QUAN LY CONG CUA OECD TRONG PHAT TRIEN THI TRlTCJNG KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE: BAI HQC CHO VIET NAM
Nguyen Quoc Vi^t*
Pham Hdng Quit**
Phan Hodng Lan***
TOM TAT
Bdi viit tap trung phdn tich mot cdch tiip cdn mai cita OECD trong qudn ly cong de tgo ra ca chi ciing hop tdc Idm cho suphdt triin thi truong khoa hoc cong nghe hieu qud hom vd co trach nhiem han v&i nhu cdu cua khdch hdng. Tren nen tdng ly thuyet qudn ly cong cua OECD, bdi viet tap trung phdn tich moi quan he tuang tdc giua ba nhom chu the: ca quan nhd nu&c - vipn nghien cuu. tru&ng dgt hoc - doanh nghiep Id nen Idng de phdt trien ben virng thi tru&ng cong nghe & ^ief Nam trong giai dogn hien nay. Ben canh do, bdi viet dgc biet nhdn mgnh vgi tro ciia cdc nhdn to dong vgi tro trung gign ket noi, thiic ddy moi lien ket giUa cdc chu the noi tren. Cdc nhdn to ndy bao gom cdc td chUc trung gian ciia thi truang cong nghe vd he thdng chinh sdch, the che ddm bdo hogt dong cho ciia cdc to chirc ndy, thu&ng duac goi chung la dinh che trung gian ciia thi tru&ng cong nghe.
1. Xu hiroTig phat trien thi trirtmg khoa hgc va cong nghe & Viet Nam
C6 the nhan thay la thj truong Khoa hpc va cflng nghfl (KH&CN) Viet Nam hien dang trong giai doan moi hinh thanh va phat trien. Chu the chinh tao nfln su sfii dgng cua thj trucmg KH&CN la cac doanh nghiSp, dac bi?t la cac doanh nghiep san xuit, cac doanh nghiflp KH&CN. Ben canh do la cac vifn nghien ciiu, truoing dai hgc, nha sang chfl, nha dau tu, nha tu vin, cac tfl chirc trung gian...
Cac vifln nghien cuu, trucmg dai hgc co hoat dgng nghien cuu trifln l<hai cung da chii y dfln hinh thanh cac v5n phfing sfi hiiu tri tu$, tfi chirc chuyfln giao cfing nghe dfl thue
[Tien^sT. TniOTg D^i hpc Kinh ti, Dai hoc Qu6c gia HN
" '* *" Cyc Phdt Irien ihj truong v4 doanh nghiep KH&CN. Bo Khoa hpc va Cong ngh?
day hoat dgng thuong mai hoa Icet qua nghifln cim va tai san tri tufl do can bfi cua vifln, truong tao ra. Nhiflu bg, nganh, dja phucmg, CO quan quan ly khoa hgc va cfing nghfl, tfi chirc khoa hgc va cong nghfl, doanh nghi$p dang eo hoat dfing khao sat, nghien ciiu cdc mfi hinh, phuong thirc tfi chiic, ho^t dgng khac nhau cua thi truong khoa hgc - cfing nghfl dfl trifln khai thanh lap cac tfl chirc cfi chire nang thuc diy giao dich cflng nghe.
Tuy nhifln, thi trucmg KH&CN chi cfi the phat trifln khi co nhiflu doanh nghiSp cfi nhu cau dfli mcti cfing nghS dfl tao ra san phim moi, dich vu mo'i hay cai tifln quy trinh ti ehue quan ly san xuit, nang cao chit lugng dich vu. Trong khi do, cac vifln nghien cuu, truong dai hgc, nha sang chfl phai tao ra dugc cflng nghe dap img nhu ciu va phi hgp vcri kha nSng cua doanh nghiflp thi mod co kha nang thucmg mai hoa va khi do cflng
Tgp chi nghien cttu CHAU PHI & TR^I^G DONG S6 05 (117) thang 5/2015
Quan ly cong cua OECD.. Nguyen Quoc Viet-Pham Hong Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
nghe moi tro thanh hang hoa. Noi each khac, thi tnrcmg khoa hgc cong nghe chi co the phat trien khi nguon cung va nguon cau cong nghe cling phat trien tuong thich voi nhu cau thay doi mot each tu nhien cua thi tmong hang hoa, dich vu.
