VAN HOA TRONG TRUYEN THUYET THOI KI VAN LANG - AU LAC
DANG THI LAN ANH Tnrdng Dgi hoc Hdi Ducmg T6in tat: Mot so nhan vat anh hung van hoa trong truyin thuyit thoi kl Van Lang - Au Lac hoac co cot each than thoai hoac co goc tich tir nhan vat thin trong than thoai da chuyen hoa thanh nhan v^t trong tmyen thuyet, c6 lai lich, nguon goc xuat than cu the. Cac nhan vat nay thoat thai tir trong thin thoai nhimg da duac nhao nan lai, moc noi vdi nhflng sit kien, nhan vat ljch sit ciia doi sau de tro thanh nhiing hinh tuang mai, mang d^c tnmg cua thai dai dung nudrc. Nghien cuu va phan tich hinh tuang cac nhSn vSt nay, chiing ta s6 dan boc tach nhung Idp van hoa triim len nhau qua cac thai ki lich su va boc tach nhihig lop van hoa co xua nhat cua hinh tugng. Hinh tugng nhan vat anh hiing van hoa Uong truyen thuyet thai ki Van Lang - Au Lac la su xep chdng cac tang y nghTa, cac lap van hoa, cac y6u ti ton giao va y6u t6 than tho^i hoa quyen va tham dugm vao nhau tao nen m^t mlu hinh anh hung van hoa tieu bieu thai ki Van Lang - Au Lgc.
Tij khda: Anh hiing v5n hoa, Truyen thuySt, Van Lang - Au Lgc I . D A T V A N D E
Tmyen thuyet la nhiing truyen ke din gian cd cii loi lich sir mang mau sac huyen ao, npi dung ke ve cic nhan vat va su kien lich sir. Truyen thuyit dan gian cho den ngay nay vin chua bao gid mat di sire sdng minh liet va vai trd dpc dao cua minh doi vdi cpng dong, luon duoc cong ddng nang niu, bao ve nhu mpt tii sin linh thieng, quy bau b^c nhat. Ngay nay, chung ta dang chiing kien su quan tam ngay cang tang cua cac nha khoa hpc doi vdi viec tim hieu tmyen thuyet din gian thdi ky Van Lang - Au Lac. Thdi ky Van Lang - Au Lac chinh la "thdi ky anh himg" ciia lich sii Viet Nam vdi diy du nhiing dac tnmg cua "thdi ky anh hung" theo dinh nghTa cua Friedrich Engels. Dieu niy khich le chung toi i p dung cac ly thuyet moi vio viec nghien ciiu va soi sing nhiiu van de con bd ngo cua truyen thuyet din gian thdi ky Van Lang - Au Lac, trong dd dac biet chii y hmh tugng nhan vat anh himg vin hda trong chuoi truyen thuyet thdi ki Vin Lang - Au Lac.
2. NGUON COI CUA HINH TU'ONG NHAN VAT TRONG TRUYEN THUYET T H 6 I V A N LANG- AU LAC
Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, nhieu truyen thuyet ve anh hiing van hoa thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac von thoat thai tur thin thoai. Mot sd nhan vat vdn tir cac nhan vat thin trong than thoai da chuyen hda thinh nhin vit trung tam trong truyen thuyet. Do viy, khi nhan dien hinh tupng nhan vat, neu chi xet Uong khudn kho va dac trung cua the loai tmyen thuyet thi hien nhien la thieu hut. Nghien ciiu va phan tich hinh tuong cac nhin vat anh T^p chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tnrimg D91 hoc Su phgm Hue
ISSN 1859-1612, S6 02(30)/2014: tr. 5-13
DANG THI LAN ANH
himg van hda trong tmyen thuyet thoi ki Van Lang - Au Lac, chiing tdi se din bdc tach nhung ldp van hda triim Ien nhau qua cic thoi ki lich su va bdc tach nhihig Idp van hda cd xua nhat cua hinh tuong.
