AN TOAN TRONG CONG TAC DIEU KHIEN DA VACH
LTS: Khai thac than ham 16 flong gop lirong "vang flen' chu yeu cho nen kinh te qudc dan, flac biet quan trgng l<hi he so hoc dat da tren 1 tan than khai thac ngay cang cao. Tuy nhien, khai thdc theo phuong thuc ham 16 cung da va dang tiem an nhieu nguy co gay su cd nghiem trong va TNLD chet nguoi. Mgt trong nhung nguy co ion la sut, sap da vach. Tap chi BHLO xin gidi thieu "Nhiifng yeu cau CO bin dim bao an toan trong cong tac dieu khien da vach", do Cong ty CP Than Mong Duong bien soan trong khuon kho' DU an "Cai thien DKLV trong DN, tap trung giam thie'u TNLD trong ilnh vuc khai thac khoang sin, suf dung dien va xay dung" thugc Chuong trinh Quoc gia ve AT-VSLD giai doan 2006- 2010 de ban dgc, DN tham Ithio, ap dung.
I. NHUNG KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE AP LUC MO 2. Cac dau hieu co ban de xac djnh ap IQc tac 1 Ap IQc Md" '^9"9 '^" ^' chdng 16 la dn dmh gom:
La Igc tdc dung len Id chg, do da vach co ban va vach , " ^!^^ "^'^^ ^^^ ^^at via hoac vung dat da dpc theo true tidp gay ra ma dae bidt la Idp da vach true tie'p. Khoang ^^^^^ '° ° " ^i""^-
khflng gian dudi ldp dd vach cang Idn thi ap lgc tac dung .., ' ^dng va ndc Id duge chen kfn vd khdng hoac ft bj Idn vi chdng Id cho cang tang. Khi khai thac Id cho, sau '^'^'^ ^^"9'
mflt ehu ky khau guong Id eho tidn ve phfa trude mdt tidn " ^^c vi chdng cdn nguygn ven, khflng xg Ifch;
dfl thi khoang trdng dudi da vach eung tang tuong Qng ddn " ^hdng co hifn tQgng lo gQOng hoac bung ndn.
ddn ap lgc Ign Id chg tang, gdy khd khan eho cflng tac 3. Cac yeu to d!a^chat,_dao lo ccf ban lam tang ap chdng dd. De giam ap Igc nay ngudi ta phai tidn hanh didu ^^^ ' " ° '®" '^'^""S ^'^°".9 ' ° 9°'"=
khidn da vach. Vay didu khidn da vach la mdt bien phap " ^^°^ ^^^ ^^^ *° ^!^ ^^3*-
lam giam ap luc len Id cho bang each chd'ng chd khoang ^ ^au tao via, Idp than, da khdng dn dmh (vd chidu trdng dudi Idp da vach trong Id chg. day, gdc ddc va phuong vj)
Khi dao cae dudng Id, ham tram trong da't da nguyen * f^^ay pha, ^
khdi thi trang thai can bang trong dat da bj pha huy. Sau "^ 9^ '^'^"9 ^^^ l^^'^' ^^ ^^^'' khoang thdi gian nhat dinh, da't da xung quanh se bi ran ^ ^"^ ^^^"9 ^^^ "^^^ "S^'"'
nQt, dich chuydn, sut Id. Nguyen nhdn ciia hidn tuong nay " ^hom cac yeu td vd didu kif n khai thac:
Id do xuat hidn ap iuc tac ddng len dat da d xung quanh ^ ^hdng dam bao quy trinh ddo Id vd chdng giQ;
khoang trdng lam cho dat da tach khdi khdi nguyen lap ^ ^^^"9 lo di khdng dung Idp, dung hudng;
day khoang trong da dao. .+ Thi^t ke Id di khdng hgp ly, dae bift la tinh trang di Do tae ddng eua trong luc lam phat sinh dp luc, tri sd • '^P "^^^^ '^®'
eua ap Igc phu thudc vao trpng lugng cua chfnh khdi dat "" ^'^^^"9 P^^p ddo va kdt cau chdng giQ chQa phu da cd kha nang dich ehuyen d xung quanh dudng Id, dp "^P'
lgc ndy tae dung Idn vi chd'ng va dugc gpi la ap lgc md. ^ ^a." ^ac khu vgc khai thac eu, cd Id eu.