Nhan thuc duac tam quan trpng cua viec phat triin thi trucmg KH&CN!, ngay 27/1/2014 Chinh phii da ban hanh Nghi dinh 08/2014/ND-CP quy dinh chi tilt va huong dan thi hanh mot so dieu cua Luat KH&CN nam 2013, trong do co mgt so quy dinh vk t6 chuc trung gian cua thi tnrdng cong nghe va bien phap phat trien thj tmong cong ngh?.
Day la can cu phap ly quan trgng cho cac co quan quan ly trien khai thuc hien chinh sach va bien phap ho trgf phat trien thi tmong giao dich cong nghe trong thdi gian toi. Theo noi dung nghi dinh 08 thi trong thdi gian tdi se CO nam Ioai hinh to chiic tmng glan ehinh dugc quy dinh cu the dieu kien thanh lap va hoat dpng, gom co:
(i) San giao djch cong nghe;
(ii) Tnmg tam giao dich cong nghe;
(iii) Trung tam xuc tien va ho trg boat dgng chuyen giao cong nghe;
(iv) T6 chiie h6 trg ky thuat;
(v) T6 chiic hd trp dinh gia tai san tri tue.
Ben canh do, Thu tudng Chinh phii cung da phe duyet Chuong trinh phat trien thi tnidng KH&CN d^n nam 2020 theo Quyit dinh s6 2075/QD-TTg ngay 8/11/2013. Bp Khoa hpc va Cong nghe da giao eho Cue Phat triin thi tmdng va doanh nghiep KH&CN chii tri, phdi hpp vdi cac don vi khac xay d\mg ke hoach trien khai chuong trinh nay.
Chuong trinh phat triin thj tmdng KHCN da dat ra 3 muc tieu va 3 nhiem vu voi npi dung chinh dupc torn tat nhu sau:
(i) Gia tri giao dich mua ban san pham va dich vu KH&CN tang khong dudi 15%/nam, 20% doi vdi cong nghe cao dupc uu tien diu tu phat trien; (ii) Ty trpng giao dieh mua ban tai san tri tue (giai phap, quy trinh, bi quyit ky thuat) khong dudi 10%
tdng gia tri giao dich mua ban san pham va dich vu cong nghe din nam 2015 va khdng dudi 20% din nam 2020; va (iii) Din nSm 2020 thiet lap mang ludi san giao dich cdng nghe kem theo he thdng td chiic dich vu KH&CN hd trp, trpng tSm la Ha Npi, TP.
H6 CHI Minh, Da Nang.
Vdi su ra ddi ciia Nghj dinh 08, viec phat trien thi tmdng KH&CN Viet Nam, hien co hai phuong thiic hogt dgng pho bien ciia thi tmdng KH&CN.
+ Phuang thiic thii nhat la to chiic hpi cha cong nghe de gidi thieu va xiic tien giao djeh cdng nghe trong mdt thdi glan tai mdt dia diem nhat ^ n h vdi cac quy mo khac nhau. Ci Viet Nam, cac chp cdng nghe va thiet bi dupc gbi tat la techmart, thue chat do la cae
"phien" chp edng nghe khong thudng xuyen va khong cd dinh.
+ Phuong thiic thii hai hien dang dupe nhieu td ehiie quan tam la thiet lap cac san giao dich cong nghe cd dinh hay cdn gpi la cac eho cong nghe thudng xuyen. San giao dieh cdng nghe cd the boat ddng dudi hinh thiie san thuc (khdng gian trung bay, gidi thieu cdng ngh^, van phdng tu van tai chd), san ao (online), hoac cd the ket hop ca hai hinh thiic tren.
Kinh nghiem qu6c ti cho thiy ring, khong nen va khdng thi lira chpn mot md hinh Cling nhac de sao chup khuon mau da thanh cdng d mpt nude, mdt dia phuong nao dd de dem di iing dyng d noi khae. Khdng chi d Viet Nam ma d mot sd nude khac trong khu vuc, dang hpc tap mfi hinh eua Thupng
Tgp chi nghiin cu'u CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015
Nguyen Qucic Wet-Pham Hong Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
Hai, Bic Kinh vod viec xay dung cac san giao dich tai san tri tufl va san giao dich cfing ngh? do chinh quyfln dja phuong kflt hgp vd'i chinh phu diu tu va van hanh. Tuy nhifln, khfing phai noi nao cung co thfl vjn hanh thSnh cfing mfi hinh nay nhu o Trung Qufle.