Thin thoai theo Marx ndi do la ve dep "mot di khdng trd lai" ciia Ioai ngudi khi x3 hoi nguyen thu; ket thiic. E.M.Meletinsky da dinh nghia than thoai nhir sau: "Thin thoai co nguon gdc tir tieng Hy Lap... Thuang ngucri ta hieu dd la nhiing truyen ve cac vi than, cic nhan vat duoc simg bai hoac cd quan he nguon goc vdi cic vi thin, v i cic the he xuit hien trong thdi gian ban dau tham gia true tiep hoac giin tiep vio viec tao lap the gioi ciing nhu vio viec tao lap nen nhirng nhan to ciia n d - t h i e n nhien va van h o i " [1], Su thuc thi tren the gidi, bit cu din tpc nao ciing cd than thoai. Nhimg d nude ta do hoan canh lich sir ma cac thin thoai da khong giii duoc nguyen ven. Bu lai chiing ta lim giir duoc mot kho tang truyen thuyet kha day dan ve thdi ki d i u dung nude. Cic nha nghien ciiu d§ tim thiy nhirng net gin giii dac biet giiia thin thoai v i truyen thuyit thdi ki dau, hdi cho dua chii yeu cua truyen thuyet thdi ki nay chinh la ngudn than thoai.
"Khi y Ihiic lich su cua cpng dong ngay can^ phit trien, ngudi ta mugn lai nhirng hmh tugng vang bdng mpt thdi trong than thoai von la niem tu hao ciia cong dong, nhio nan lai, mdc noi nd vdi nhung su kien va nhan vat lich sir cd that a doi sau, lim thinh mpt nguon truyen ke vira dam yeu td ki i o vira dim mau sac lich sii, vira Ii ki v i h i p dan vo cimg" [3]. Nhan vat ciia truyen thuyet thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac la nhirng nhan vat cd dien mao khong 16 ve hinh ding, tam vdc, siic manh, hinh dgng v i chien cdng.
Co the coi nhung ban tmyen thuyet ve Lac Long Quin v i Au Co thai ki Van Lang - Au Lac li nhimg manh vun ciia he huyen thoai (mythology) va huyin tich (legend) Dong Son hi vo trong diln trinh ljch sir, dugc luu giii- lai trong ki lic ciia dan gian va dugc bdi dap khong ngimg theo dong chay cua didi gian. Chic chin ring nhan vit Lac Long Quan, Au Co thoit thai tir y niem ve vat to va nhihig thin thoai vi ding sing tao. Tim trong nhirag ban sir thi - than thoai ^'m et ludng cua din tgc Thai, Bdi ca tr&i ddt cua din tgc Ld Ld, De ddt de nude ciia dan tgc Mudng, thin thoai Khua Ki cua din tgc H'mdng... cd the ke den cac vi than khai sang, tao dung vu tru: d ngudi Thai la Xd Cdug Pha, Xo Cdng Din, 6 ngucri Ld Lo la dng ba Ket Do, GaGia, d ngudi Mudng la ong Thu Tha va ba Thu Thien... Dd l i nhung cap doi sing tao van vit.
Ten gpi Lac Long Quin v i Au Co cung dugc cic nha nghien ciiu giai thich li cd coi nguon tir tin ngudng vat td. Lac Long Quan la noi idng, Au Ca la ^i6n^ chim. Hinh tugng Lac Long Quan va Au Co trong tmyin thuyit ciia ngudi Viet, gin lien vdi nhimg sing tao khdi thuy trong huyin thoai c6 xua.
Tiep den la cac ki tich diet con ca ldn da thanh tinh (Ngu Tinh), giit con cio chin dudi da thanh tinh (Hd Tinh), giit con tinh d tren cay (Mgc Tinh) cua Lac Long Quan li nhimg ciu chuyen dam diu i n thin thoai. Lac Long Quin la hinh tugng dugc huyen thoai hda man§ siic manh, tim vdc ciia c i cpng ding ti-ong cdng cugc bao ve dia ban cu tni, khai phi dit dai thai binh minh oia ljch sii. Hinh anh Lac Long Quan cd net gin gui vdi hinh inh nguoi anh himg chinh phuc thien nhien trong thin thoai Mudng li vi vua Dit Ding vdi chiin tich chat cay Chu Ddng, sin con muong Tin Vin Tuong Vugng
dugc ke trong su thi than thoai De ddt de nuac hay ching khong 16 Ai Lac Cic vdi cong viec khai phi cac canh dong ldn d Tay Bac cua ngudi Thai...