Vdy nguyen nhan phat sinh dp luc md la do trang thai ^" ^^^^ ^^^'^ P^"^-
can bang Qng IQC to nhien ciia dat da bi pha huy khi ta dao ^^c djnh phQong phap dao va kgt cau chdng giQ Id trong da't dd nguyen khdi. P^^ ^dP vdi didu kif n dja chat;
- Ap Igc ndc Id - Nguyen nhdn do tai trpng eua than va , " ^^m bao quy trinh dao va chdng giQ. Oi dung hudng, da (da vach trQc tidp; da vach co ban) phfa tren ndc Id tae '^'^"9 ldp thiet ke;
ddnq Idn vi chdng ' ^ ° 9'^' P'^^P ^'^°"9 9'^^ ^^^ '^'^^ *?' ^^^ ^^^ vQC gan - Ap IQC hdng va ndn Id - Nguyen nhdn do su phdn bd '° ^^' P^^y P*^^, nude, chidu day thay ddi Idn...;
lai nfli luc khi tao ra khoang trdng, phan than (hoac dat da ''"'^" ^^nh danh sap phan dat da vach phia sau hdng Id, ndn Id cd xu hudng xd vao phfa trong dudng Id), "^^o^ng trdng da khai thae de lam giam dp luc mo Idn 56 BAO HO LAO DONG 9/2011
HUONG DAN, A N TOAN - SCrC KHOE - M 6 | T R I / C U N C
khung chdng.
II. AN TOAN TRONG CAC PHITUNG PHAP DIEU KHIEN OA VACH
1. Cd 3 phuong phap didu khidn da vach co ban:
- Phuang phap dieu khien da vach bSng pha hoa: la phuong phdp duge sQ dung phd bidn trong khai thdc Id eho d Vif t Nam. Phuong phap ndy khdng chd sg gia tang khoang trdng dudi Idp da vach bang viee pha sap Idp da vdch xudng khoang trdng da khai thac va lap day khoang trdng nay. Phuong phap nay chia thanh 2 loai:
+ Phd hoa toan phan: la pha sap toan bp dd vach dd lap day khoang trdng da khai thac theo tien dp tQng ehu ky khai thdc. Phuong phap nay dugc dp dung cho cdc khu khai thac khdng phai bao vf dja hinh trdn mat da't hoac khai thdc dudi sdu. Vifc pha hoa nay duge dp dung eho da vach cd dp cQng tQ yg'u ddn trung binh, tQong dd'i dd sap dd, via than khdng ed tfnh tg chay.
+ Pha hoa tQng phan: la pha sap da vach tQng doan theo chidu dai Id chg, nhQng doan edn lai doge lap day bang dat da ed s i n trong Id. PhQong phdp nay ed didu kidn ap dung tuong tg phuong phdp pha hoa toan phan ngu tren nhung cd thgm didu kif n trong via than cd nhidu Idp dd kep, ed the tan dung Idp da nay de lap vao khoang trdng lam tang chat lugng than, giam ehi phf van tai.
- Phuang phap dieu khien da vach bang chen Id: la phuong phdp khdng chd sg gia tang khoang trdng dudi Idp da vach bang vifc lap vat lifu chdn Id vdo khoang trdng da khai thac. Phuong phap nay dugc chia thanh 2 loai:
+ Chen Id todn phan: la dua vat lifu chdn vao lap day toan bfl khoang trdng da khai thac theo tidn dp tQng ehu ky khai thae. Cd nhidu bifn phap dua vat lifu chdn vdo lap khoang trdng da khai thac: Chen thii edng, chen Id tg chay, chdn Id bang khf nen, chdn Id bang sQc node, chen Id bang co khi... tuy theo tinh chat, ydu eau eiia tQng khu vgc khai thac va trinh dfl cflng nghf khai thac. Phuong phap chgn Id todn phan duge ap dung eho cae khu vgc khai thae bat bude phai bao ve cdc cdng trinh trdn mat da't, via than cd tfnh tg chay, da vach cQng vQng khdng sap dd.
+ Chen Id tQng phan: Id phoong phap chen Id tQng doan theo chidu ddi Id chg. Ngudi ta xdp vat lifu chdn thdnh cae cdt dai chay theo phuong Id chg, giQa cac dai chdn nay la khoang trdng. PhQong phap nay doge ap dung vdi cdc didu kif n tuong tg phQong phap chdn Id todn phan va thdm didu kif n da vach tuong ddi bdn vQng, cd thd giQ dn djnh trdn cdc dai chen md khdng can thidt phai chen Id todn bd, tuy nhidn khdng dp dung duge phuong phap nay khi via than cd tinh tg chay cao.
- Phuong phdp didu khidn da vach bang each ha tQ tQ
vach trdn cac tru bao vf: la phuong phap dd lai cac dai tru than bao ve dd vach, khoang trdng khai thac se dugc khdng che khi den mdt gidi han da vach se ha dan xudng ndn Id theo tidn dp khai thac. Phuong phap nay dugc ap dung khi da vdch cQng, khd dieu khien bang pha hoa, tru via ed hien tQpng biing nen, cac khu vgc via ddc, dja chat phQc tap va chat logng than eua via kem.