Mfi hinh san giao dich cong nghfl cua Dai Loan, Han Qufic, Nhat Ban chu yflu do chinh phu ket h(?fp vol cac tap doan Ion dau tu va van hanh cung da thu dugc nhimg thanh cong nhat dinh. Trong khi do fi My, chau Au, chinh phu tap trung dau tu xay dgng trung tam dQ li?u Icfn vfl sang chfl, giai phap cong ngh? moi, ket qua nghifln cim cfi kha nSng thucmg mai, xay dung va quan ly cfing thfing tin truy cSp chinh, con khuyen khich khu vuc tu nhan diu tu khai thac thucmg mai hoa sang chfl, cfing nghfl thfing qua giao djch thugng m^i di$n tir. Mfit sfi nuoc ASEAN xay dung cac kflnh thucmg mai hoa cong ngh? tren co so kflt ht?p giira dau tu ciia chinh phii, chinh quyfln dia phuong va khu vgc tu nhan.
2. Ung dung kinh nghi?m quan ly cong ctia OECD trong phat trien san giao djch KH&CN o Vift Nam
Quan ly cfing cua OECD la dfl tim ra cac phuong phap va chucmg trinh nhim dfli moi (re-engineering) tfl chirc, so hihi, v5n hoa va each thuc quan ly cua khu vuc cflng. Caeh ti^p can nay eung ham y diflu chinh phuong thirc quan ly huong toi khach hang (client- oriented), phii hgp vod chuc nang nhiem vu (mission-driven), nang cao chit lugng (quality-enhanced) va quan ly co sir tham gia (exercise-participatory management) nhim nang cao hi$u lye va hiflu qua trong cung img djch vu cong (Barzelay, 1992; Osborne va Gaebler, 1992; Halaehmi, 1995). Voi each hiflu nay, ly thuyflt Quan iy cfing moi huong tod thuong mai hoa vai trfi cua nha
nufic trong cung cap dich vu cfing va moi quan he hgp tac giira nha nutic vcfi nguai dan.
Mfit trong nhirng quan diflm dang chii y trong dfli moi qujui ly cong dugc dua ra btji OECD (2012), khi xac dinh viec dfii mdi quan ly cfing trong viflc cung img djch vu cfing la "viflc cac don vi cung img dich vu cflng thuc hien cac hoat dfing va cung iing cac san pham, dich vu moi hay san pham, dich vu dugc cai thien dang kfl", theo do bao ham dfii moi ca ve nfii dung san pham, djch vu va cong cu cung cap dich vu. Mgt s6 nuoc OECD (nhu Anh, Uc,...) da nhan thiy dugc tiem nang doi mfii cung irng dich vu cfing thflng qua ap dung each tiep can Cilng hgp tac va da lua chgn hinh thirc nay trong cai each cung ung dich vu cong. Theo OECD (2011), thuat ngit Cimg hgp tac (co- production) dugc diing dfl noi den each tiep can hgp tac giira don vi cung img dich vu cflng vfii ngucfi sir dung dich vu trong lap ke hoach, thiet kfl, cung img va danh gia dich vu cong. Mfl hinh nay cho ring dich vu cong hoat dfing tflt han khi hap tac voi nguai sir dung djch vu nham thu hut sir quan tam, khai thac ngufin lire, su tinh thong va tham vgng ciia hg.
Bouckaert Pollitt va Loffler (2006) da cho rSng ciing hgp tac theo quan diflm cua OECD bao ham nhiflu hoat dflng cu thfl nhu ciing thiet ke (co-design), cimg sang tao (co- creation), cting cung img (co-delivery), ciing quan ly (co-management), cimg quyflt djnh (co-decide), ciing danh gia (co-evaluate) va cilng ra soat (co-review). Nguoi sir dung djch vu tiiy theo ttmg giai doan cfi thfl tham gia va thuc hien cac hoat dgng cu thfl neu tefln phii hgp vfii vai tro cua minh,
Nhu da phan tich d trfln, each tiflp can truyen thfing trong phat trifln thi truong cong
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNC DONC SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015
•f ;
Quan ly cong cua OECD.. Nguyen Quoc Viet-Pham Hong Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
nghe ciing nhu xay dimg san giao dich cdng nghe la theo kha nang cung c4p (ngudn cung) cdng nghe. NghTa la dua tit ca nhiing gi ngudi cd cdng nghe mudn ban Ien san giao dich. Trong bdi canh toan cau hoa nen kinh te the gidi va vdi tdc dp phat trien cdng ngh? nhanh chdng, each tiep c ^ nay da to ra Idi thdi va khdng hieu qua khi ngudn cung cong nghe ngay cang trd Ien Idn hon, nhanh thay doi hon va ngudi mua cdng nghe ngay eang trd nen khd tinh hon va yeu cau cao hon ve cac dieu kien dieh vu thdng tin, ky thuat kem theo chuyen giao edng nghe.