Nhac tai cac nhin vit anh himg van hda uong truyen thuyet thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac khong the khdng nhac den hinh tugng Son Tinh. San Tinh trudc het dugc tdn vinh li mgt vi than Nui, l i su hinh tugng hda v i than thinh hda mgt hien tugng tu nhien (niii) gin vdi tuc thd niii (bii vat giio). "An Dp cd song Hang d6ng thdi c6 nir than sdng Hang. Viet Nam c6 uiii Tan dong thdi cd thin niii Tan Vien" [4]. Tir trong tmyen ke va trong tam thiic dan gian, ong Tin ddng nhat vdi Scm Tinh, mgt than tugng tong hgp siic manh cua dat v i mii ma ngucri nguyen thuy da hang tin ngudng. Son Tinh cung dong thoi la hitih inh n^udi khdng lo kien tao niii non mang dam diu an ki vT ciia nhan vat than thoai. Thud hong hoang, con ngudi choang nggp truoc dp rpng rai, ve hoinh trang cua tu nhien, bdi the tri tudng tugng da dugc diy tdi do khong cimg khi dan gian xiy dung tim vdc, dien mao, tu tbe cua nhirng chu nhin dao song, dip nui. Nhan vit Son Tinh mang hdng ding v i tim vdc ciia Ong Khong 16, diing simg simg tren dat tnmg du va dong bang menh mdng, vugt len tren nhirng con nude ldn de quai de chan lu, buoc mgt budc tir dinh mii nay sang dinh niii ng. Su tich Ddi Dum dirt quai, Ddi Vai Igt sgt luu tmyen vimg Ba Vi da tii hien cong tich quay dat dap niii chong lu, kien tao hinh dang niii non cua Son Tinh. Hinh anh nay cd mau hinh tir Nii Oa - Tii Tugng, chang khong 16 Prong pha dap dat niii ^ hinh tugng khong 16 kien tao vu try thud hong hoang.
Vdi nhin vat Thanh Gidng, thoat diu Giong la vi than khong 16 cd ngu6n gdc tir than d i va than tre tnic, dugc nhin din nhac nhd, gin giir, lim truyen qua cac the he rdi trd thanh anh himg din tpc, gan vdi su hinh thanh lien minh Au Lac, i n chiia trong minh ca hai thanh t6 Au, Lac. Thinh Gidng cdn co ten ggi la Phii D6ng Thien Vuong. Phii Dong thuc chat l i than khong 16 cua ngudi Viet Mudng c6 (chit Ddng la biin am Hin Viet ciia chii Dimg trong ng6n ngii Viet Mudng c6. Phii Dong cd the giai thich li bong choc trd n6n khing lo). Nhu vay, Thanh Gidng la hien thin cua mgt vi thin khong 16 trong thi gidi tam linh Viet Mudng c6. Trong bii canh lien tuc phii dau tranh chong giac ngoai xam, Thanh Giong dugc ngudi ddi sau gan them vdi su tich giiip vua Hung chdng giac ngoai xam. Vi l i con thin (me Gidng dim vao diu chin thin ma sinh ra Gidng) nen sau khi danh tan giac, Thanh Gidng da hien linh ve trdi. Gidng trd thaidi vi than phii trg cugc song am no cho nhan din, die biet linh iing khi nhan din quanh viing cau mua.
Sau khi v i trdi, Gidng lai hda than thanh thin tu nhien, lam mua tudi nhuan ddng mpng. Bdi thS trong tam tbiic dan gian Gidng vira la anh himg chong giac vira la anh himg vin hoa.
Vimg C6 Loa con dpng lai kha nhieu trayen thuyet v i nhimg mau than thoai da hda thach dan ling, ching xip len nhau v i nhin vat An Ducmg Vucmg - vua Chu. Trayen thuyit vimg C6 Loa ki ring, ngiy cdn tre, khi di ganh nude, ban be chua den bd sdng da gap Thuc Phan quay nude ve. Te ra Phin khdng di vong chin niii, ma mii tu xe ddi cho Phan vugt qua. "Md tip niii tu xe lim ddi de Thuc Phin cd 16i di la hdi quang da phan giai cua mgt manh thin thoai, dpng lai d day de chiiu nhin vat trung tim trong trayin thuyet C6 Loa len man anh cua tri tudng tugng din gian, thinh mpt con nguoi cd
DANG THI LAN ANH
tam thudc sieu phim" [61. Co the noi dau vet than thoai cua hinh tugng nhan vat cdn dgng iai khi ro a chi tiit nay. Trong trayen thuyet, nhin vit An Duong Vuong khdng dugc tii hien vdi dien mao cua ngudi khdng 16, vuon minh diing day thinh tring sT cao ldn nhu Thanh Gidng, ciing khdng phai hinh inh ngudi khdng 16 hai chin dap len hai bd sdng Hdng, khoang guom xuong dong nude, chem giii dut lim ba do^n nhu ngudi anh hiing lang Chem LI Ong Trgng. An Duong Vuong dugc ve bang net ve dan gian cua dan gian de tai dung bin chit sieu thuc ciia nhan vat. Niii vung Cd Loa da phai tu xe thanh dudng cho Thuc Phin di. Thien nhien da tu bj khuat phuc, tu nhudng budc trudc Thuc Phin. "Vua Chii da mang nhimg net ciia mgt Hanuman Uong anh himg ca An Do" [6].
