ng ngudi con Phat, khdng phan biet tai gia hay xuat gia, ciing nhau doan ket, qua nhieu lan dien tap, cudi ciing thanh cdng, gianh lai dugc dgc lap cho T d qudc va thdng nhat dat nude ve mdt m d i , dat nen mdng cho ky nguyen van m i n h Dai V i e t phat trien rue r d huy hoang trong gan 1.000 nam'^.
Net dac trung ciia Phat giao thdi ky nay la viec gan bd giti-a Phat giao vdi chinh quyen doe lap. G i d i Phat giao ludn cd quan he chat che vdi nhieu van de trgng dai cua dat nude, nhat la van de dau tranh ehdng giac ngoai x a m . Dieu nay cd the thay rd qua cudc ddi cua mdt sd cao tang nhu Khudng V i e t . Phap Thuan, Van Hanh. Hg da ddng gdp nhieu cdng sire trong viec gianh lai nen dgc lap dan tgc. Theo Nguyen Lang, ed bon ly do cac nha su tham d u chinh sir: Thir nhat. hg la nhu-ng ngudi cd hgc. cd y thiic qudc gia. sdng gan gui vdi quan chirng va bi6t dugc nhCfng kho dau ciia ngudi dan bi dd hd va bdc lot ha khac. Thii- hai, hg khdng mudn tranh ngdi vua. khdng gianh quyen binh va dia vj ngoai ddi nen dugc vua tin tuang. Thii- ba. hg khdng cd chap vao thuyet trung quan. nen hg cd th^
cdng tac vdi bat cir dng vua nao dem lai hanh phuc cho dan. T h i r t u , cac vua can sire hgc ciia h g , nhat la trong thdi D i n h - T i e n Le, cac vua deu khdng phai thudc gidi tri thuc. N h o sT cung khdng cd may n g u d i , lai chi trung thanh dugc vdi mdt trieu d a i ' " .
Ngo Thj Bich. Vai tro cua Phat giao... 93
V d i bdn ly do d d , Phat giao da tham gia tich cue vao cac van de dan tgc, nhat la ddc lap dan tdc. He t u t u d n g Phat giao da dap img nhu cau Ijch su va the hien dugc mong udc thai binh ngan ddi cua dan tdc ta. Dan tpc Viet N a m t i m dugc d Phat giao mdt t u tudng tien b g : "Cac vua D i n h , Tien Le trgng dung tang sT. sir dung Phat giao. Dire tri la dudng ldi trj nude ciia Phat g i a o " ' '
T u thdi Tien Le. lan dau tien Phat giao cd mot td chirc thdng nhat dirng dau la Tang thdng. K h i cd mdt td chue thdng nhat. Phat giao ddng gdp tich cue va hieu qua ban cho dan tdc. Ngdi chiia la trudng hgc ban chinh quy day dii cac mdn hgc. khdng chi gidi han trong kinh dien Phat giao. Cac nha su thudng la ngudi hieu biet rdng, cd the dam duang va hoan thanh xuat sac nhQ-ng nhiem vu ma lich sir giao phd. trong dd ndi bat nhat la nhiem vu bao ve nen ddc lap ciia T d qudc va phat trien dat nude. C d the n d i , ngdi chiia la nai dao tao nhan tai cho dat nude. Nen giao due nha chiia nay sau han 1.000 nam tdn tai da hoan thanh xuat sac nhiem vu ciia nd va se chuyen giao lai cho mdt nude Dai Viet ddc lap dam trach. N h u the, nen giao due do Phal giao thuc hien trong ban mot thien nien ky la mdt nen giao due ciia dan ldc ddi khang lai vdi nen giao due nd dich do cac chinh quyen Phuang Bac l i m mgi each ap dat vdi muc dich ddng hda va cudi ciing thii tieu mgi y chi dau tranh cho dgc lap. Nen giao due nay thuc hien thanh cdng chirc trach ciia minh dao lao, cimg cd va xay dung y thirc dan ldc thdi ky dgc lap t u chii.
Vao dSu ky nguyen ddc lap. Phat giao Viet Nam da thuc sir hda minh vao dan tdc, vao nhiem vu dau tranh gianh ddc lap, chii quyen va phal trien dat nude. Phat giao anh hudng manh me den each trj nude ciia cac vj vua D i n h - T i e n Le. Cudc ddi va su nghiep ciia Dai su Khudng Viet, vj Tang thdng dau tien ciia ljch sir Phat giao Viet N a m la mdt minh chimg rd net'"
3. Kct luan
Phat giao thdi D i n h va Tien Le la nen tang cho sir thdng nhat Phat g i i o , tinh than doan ket hda hgp, ciing cd hda binh. xay dung dat nude phon v i n h , vSn m i n h tien bd trong thdi dai dgc lap t u chii. Ngoai su phat huy dao phap, Phat giao khdng quen nd lire hd qude an dan, lam cho cudc song them t d i dep. Phat phap them hoan b j . iing hd nhuTig nha lanh dao biet lo cho dan va vi dan. Phat giao da phat hu> dugc tieng ndi ciia minh trong nhieu ITnh vi/c nhu chinh Irj. van hda. xa hdi, giao due. gdp phan
94 Nghien ciru Ton giao, So 8 - 2014
m a n g lai h d a b i n h , d d c lap t h d n g n h a t dat n u d e . T i n h t h a n d o a n ket la sue m a n h t d n g h g p eiia d a n t d c , m a P h a t g i a o la c h a t k e o g a n ket c a c t h a n h p h a n t d c n g u d i va tdn g i a o k h a c n h a u t a o t h a n h m o t x a hdi d a t g c n g u d i v a d a tdn g i a o , n h u n g d o a n ket vQ-ng m a n h . S u h i e n d i e n ciia P h a t giao t r o n g bd m a y c h i n h q u y e n t h d i D i n h va T i e n Le la t i n h t h a n n h a p the trach n h i e m c u a tdn g i a o nay d d i v d i v a n m e n h d a n t g c . / .