Cach ti€p can hien dai hon dupc nhieu san giao dieh cong nghe ap diing la xay dung va hoat dOng dua tren nhu c^u cua thj tmdng.
Theo dd, cdng nghp dua Ien san giao dich da dupc iua chpn, xac dinh du thdng tin can thilt 6% dap ling nhu eau eiia ngudi sii dung cong nghe trong timg ITnh vuc, khu vue cu th§. D I thue hien each tiep can theo nhu clu thi tmdng san giao dich cdng nghe khdng chi don thuSn Iam nhiem vu tilp nhan edng nghe tir ben ban de quang ba, tim kilm khach hang tiem nSng, ma can thiet lap kenh thdng tin dl nam bat nhu cku ciia doanh nghiep san xuit, dich vu de tim kiem, cung cap edng nghe dap iing yeu eau cua hp.
Ben canh do, khi ap dung nguyen tac hoat dpng dua tren nhu cau thi tmdng (on demand approach), can phai dupc chu trpng each tilp can cimg hpp tae ciia OECD.
Trong do, mdi lien kit cheo giita cac trung tam nghien ciiu img dung cdng nghe hay cac t6 chiic khuyin ndng, khuyin ngu, tmng tam h6 trp ky thuat cho doanh nghiep cin dirpc quan tam hang dau. Ben canh do can xay dung va duy tri mdi lien kit chat chg, thudng xuyen giita san giao dich vdi cac hiep hpi, td chiic nghl nghiep, cdng ddng cac doanh nghiep t ^ cac dja phuong, nganh nghl. Khi
va chi khi cac san giao dich cdng nghe thiet lap dupe mdi lien he chat che va thudng xuyen vdi cac doanh nghiep, cac t6 ehiic hd trp doanh nghiep thi hang hoa cong nghe
"dau vao" mdi dupc djnh hudng, chpn lpc dap ling nhu cau cua boat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh.
Cac mdi quan he ciing hpp tac can thiet lap va duy tri bao gdm:
(i) Quan he giiia san giao dich cdng nghe vdi cac td chiic cung cap thdng tin dau vao cho san nhu cac vien nghien eiiu, trudng dai hpc, khu cong nghe cao, khu cong nghiep, hiep hpi sang ehe, hiep hpi khoa hpc k^
thuat, CO quan quan ly sang ehe, co quan quan ly ket qua nghien ciiu, cac chuong trinh qude gia ve nghien eiiu phat trien, vudn uom cong nghe;
(ii) Quan he giQa san giao dich cdng nghe vdi cac td chiic cung cap thong tin dau ra nhu cac doanh nghiep san xuat, doanh nghiep dich vu, doanh nghiep khoa hpc va cong nghe, co sd uam tao doanh nghiep khoa hpc va cong nghe, chuong trinh khdi nghiep, cau lac bp khdi nghiep, khu edng nghiep, hiep hpi nganh nghe, hiep hpi doanh nghiep, lien minh hop tac xa, cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te xa hdi ciia cac nganh, dia phuong;
(iii) Quan he giiia san giao dieh cdng nghe vdi eae td chirc trung gian nhu giua san giao dich cdng nghe vdi san giao djch cdng nghe tgi cac dia phuong khac trong nudc, san giao djch cdng nghe, td chiie chuyin giao edng ngh? nudc ngoai, td chuc dich vu danh gia, dinh gia cong nghe, td chirc djch vu hd trp ky thuat, tmng tam khuyen nong, khuyen ngu, trung tam iing dung va ehuyen giao cong nghe, td chiic mdi gidi cdng nghe, td ehirc xiic tien va hd trp chuyen giao edng nghe.