Khi quin Trieu Da phi ciia thanh, iia vao. An Ducmg Vuong len ngua chay ra biin thi nude bien re ra, thin Kim Qui ddn ngudi anh hiing that the xudng bien ca. Nhu viy, trong tam thiic dan gian, vi vua Chii ludn san bin sac than linh, co nang luc giao ti vdi thin linh, cd nang luc sieu pham luon dugc phu trg. Tai khu vuc den Cuong, nhin din quanh vimg Mp Da con luu trayen miu chuyen ke ve ket cue cua An Duong Vuong.
Theo ldi ke ciia cu Tran Chu (nguyen l i ngudi coi giii den Cudng v i nay da mit): sau khi chem My Chau, An Duong Vucmg phi ngua len dinh niii Mg Da. Tir tren dd, Ngai d i cdi mu, cdi cd, cdi i o khoac, thao kiem va yen ngua roi tung ra bon phia. Ky la thay, tit ca cac thii dd bien thanh 5 nggn nui cd hinh giong nhu cai mu, cai kiim, chiec vaiUi khan v.v... chiu tuin quanh niii Mg Da. Khong nhimg the, Ngai cdn dim manh chan xudng mpt tang tren dinh niii va de lai mpt vet chin r i i mdi gieo minh xuing biin tu tu.
Nai ay mpt thdi gian sau noi Ien phien da co hinh ban cd tudng va din di biin thi thoang vin thiy hinh bong An Duong Vuang cimg than Kim Quy ngii dinh cd tren do.
Diy la nhiing hinh anh that ki vT mang bdng ding mpt vi thin tao lip dien mao mii non, vutru.
Khi nghien cim ve nhan vat trayen thuyet, chiing toi nhin thay cac nhin vat trayin thuyet cd coi ngu6n thin thoai hien len vdi nhiing miic dp ki vT khac nhau. Niu nhu hinh tugng Lac Long Quan, Au Ca la hinh inh toan ven mang dang dip cua t i tien khoi nguyen, neu nhu Thanh Gidng, San Tinh giu dugc nhirng manh h i o quang chdi sang ciia hinh tugng ngudi anh hung ki vi, thi hinh tugng An Duong Vuong hien len chi la phang phit c6t cich nhan vit thin thoai. Chiing tdi ding tinh vdi quan diim ciia Trin Quic Vugng "(5 day, than thoai da tan vd khi v i p phii bic thim lich sir" [6]
3. DAC TRUNG T H 6 I DAI CUA HINH TUONG NHAN V A T TRONG TRUYEN THUYET T H 6 I KY VAN LANG- AU LAC
Thdi ky Van Lang - Au Lac chinh Ii "thdi ky anh himg" ciia lich sir Viet Nam vdi diy du nhiing dac tnmg cua "thdi ky anh hiing" theo dinh nghia ciia Friedrich Engels. Mot so nhin vat anh himg van hda Uong truyin thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac thoit thai tir ti-ong than thoai nhung da dugc nhao nan lai, mdc nii vdi nhiing su kien, nhan vat lich sir ciia ddi sau trd tiianh nhung hinh tugng mdi, mang die tnmg ciia thdi dai dung nude. Tat nhien hmh tugng nhin vat anh hung van hda thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac se con bao chiia nhieu ldp van hda tnim len nhau qua cic thdi ki lich sir nhung hinh tugng
nhiing nhan vit nay khoac mgt tim ao tir "thdi ki anh himg" ciia lich su dung nude kha ro net, khong bj md nhde theo thdi gian.