III. AN TOAN TRONG CONG TAC PHA HOA BAN DAU 1. An toan ddi vdi pha hoa ban dau bang kha'u thiu go
- Didu kif n ap dung: phd hoa ban dau bang kha'u thiu duge thge hifn trong dieu kifn via cd chieu day 2,5m, sQ dung edng nghf ehdng giQ Id chg bang gd hoac cdt thuy lgc don (TLD) xa khdp.
Trinh tgthgc hifn: edng tac kha'u pha hoa ban dau dugc thge hifn bang khau thiu dpe tQ thugng eat bam vach.
Trong qua trinh kha'u sQ dung cui Ign gd lam cac tru tam giQ dd vach. Hf thdng cui Ign dugc xdp theo tien dp kha'u.
Sau khi kha'u dii chidu dai budc gdy ciia da vach trge tidp thi tidn hanh khoan cac Id khoan Idn dd vach, chat hf thdng edt ehdng thao tia hf thd'ng cui Ign d trong khu vuc da khai thac, sau dd tidn hanh nap nd min pha sap phan da vach phfa sau Id chg.
Sau khi da khoan nd min, danh sap toan bp phan da't da vach phia sau ludng Id chg, lap kin ludng da khai thac thi tidn hanh kha'u Id chg theo hd chie'u.
2. An toan ddi vdi cong tac khau ludng khai thac Sau khi nd min, thdng gid: cdng vifc ehdng giQ Id chg thge hifn theo cac bode sau:
Budc 1 - Chuan bi vi tri lam viec:
Khi vdo gQong Id phai quan sat cdc vi ehdng eu ndu hQ hdng phai cung cd chac chan. Cay bd than da om d guong Id, ndc Id, sau dd tai bdt than rdi da bj phd sau khi nd min dd tao vj tn iam vifc. Can danh vang dap tQgoong ra thiu ludng guong dd chdng xd thiu (mdi thiu danh 2 edt dap).
Budc 2 - Cai chen:
DQng dudi vi chdng cu, dung chodng nhpn sQa ndc Id bang phang, dao Id chdn chen sau vao goong than tQ 20 -^
25cm, sau dd ludn dau thanh chen vudng gdc vdi thiu va dau chen vugt qua qua thiu tQ 15 -^ 20 cm.
Nguydn tac Id kha'u guong ddn dau eai chen ngay ddn dd. Ndu chen khdng tidp ndc thi phai diing dau gd kg ki'eh ndc.
Trong nhQng trodng hgp ndc Id rdng nhidu, ed du khoang trdng len thiu, phai Idn thiu ngay sau dd mdi cdi chen kich sat ndc. Khi Id ydu (gap phay pha...) phai td chQe kha'u hai dau ddn vdo giQa.
Chuy:
9/2011 BAO HO LAO DONG 57
HUONG D A N , A N TOAN - SIJ'C KHOE - MOI TRL/6NC
Khi eai dope 3 den 5 thanh chen, thay thiu ngoai bj da'y udn cong vao guong do lgc truydn ngang tQ vang, phai ehdng edt dap vdo giQa thiu, chan cdt dap vao guong dd ehdng lai lgc dd.
Trudng hgp Igc dd'y ngang qua manh cd thd phai ehdng 2 cflt dap, chan cflt dap phai duge dat d didm than fl'n djnh va chac chan d guong Id.
Qud trinh trong 1 thiu phai eai chdn tQ trgn xudng dudi, trudng hgp ndc bj rdng phai chen tidp, kieh cho sat ndc.
Trong 1 thiu chdn cdi tQ trgn xudng. NhQng chen cong phai dat eho chidu cong eua chdn hudng Ign phia trgn.
Tu thd dQng cdi chen: ludn ludn dQng quay mat vdo guong dQng d thd vQng chac, chan trode, chan sau. Chu y quan sat guong va ndc Id, ndu xay ra hifn tugng tut ndc d phia guong ed thd lui nhanh ra ludng ngodi mdt each an toan.
Budc 3 - Len thiu:
Khi edi chdn dCi chidu dai 4m thi phai Ign thiu ngay de dd chan chen. Khi Ign thiu phai xoay thiu sao eho tidp xuc nhidu chan chdn nhat, sau dd ddnh cdt dap ed djnh thiu, chdn cdt dap tao vdi ndn Id 1 gdc khoang 60" Odng thdi danh tig'p 2 vdng tQ dau thiu mdi sang thiu cu, vang each dau thiu 20cm. Cac chdn thidu dugc sang bd sung. Len thiu theo thQ tg dQdi trQde trdn sau gd'c quay xudng dudi, 2 dau thiu chat bang cdc thiu trong ludng phai dp sat vao nhau va thing ludng theo tien dp (hd chidu).