Tgp chingliiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015
Nguyen Quoc Viet-Pham H5ng Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
Diflu cin chu y la phai xay dung dugc co chfl hgp tac, phan chia lgi ich hgp ly dfl duy tri va phat trifln bfln vitag mang lufii lifln kflt nfii tren. Khi san giao dich cflng nghfl thiet lap dugc mang lutii lifln kflt trong tfi chirc va hoat dfing se tao ra dugc Igi thfl canh tranh nho hgp lire giira ciia cac chu thfl. Mfli lifln kflt chat che giira san giao dich cflng nghfl M d h i n l i l i e n
vod cac chu the chinh tham gia thi truoiig cong nghe la yeu to quyet dinh sir tfin tai va phat trifln cua san giao djch cfing nghfl.
Theo kinh nghiSm ciia cac nufic phat trifln, quan he tuong tac giira ba nhfim chii thfl: CO quan nha nuoc - vifln nghien cihi, truong dai hgc - doanh nghiep la nfln tang de phat trifln bfln virng thi truong cfing nghe.
K e t b a c h i e u
*• Nhfim chil the thir nhat la nha nuoc.
Day la chu the eg tham quyen va trach nhiflm xay dung, ban hanh va tfl chirc thuc hifln cac chinh sach va phap luat tao dieu kien cho hinh thanh va phat trifln thi truang cflng ngh?, gfim cac bien phap ho trg, cac chuong trinh phat trifln, khung phap ly dam bao cho giao dich cflng nghfl. Hien nay Cue Phat trien thi trufing cfing nghfl dang nfi luc ciing cac CO quan trong Bg Khoa hgc va Cflng nghfl trifln khai Chucmg trinh phat trifln thj truong cfing nghe den n5m 2020 cimg mgt loat cac vSn ban quy pham phap luat diflu chinh tfi chirc va boat dgng eiia cac tfl chiic trung gian ciia thi truong cfing nghfl, gfim ca cac san giao dich cfing nghe, trung tam giao dich eong nghfl, trung tam xiic tifln va hfl trg chuyen giag cfing nghe. Day la nhimg cfing cu quan trgng de tao mfli truang ehinh sach, phap iy thuan lgi cho viflc hinh thanh va phat
trifln cac san giao djch cfing nghfl nfii riflng, thi truong cfing nghfl nfii chung.
+ Nhfim chil thfl thii hai la cac tfl chirc khoa hgc va cfing nghfl nhu cac vien nghien cim, truong dai hgc, cao dang, trung tam nghifln ciru phat trifln, noi cung cip ngufln cflng nghfl cho thi truong cfing nghj. Theo quy dinh ciia Luat Khoa hgc va Cfing nghe moi sira doi, bo sung (cfi hiflu lire vao ngay 1.1.2014), cac to chiic nay sfl dugc Nha nufic giao quyfln so him, quyfln sir dung cac kflt qua nghien ciiu khoa hoc va phat trifln cfing nghfl. Hg se cfi quyfln tu chu trong viflc lien kflt vfii doanh nghiflp dfl diu tu hoan thien cong nghe dfl dua vao irng dung trong san xuat kinh doanh. Hg cung cfi quyfln chuyen giao quyfln sil dung (li-xang), chuyfln nhugng chg cac tfi chiic, ca nhan khac trong qua trinh thucmg mai hoa cfing nghfl. Day la
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRLNG DONG so 05 (117) thing 5/2015
Quan ly cong cua OECD.., Nguyen Quae Viet-Pham Hong Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
mpt quy dinh mdi mang tinh dot pha ciia Luat Khoa hpc va cdng ngh^ nam 2013. Cue Phat trien thi tmdng va doanh nghidp khoa hpc va cdng nghe dang xeiy dung mot thdng tu huong dan thii tuc giao quyen sd hiiu, sii dyng kit qua nghien ciiu sut dung ngan sach nha nude, du kien trinh trong thang 2 nam 2014. Chinh sach nay phii hpp vdi xu hudng qude tS, khdi dau la Luat Bayh Dole cua My vl viec giao quyin sd hiiu cac bSng doe quyen sang chl tao ra til ngudn kinh phi e6ng cho cac tmdng dai hpc, vien nghien ciiu. Sau dd chinh sach n&y da dupc triln khai d Nhat Ban, Chau Au, Trung Qudc, Han Qudc va hau het cae nudc mdi phdt trien. Neu ehinh sach nay dupc td chiic thuc hi?n tot sS ed tac ddng Idn den ngudn cung cdng ngh? cho thi tmdng cdng nghe.