Theo danh gii tien sir hgc thi phin ldn cac huyen thoai c6 nhit ciia Viet Nam, bat diu vdi trayen thuyit Au Ca - Lac Long Quan va cic tmyen ke lien quan den thdi Hiing Vucmg deu ra ddi trong khoang the ky 4-3 tr.CN. Day chinh la thdi diem cue thinh cua van hda Dong Son, thdi diem hinh thanh 6n dinh mgt xa hgi tring liia Viet cd. Cupc hon ph6i Au Ca - Lac Long Quan la su hinh tugng hoa cugc giao hoa giiia hai khoi cu dan Viet sinh sdng d vimg cao can (Au) v i thip ngap (Lac). Nhimg trayen thuyet vi San Tinh - Thuy Tinh (son - thiiy), Chir D6ng Ttr - Tien Dung (Chir - dim Iiy, Tien - rimg mii) deu nam trong cimg mgt m6tip ldn Au - Lac do.
Thdi ki niy l i thdi ki cua nhung chien tich chinh phuc thien nhien, khai pha rimg ni, niii song, md mang dja ban sinh tu. Trayen thuyet ve vua Rong xir Lac vdi nhiing chien cong chinh phuc Ho Tinh, Mpc Tinh, Ngu Tinh ciia ngudi Lac Viet phin anh cdng cugc dau uanh chinh phuc thien nhien, khai phi cac vimg dit cua ngudi Viet c6, tir ddng bing den rimg niii, vimg bien lam dja ban sinh tu cho nhin din song song vdi viec diet trir tai hga. Theo budc chan Long Quin, hing loat dia danh mdi dugc hinh thanh. Tren minh dit niy, con ngudi trong qua trinh khai pha thud hing hoang da chdng lai nhirng m6i de dga tii' ke thii bon chin va hai chan de gay dung co nghiep va tao dung ban sac van hda cho rieng tgc ngudi nay. Dd l i su phan anh dudi hinh thtrc huyen thoai qui trinh chinh phuc thien nhien, md mang dit nude cua to tien ngudi Viet. Dang luu y trong ngudn mach trayin thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac con cd trayen ke An Duong Vuong vdi viec ddi do tu vimg rimg mii ve giiia dong bang mau md. An Duong Vuong CO cdng trudc het la vi vua da chgn dugc dia the dac dja de tu cu va dong d6. Dia diem Co Loa chinh l i Phong Khe, liic do l i mgt viing ding bang trii phii. Viec ddi d6 tir vimg niii Phong Chau ve day d i dinh diu mgt giai doan phat trien cua din cu Viet co. Viec An Duong Vuong xiy thanh Co Loa da thi hien y chi vi quyet sach sang suot ciia An Duong Vuang, tam the cua vj vua Chii. Nhu viy, cdng ti'ch ciia An Duong Vuong dac biet quan ti-png, la tu thi cua ngudi dung dau, vj anh himg van hda xay thanh, tao dung nen mong vung chac de gay dung giang son xa tic. Ten ggi Thuc Phin ciia vua Chii la tiing Tay c6, co thi phuc nguyen la Tuc Phin nghTa l i Thu ITnh di md dat, md mudng ("Phanh/Phin Muong).
Trong diln trinh lich sii, khi cac cu din Viet co di tni tir mien niii, trang du xuong dong bing, cdng cupc khai scm phi thach i y gap noi tiep nhiing trd ngai. Chii de chong sire nude cua trayen "Scm Tinh Thuy Tinh" uong chudi tinyen thuyet thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac la su phin anh tinh thin ching lii lut ciia con ngudi gianh giii nhung vung dat, dong thai ciing la su phan anh cong cugc khoi dong, dap de hai ben song de ngan lu.