- Ha ndn: Ndu phan dudi than ran hay ed da phai ban min dgt hai dd ha ndn, ndu than mdm hay ndc ed ap luc Idn phai cudc thii cflng. Sau khi ban min phai kiem tra vang, chen, thiu, ndu bj xg djch phai sda chQa, eung ed lai ngay.
Budc 4 - Dung cot:
Cdng nhdn van tai phai phu trach cflng tac tai than, dpn ndn, dao chan edt, cdn cdng vifc thg chdng cudc tidn hdnh chdng edt sd 2 den edt sd 3, sd 4 va sd 1 (quy djnh danh sd cot tQ 1 ddn 4 tQ dQdi len). Oao xong Id chdn cflt nao tidn hanh ehdng cdt ay ngay.
Khoang each tQ dau thiu ddn mep cot sd 1 va sd 4 khflng dugc qua 0,2m. Khoang each giQa cac cflt chdng doge tfnh toan eu the trong tQng hfl chidu cho tQng 16 chg.
Ygu eau cflt chdng phai vuflng gdc vd cang vdi thiu. Cac cdt chdng mdi phai chdng thang hang vdi hang cflt cu theo hudng tid'n cua 16 chg.
- Ndu cdt cong, cho chidu lung ciia edt Idn phfa trdn theo hudng ddc cDa Id chg.
- Chi sau khi chdng dugc 2 cflt chinh sd 2 va sd 3 mdi thao cflt tam.
- Ha ndn ddn dau, phai vet tai than sach ddn dd.
- Khi ha ndn, ehu y theo ddi hang cflt ngoai, chdn cflt nao bj hang phai thay ngay (dung choong nhpn tham chan cflt).
trong thdi gian lam vifc phai ludn lufln quan sdt va
nghe ngdng xung quanh vj tri iam vifc. Ndu ap lgc gia tang gay ngn hifn tugng chen, cflt gay phai thay mdi ngay
Ndu chen ngde (vach ndng Idn) Ign chan cot phai danh di trude, chen cam xudng (vach ha xudng) chan cflt di sau.
3. An toan trong cong tac chuyen, xep cui Ipn a. Cac dang ket cau chong giff luong.bao ve:
- Cum cflt;
- Chdng cui Ign gd (tam giac, chQ nhat);
- Cae dang cflt pha hoa;
- Chdng bin (go xe va cui Ign kim loai).
Hifn nay d md dang sQ dung cui Ign gd vd cui Ign kim loai de ehdng giQ ludng bao vf.
b. Quy trinh KTAT thffc hien chuyen, xep cui Ign go hoan chinh d Id chg
- Chuydn cui Ign:
+ Khi chuyen cui Ign ngudi cdng nhdn phai chpn vj tri an toan de thao tac (khflng dugc dQng d ludng pha hoa) dam bao ed ldi thoat ra ludng khai thae va Idi chay Idn thuan Igi khi cd sg cd xay ra.
+ Khi da cd ehd Idm vifc chac chan thi ngudi cdng nhan dung bua va chodng gd cho ndm tut ra khdi cui Ign.
Khi thay chdng cui da roi ra ro rang thi mdi duge den gan dd thao dd cui, ngm duge thao tQ trong ra ngoai va tQ ngm dQdi ddn ngm trgn. Trinh tgthao trong mflt ehdng cui dugc tidn hanh tQ tren xudng dudi, tQ ngoai vao trong.
Lffu y:
Tai nhQng vj tri khi thao dd cui Ign cfl nguy co mat an toan, gay sg cd thi dugc phep dd lai cui Ign tai vj tri nay.
Od chu trinh chuydn va xdp cui dam bao an toan thi phai danh ganh, chinh cflt tua va dpn ndn trude khi chuydn cui.
- Xdp cui Ign:
+ Xdp 2 thanh dpc ty sat 2 mep trong cOa cflt tga (2 thanh duge chdn ngap 1/3 dudng kinh)... Sau dd xdp 2 thanh ngang ty sat mep trgn cua cflt tga, thQ tg xdp xen ke ndy dope thge hifn theo tuan tg cho ddn khi 2 thanh trgn cung ganh thiu. Cflng vifc tidp theo la danh cac ngm dd ki'eh cui Ign dam bao 2 thanh trgn phai ty sat thiu.
Lffu y:
+ Khi xdp, cui Ign phai vuflng goc vdi ndn 16, ndc Id, eae thanh ngang va dpc phai xdp thing hang theo chidu dQng, bang dau nhau.
+ Cac thanh ngang cd dudng kfnh nhd ta ndn xdp vd phia ludng pha hda, thanh Idn xdp vd phia ludng khai thdc.
+ Ngm ddng theo phuong tQ phia trong cui ra; theo hudng ddc, ngm ddng dQdi thanh dpc hang thQ 2 theo hQdng tQ goong nhin ra, ddng dQdi thanh ngang thQ 3 (ii!
trgn xudng).
(Ky sau dang tiep)