+ Nhdm chu the thii ba la cac doanh nghiep, cac to chiic, ea nhan san xuat kinh doanh, dd chinh la noi tiep thu, iing dung cong nghe. Ndi cdch kh^c dd la diu ra ciia thj tmdng cdng ngh?. Cdc doanh nghiep cd thi ehii ddng dat hang hoac tim mua cdng nghe phu hpp vdi dilu kien, chien lupc boEit dOng san xuit kinh doanh eiia minh. Ngudn ciu cdng nghe vdn dang la diem yeu trong thj tmdng cdng nghe nudc ta. Nhu ciu vl eong ngh$ va kha nang tilp thu, Iam ehii eong nghe phy thude rit Idn vao nang Iuc eua doanh nghidp. Su phdt trien ciia thi tmdng hang hda, dich vu cGng la yeu td gian tilp tac dpng din kha nang tSng tmdng cda thi tmdng cdng nghp. Doanh nghiep trong nudc tham gia dupe vao chudi gid tri toan ciu va cd kha nang eung iing hang hda, dieh vu mang tinh toan ciu se la dilu ki?n quan trpng dl kich thich phat triln thi tmdng cong nghe.
Cac nhan to ddng vai trd trung gian kit noi, thiic diy moi lien kit giita cac chii thi ndi tren bao gbm cac td ehiic trung gian ciia
thi tmdng cdng ngh? va he thdng chinh sach, thi ehl dam bao boat ddng cho cua eae td ehiic nay, thudng dupc gpi chung la dinh che tmng gian ciia thi tmdng cdng ngh?. Bdi tinh chit dac thii eiia cdng nghe cung nhu cac giao dich lien quan den cdng nghe, cac nudc rat quan tam den diu tu phat trien eae td chiic trung gian, thilt kl mo hinh, giai phdp phu hpp ve dinh chS trung gian.
Chinh phli thudng dau tu xay dimg va duy tri boat ddng ciia cac trung tam hay eae san giao dich cdng ngh? cap qude gia, cap vimg.
Chinh phu ket hpp vdi chinh quyin dia phuong de xay dung cac trung tdm giao dich cdng nghe d dia phuong, thudng Id gin vdi cdc khu edng nghiep, cdng vien khoa hpe eong nghe, khu edng nghe cao nhim muc dich thuang mai hda cdng ngh? phuc vu doanh nghiep sau khi cdng nghe mdi dupc uam tao, thii nghiem tai cac co sd uom tao tap trung.
Chan ret boat ddng ciia cdc trung tam giao dich cdng nghe la cae td ehiic, ca nhan mdi gioi cdng ngh?, cac trung tam hd trp ky tbu|t, hd trp ddi mdi cdng ngh$ cho cdc doanh nghidp tai cac viing, dia phuong, cac cum doanh nghiep san xuat cdng nghi?p theo nhom san pham (cluster), cae nganh san xuat.
Cdc tmdng dai hpc, vien nghien eiiu thudng thanh lap cac quy dau tu uom tao edng nghe tir nguon kinh phi hd trp cua chinh phu hoac tir ngudn thu nhdp tir thuong mai hda sang che, ket qua nghien ciiu dupc nha nudc giao quyin sd hiiu, quyin sii dyng.
Cac trudng, vien ed the ty minh thanh lap hodc lien ket de thanh lap van phdng sd hiiu tri tue (IPO- intellectual property office) hoac van phdng chuyen giao edng ngh?
(TTO - technology transfer office; TLO - technology licensing office) nhu la mpt cdng Ii6n thdng, gin kit ho^t ddng nghien ciiu ciia tmdng, viSn vdi doanh nghidp, bao gom cd
Tgp chi nghiin ed'u CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015
boat dfing thitc day thuong mai hfia ket qua nghifln cim va nhan dat hang nghifln cim tir doanh nghiep.