Son Tinh tugng tnmg cho siic manh v i khat vgng tri thuy cua nhin dan, da quiy nui ngan dong, chan diing mui tien cong ac liet cua than Nude. Son Tinh day dan ginh dit d i p de, dan phen cap bd, bo d i lam ke de chong lai siic cong phi cua nude. Trong trayin thuyet "Tuan Cuong va Que Hoa danh giac nuac", Tin Vien cdn hien dien vdi tu cich la vi thin khien vua Thiiy phai kieng sg, khong dim ra mat ding nude. Tan Vien
DANG THI LAN ANH
dimg muu tri thing giac nude: "Tan Vien cho Tuin Cuong mgt ddi sgt thin dan bang tre tren niii Tan, dan ring thiiy quai rat hung dii, phai liy sot nay ginh dit da dip thinh niii mdi chan dugc nd" [7]. Son Tinh ra siic chdng cu, cung vdi nhin din va cic bg ha dip dat lao g6 d i chin nude, lai hda phep de nude dang tdi diu dit len tdi dd. San Tinh ginh da do thinh mgt hon nui Ion chan dting miii nude cua Thiiy Tinh, rdi thi ludi sit, chong da chin ngang song de dinh bat quan Thuy Tinh. Cuoi cimg, than nude d i phii thio chay d i lai xic chit cua nhiiu ten b6 ha gian ac. Chi tiet "nude cing ding len bao nhieu thi niii cang ding cao bay nhieu" cd le la m6t net phong dai nhiing de diiu d trang thai so khai thdi co ho?c do cung la mpt udc mo khdi nguyen se dan con ngudi tai cong cugc dap de chdng lut sau nay, dong thdi cung phin anh khit vgng ciia con ngudi mudn thin doat siic nude, mil phai chan dugc nude, niii phai cao hon nude. Son Tinh phai thang Thuy Tinh.
Sg la rat thiiu niu khdng ki den mgt he thong nhirng tinyen ke giii thich su ra ddi, ton tai va phong tuc thd ciing liia. Giii lira v i biet sir dung liia trong ddi sdng cung dugc coi nhu mgt chien cong van hoa ldn ciia con ngudi. "Thin thoai Hy Lap ve thin Promete danh cap lira cua thin Ddt da trd thanh mgt bieu tugng ve diic dung cira v i tinh nhin vin cao ca. Song ve tinh van hoa thi viec lay lua cam tu trdi ve cho loai ngudi ciia Pr6mete chic khong sanh ndi cac thin thoai d Viet Nam khi d diy con ngudi khdng chi dat dugc lua trdi m i hang muu tri ciia minh tim dugc cich lam ra lira di vTnh viin ngpn lira se song dgc lap bdi bi quyet do" [5], Trayin thuyit "Son Tinh day dan lim lua" ciia ngucri Viet vdi each thiic tim ra liia rit giiu tinh hien thuc d thdi ki con hoang di. Su kien ve vang tim lira va giii lira dugc gan cho Son Tinh - vi anh himg vin hda cua thdi ki di^ng nude. Trong chu6i trayin thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac, Son Tinh con dugc tdn vmh la vi than sang tao van hda. Son Tinh khdng ^ i i n g cd siic manh vo song chong lu lut, day din tim ra lua rai cdn cd siic manh chdng han hin, day din dao ao, gieng, khoi mucmg, ngoi, chiia berth ciiu dan, di san, dinh ci, lam nha...
Ngoai nhiing anh hung van hoa chinh phuc thien nhien, trong truyin thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac cdn cd nhiing nhin vat day dan cay ciy, thuin duong vat nudi, ciy trdng, tim gidng mai, tim nghi mdi, v.v... Tac gii E.M.Meletinsky trong cudn "Thi phip cua huyen thoai" nh|n xet chung vi nhihig bic anh himg van hda trong cac trayen ki: "Song song vdi cugc diu tranh anh dung chdng ma quai dudi ha gidi, hg con tiiuc hien cac hanh vi van hda dac biel^' [2]. Anh himg van hda cua cic tgc nguoi ding thdi la nhiing vi thin bao trg cho cugc sing cua nhan din, khai khin miia mang, tao ra luong thuc. Me Au Co day dan udng lua, day din dio giing, det vii, ep mat, Iam binh. Ro rang. Me "mang nang de dau", laj cung la rapt anh hiing khai sang van hda: bay cich lam an vi tinyen nghi kheo. Me Au Co ia me cua dit nude v i vin hoa Lac Viet. Nhiing bin ki tiong trayin tiiuyet tao dung bdng ding me, anh hung van hda - bac T6 miu bao ti-g cho cupc sing cua nhan din. Ngudi miin cao gpi Au Co l i Cao San tiiin nii Ma Thi.