CHU T H I C H :
1 Nguyin Tai Thu chu bien (1988), Lich su Phdt gido Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc x a h o i . Ha Noi: 1 2 2 - 123.
2 Nguyen Tai Thu chu bien {1988), Z./c/i«fP/?a/g;wo Viet Nam. sdd: 123.
3 Le Manh That (2001), Lich sir Phal gido Viet Nam. tap 2. Tir Ly Nam De (544) din Ly Thdi Tdng (1054), Nxb, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh: 466
4 Nguyin Dai Dong (2012). Phdt gido Viet Nam (tir khoi nguyen din 1981), Nxb.
Van hgc. Ha Noi: 80.
5 Lg Manh That (2001), Lich sir Phdt gido Viet Nam. tap 2 Tir Ly Nam Di (544) din Ly Thai Tong (1054). sdd: 510.
6 Nguyin Dai D6ng (2012), Phdi gido Viet Nam (lir khdi nguyen den 1981). sdd: 80.
7 Le Thi Kim Dung (2011), "Vai tro cua cac thiSn su d6i vdi sir nghiep bao ve nin dgc lap dan toe thdi Dinh - Tien Le", trong Truong Dai hge Khoa hgc Xa hgi v^
Nhan van, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi - Hgc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai Ha N^i, Ky yeu Hgi thao Quoc sir Khudng Viet vd Phdt gido Viet Nam ddu ky nguyen dpc /ap, Ha N o i . 4 1 3 - 4 1 5 .
8 Nguyin Tai Thu chii bien (1988), Lich su Phdt gido Viet Nam, sdd, 131.
9 Le M^nh That (2001), Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam, lap 2: Tu- Ly Nam Di (544) din Ly Thdi Tong (1054). sdd: 676.
10 Nguyin Lang (2000). Viet Nam Phdt gido sir ludn, tap I-II-III, Nxb. Van hgc, H^
Noi: 1 8 5 - 186.
11 Minh Chi (2003), Truyen thong vdn hoa vd Phdt gido Viet Nam. Nxb. Ton giao, Ha Noi: 107- 108.
12 Nguyin Thi Thiiy Nhung (2011), "Tir vai tro cua Dai su Khu6ng Viet nhin lai anh huong cua Phat giao doi vdi lich sU Viet Nam d^u ky nguyen dgc lap", trong Trircrng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Noi - Hgc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai Ha Noi, Ky yeu Hgi thao Qudc sir Khudng Viil vd Phgl gido Viet Nam ddu ky nguyen dgc lap. Ha Noi: 172 - 178.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1, Minh Chi (2003), Truyen thong vdn hda vd Phdt gido Viet Nam, Nxb, Ton gi^o.
Ha Noi.
2. Nguyin Hong Duong - Thich Tho Lac dong chii bien (2010), Phdt gido thai Dmh vd Tien Le trong cong cuoc dyng nir&c vd giir nude. Nxb. Khoa hgc xS hgi Ha Npi
Ngo Thj Bich. Vai tro cua Phat giao...
3. Dgi Viel su ky todn thu. Idp I. Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Ngi, 2006.
4. Nguyin Dai Ddng (2012), Phgl gido Viel Nam (tir khdi nguyen din 1981), Nxb.
van hgc. Ha Ngi.
5. Nguyen Duy Hinh (1999), Tu tuang Phgl gido Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi.
6. Nguyen Lang (2000). Viel Nam Phdt gido su ludn, tap l-II-Ml. Nxb. Van hgc. Ha Ngi.
7. Le M^nh That (2001), Lich sir Phgl gido Viet Nam, lap 2: Tir Ly Nam Di (544) din Ly Thdi Tong (W54), Nxb. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh.
8. Nguyin Tai Thu chu bien (1988), Lich su Phdt gido Viel Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi.
9. Truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi - Hgc vien Phat giao Viet Nam t^i Ha Ngi (2011), Ky yeu Hgi thao Qudc su Khudng Vi4t vd Phdt gido Viet Nam ddu ky nguyen doc lap. Ha Ngi.