Djnh che trung gian cfin bao gom tfi chuc va boat dgng ciia cac tfi chirc cung cip dich vu dinh gia cong nghfl. dinh gia tai san tri tue, danh gia cong nghe. kiflm djnh ky thuat.
dich vu dang ky va bao vfl quyfln sfi hiru tri tue, dang ky va phfl duyet hgp dfing chuyfln giao cfing nghe.v.v. De nhimg tfi chirc nay phat trien. can cfi chinh sach va Idiung phap ly phit hgp va day du quy dinh cac nguyen tac, phucmg phap, quy trinh, thu tuc thuc hien cac nghiflp vu nfii tren cung nhu diflu kien hanh nghfl, thim quyfln. thu tuc thanh lap tfl chirc. quyen. nghTa vu cua tfi chirc, ca nhan thuc hien va cung cip cac djch vu chuyfln biflt noi trfln. Thiflu ving vai trfi cua cac tfi chirc nay. mang luai tfl chiic trung gian ciia thi truang cfing nghe se khfing thfl hoat dfing dugc.
Ben canh cac nhan tfi nfii trfln, c4c quy dau tu phat trifln khoa hgc va cfing nghe, bao gfim ca cac quy diu tu mao hiflm cua chinh phii va khu vuc tu nhan, cac nha diu tu frong nufic va nufic ngoai cfi vai tro quan trgng trong phat trifln dinh chfl trung gian cua thi truong cfing nghfl. Chinh phii cin cfi chinh sach, eg chfl cai mfi dfl hfi trg, khuyfln khich phat trifln cae lo?i hinh diu tu mao hiflm trong uom t?o va thuong mai hoa cfing ngh?. Ban chit ho£it dgng diu tu nghien ciiu phat trien, uom tao cfing nghfl hay uom tao doanh nghiep KH&CN la mgt boat dgng diu tu mjo hiflm. Nflu dinh huong phat trifln ho?t d^ng khoa hgc va cfing ngh? theo ca chfl thi trufing thi khfing thfl thiflu ving vai tro hoat dfing cita cac quy diu tu mao hiflm, ca tir khu vuc nha nufic va khu vuc tu nhan!
Nha nufic chi co thfl d i u nr nghien cim phat trifln cac cong nghfl ngufin hoSc mgt sfi
cfing nghfl thiflt yflu phuc vu cac nganh san xuat, ITnh vuc trgng yeu dfii vfii dit nufic nhu qufic phong, an ninh, nang lugng, moi truang... khi cac ITnh vuc nay thi trutmg chua dil Ion dfl thu hiit d i u tu cua khu vuc tu nhan. Cfin lai can phai thu hut khu vuc nr nhan dau tu nghifln ciru phat trifln cfing nghe phuc vu cac nganh san xuit san phim cfing, nfing nghiflp, cac nganh djch vu tiflm nang dem lai Igi nhuan.
3. Ket luan va mot vai ham y chinh sach Phat trifln thj truong KH&CN la mgt ITnh vuc boat dgng kha mfii me fi Viflt Nam, trong dfi nhiflm vu trung tam trong giai doan tfii la xay dung va nang cao nang luc hoat dfing ciia he thfing cac tfi chirc trung gian trong thi trufing KH&CN. Thuc tifln cho thay viec lira chgn mgt mo binh chuin khfing quan trgng bang viflc cfi dua ra dugc nhOng giai phap sang tag. Trong dfi, thuc tifln luon la can cir quan trgng nhit dfl lira chgn va xay d^mg mg hinh, giai phap cho tfi chiic va hoat dgng ciia s4n giao dich cflng nghfl. Ngi dung giai phap phai vira mang tinh khach quan (phii hgp vod diflu kifln hoan canh cu thg), vira mang tinh chu quan (sang tao cua nguai dua ra giai phap). D o vay, khfing nfln sao chep nguyfln m i u giai phap ciia nguoi khac ap dimg fi noi khac dfl ap dung, ma nguoi lanh d^o phai lufin thay dfii giai phap ho5c tim each ap dung mgt each sang tao cac giai phap cho dfln khi thiy thuc su cfi hiflu qua.
COng nhu ban chit ciia cfing nghfl, cfing tac tfi chiic va quan ly san giao dich cfing nghe doi hfii Slic sang tJio, nang dgng va dam chip nhan mao hiflm ciia nguoi lanh dao.