Tiep budc cdng viec ciia Me Au Co, vao diu nim mdi, Himg Vuong ciing xudng dong cay md nhimg ludng dat diu tien d i khuyin nong. Himg Vuong la anh himg van hda dugc muon din nguong mg, da ki tuc xuit sic su nghiep Tien Rdng tiiud tiudc.
Cac trayen thuyet ve cac nhin vat anh hung van hda cho thiy rat ro qui trinh lip ghep v i xau chuoi nhieu manh trayen thuyet tao thanh mgt chu6i trayen thuyet de nhin vit trd thanh hinh tugng trpn ven, diy dan. Qua trinh boi tu nay lien tuc dien ra theo dien trinh lich sir. Cic nhin vat d i song trong ddi song tim linh cua nhin din khip cac vung gan vdi nhieu tuc thd va sdng trong nhung ngu6n trayen ke noi tiep, xen cai.
Die diem ndi bat ciia nhan vat trayin thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac la su kit hgp ki la giira nhirng net ki ao vdi nhirng net din da, ddi thucmg. Nhan vit tiong nhiing tinyen ke nay chu yeu la nhimg hinh tugng Uch sir - hu ciu, cd ngudn goc tir nguyen mau thin thoai. Cam quan lich sii da dem lai cho nhung nhan vit nay mot phim chit mdi, la nhihig con ngudi mang siic manh cua thin linh, rit ki la nhung lai rat gan din gian. Tuy nhien, 6 kieu nhung nhin vat nay, diu i n ciia thi phap thin tho^i van con l i t dam. Hg la nhung nhin vat "khdng 16 lich su". Theo each dinh gia ciia F. Hegel, hg van "la rapt con ngudi ma chiia chan trong ling nguc ciia nd la hoi thd ciia cac vj thin"
Tu diy cd tiie thay miu so chung ciia cic trayin thuyit vi nhin vit anh hiing van hda ciing nhu ciia cac nghi ll, dien xudng phong tuc, dd la coi cac nhan vat nay la vj than bao ti-g cugc sing hang ngay cua nhan dan. Vai tro nay ciia cic vi than thanh cd sire hiit minh liet nhiing trayen thuyit nhd le uong vimg di tao thanh chudi trayin thuyit v l mgt vi than ma quyen uy hien nhien la cing ngay cang ldn theo dp bdi dap din dan ciia trayen thuyet. Niem tin ciia din gian da san sinh ra tinyin thuyit va rii trayen thuyit lai quay trd lai cling c6, md rgng bien do ciia niem tin. Cac trayen thuyet ton vinh nhan vit anh himg van hda din md rgng bien do d nhieu khia canh khic nhau. Trong mgt so traySn thuyet (xuat hien sau) cua chudi trayen thuyit nay, cic nhan vat anh hiing van hda cdn Ii cic vj than tham gia chong ngoai xam, giii gm non s6ng gim voc. Truyen thdn nui Tdn Viin hien linh trir phi Cao Bien nha Ducmg l i mpt vi du. Bo qua muc di'ch ciia giai cip thdng tri phong kien mu6n dung mpt he thong thin linh nham liy thin quyen de ciing co vuong quyen, chiing ta vin thay rS rang ring tinh than phan khing chdng ngoai xam ciia nhan dan d i nhip vao khi thieng sdng nui. Nhu viy, qua thai gian, qua cic trieu dai, qua cic the he, chuoi tmyen thuyet ve cac nhan vat anh hiing van hda thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac lai them nhung nhanh mdi, nhiing ban cu lai dugc bdi dap them nhiing lap lich sir mdi. Hinh tupng cac nhan vat anh himg van hda khong ngimg dugc boi dip trong dong chay lich sii, chiia dung nhieu Idp van hda da dugc chdng lin len nhau. Buoi binh minh ciia qua trinh hinh thanh dan tgc tao cho bic tien to, ding sing tao cic nhan vat anh himg van hda mgt dien mao han con so luge, nhung cac ddi noi tiip dip boi them nhihig ldp ke de dap xiy mgt hinh tugng diy dan. Thuc t i niy phin nao chi ra con dudng di ciia vi8c ke v i ghi trayin thuyet din gian cung nhu su xim nhap ciia cic yeu to ton giao, dong thdi cung noi len siic song uudng ton, khoe khoan cua dong trayen thuyet din gian vdn dugc "chep d long dan, bia d mieng ngudi". Day ciing la chia khoa giii ma vi sao c i mgt ngan nim thuc dan Han, vin hda Hin v i ngdn ngir Hin xim nhap vao nuac ta, hinh tugng cac nhan vat anh hiing van hoa trong tmyen thuyet thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac vin tradng ton v i luu trayen, tham sau vao huyet mach ciia lich sir din tgc Viet.