^ Thuc tfl la, s6 lugng, chung Ioai hang hoa cfing nghe ngay cang da dang, cfi nhiflu ngufin gfic vfid mirc gia khac nhau, yflu ciu diflu kien ky thuat, nhan luc van hanh o cac mirc do khac nhau. San giao dich cfing nghe
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Tap chi nghien cm CHAU PHI & TRUNC DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015
Quan ly cong cua OECD... Nguyen Quoc Viet-Pham Hong Quat-Phan Hoang Lan
can phan tich nhu ciu cua cac doanh nghiep, chii the san xuat kinh doanh t ^ khu vuc dia ban, Iinh vue nganh nghl d dia phucmg 6h tap trung lira chpn gidi thieu m0t sd nhdm hang hda cdng nghe phii hpp vdi nang lire va nhu cau ciia doanh nghiep dia phuong. Hieu qua tiep thu, Iam chii edng nghe cua doanh nghiep trong giai quylt cac vin dl phat sinh trong san xu4t kinh doanh dl tao ra san phim, dich vu mdi, tang doanh thu, lpi nhuan, tao ra nhilu vi$c Iam, tham chi tao ra nganh nghe mdi se la thudc do hieu qua hoat dpng Clia san giao djch cdng nghe.
Nhu phSn tieh d tren, ylu td mdu ch6t dl CO thi phdt triln manh me thi tmdng KH&CN d Viet Nam, la sir chuyen d6i cac don vi cung iing KH&CN cdng l^p sang md hinh boat dpng theo ca che thi tmdng, vdl co che ciing hpp tae vdi co quan quan Iy nha nudc va cac the che tmng gian thi tmdng.
Chinh vi vay, Cyc Phat trien thi tmdng va doanh nghidp KH&CN da duoc giao phdi hpp cirng Vu Td chiic Can b0, Bd KH&CN dl triln khai Chuang trinh hd trp cac td ehiic KH&CN edng lap chuyen ddi theo co ehe tu chii va doanh nghiep KH&CN (gpi tat la Chuang trinh 592). Chuang trinh nay ed mot so ndi dung hd trp boat dpng uam tao doanh nghiep KH&CN, hd trp thanh lap va boat dpng Clia eae eo sd, dau mdi uom tao cdng nghe va uom tao doanh nghipp KH&CN.
Cue iTng dung va Phat triln cdng nghe, Vu Cdng nghe cao, Van phdng cac chuong trinh quoc gia vl KH&CN, Tdng cue Tieu chudn - Do ludng - Chdt lupng cung dang triln khai mpt sd chuong trinh quoc gia nhu Chuang trinh ddi mdi cdng ngh? qudc gia, Chuang trinh phdt trien cdng ngh? cao, Chuang trinh phdt triln san phdm qude gia, Chuong trinh ntng cao nang suit - chat Iupng .v.v. Cac chuang trinh nay cQng co
ndi dung lien quan den hd trp ngudn cung, ngudn cau cdng nghe va cac td ehiic trung gian eua thi tmdng cdng ngh? ndi chung, hd tro "dau vao", "dau ra" eiia san giao djch cdng nghf ndi rieng.
De cac chuong trinh ndi tren phat huy dupc hieu qua, Cue Phat trien thi tmdng va doanh nghiep KH&CN dang ho trp viec hinh thanh mang ludi cac td chiic lidn kit ngudn cung, ngudn cdu cdng nghe nhu v|n ddng thanh lap Hdi Sang che Viet Nam, Cau lac bp uom tao va thuong mai hda c6ng nghe Vi?t Nam, Quy khdi nghiep Vi?t Nam .v.v. Cac td chiic nay se gliip lua chpn cac doi tupng tilm nang de trd thanh ddi tupng thu hudng ciia cac chuang trinh ho trp eiia chinh phu. Ddng thdi, thong qua hoEit ddng lien kit mgng ludi, cae CO quan quan ly nha nudc cd the nhanh chong trien khai ehuong trinh, nhan rpng md hinh tdt trong pham vi ca nudc.
Tki lifu tham khao 1. Alford, John (2009), Public Value from Co- production by Clients [online], Public Sector, Vol.
32, No. 4, Dec 2009: 11-12.
2. Barzelay, Michael (1992), Breaking Through Bureaucracy: A New Vision for Managing in Government. Berkeley: University of Califomia Press.
3. Boyle D, Clarke S and Bums S (2006), Aspects of co-production: the implications for work, health and volunteering, London: New Economics Foundation
4. Halaehmi, A. (1995), Reengineering and public management: some issues and considerations, Inter- national Review of Administrative Sciences 16, 329-341.
5. OECD (2012), Innovation in Public Services: Context, Solutions and Challenges, OECD, Paris.
6. Osbome, David, and Ted Gaebler il992). Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