DANG TH] LAN ANH
4. KET LUAN
Ban chat ciia cac hien tugng folklore thucmg li tich hgp nhieu ldp bieu tugng vi nhieu gii tri. Hinh tugng nhan vit anh himg van hda trong trayen thuyit thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac la su xep chdng cac ting y nghTa, cac ldp van hda, cic yeu td ton giio va yeu td thin thoai hoa quyen vi thim dugm vio nhau tao nen ragt miu hinh anh hiing van hda miu muc thdi ki Van Lang - Au Lac hao himg vi ki vT, bieu 16 siic manh vo song cua ca cgng ddng. Trii qua hang ngin nam Ijch sir, hinh tugng nhan vit bi bao bgc bdi nhiiu ldp vd phiic tap, song ban chit anh himg, cai cot chat phic, ki vT van dugc luu trayen, giii gin ndi tiep qua cic the he. Qua cic Ie hgi da cho chung ta thiy ro hinh tugng nhin vat ton tai vi in sau nhu the nao trong tim thiic, ddi sdng tim linh ciia nhan dan. Nhimg tin nguong din gian, phong tuc, le hpi dan gian tir ngin nam vin tin tai, sdng ddi vdi trayen thuyet, thii hdn vio trayen thuyet lam nen siic song ben bi cua trayen thuyet ve cac nhan vat anh hung van hda thdi ki Vin Lang - Au Lac. Chudi tmyen thuyit ve cac vi thin nay khong ngirag dugc dap boi theo dong lich sir. Vi cho den nay nhirng nhin vat anh himg van hda nay vin luon sdng trong coi vo thiic vi trong coi hiiu thiic cua nhan dan ta.
TAI LI5U THAM KHAO
[1] E.M.Meletinsky (1991). Tit diin thdn thoai, NXB Bach khoa X6vi6t, Biii Manh Nhi dich (Trong sach Van hgc ddn gian, nhihig cong trinh nghien cuu. NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi, 1999).
[2] E.M.Meletinsky (2004). Thi phdp cda huyen thogi, NXB Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Ngi, tr. 249.
[31 Nguyen Bich Ha (2013). Gido trinh vdn hgc ddn gian, NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi, tr. 49.
[4] Bui Manh Nh) (2003). Van hoc ddn gian - Nhirng cdng trinh nghien cuu, NXB Giao due, tr 94.
[5] Le Chi Qug (chu bien) (1998). Vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam, NXB Dai hoc Quic gia Ha Ngi, u. 43.
[61 Trin Quic Vugng (2003). Vdn hda Viet Nam tim tdi vd suy ngdm, NXB Van hgc U 659. tr. 661, tr. 652.
[7] Nguyin Khic Xuang (1971). Truyin thuyit Himg Vuong, Chi hdi van nghe dan gian VTnh Phii, tr. 54. • . ^
Title: DISCOVERING SOME CULTURE HEROES IN THE LEGEND DURING THE PERIOD OF VAN LANG - AU LAC
Abstract: Some culture heroes used to be die former God in the mythology who was transferred to a legendaiy character witb the specific identity and origin. Culhue heroes came out from mytii and closely related to historical events and people of the fiirther generation in order to become new statue widi the typical features of country - founding time. Studymg and analyzing the image of some culture heroes, we gradually peeled and stripped down the layers of culture covered each other through the historical periods, and did the same thing with the oldest layers
of culture of this image. The image of some culture heroes in the legend during the period of Van Lang - Au Lac character is a pile arrangement of the meaning and cultural layers and the religious and mythological elements that are blended and imbued with each other to create the exemplary model of cultural hero in the penod of Van Lang- Au Lac.
Keywords: Culture hero. Legend, Van Lang - Au Lac.
ThS. DANG THI LAN ANH Trudng Dai hoc Hai Duong NCS Tnrcmg D91 hoc Su Pham Ha Npi DT: 0905 666 977
