A N TOAN GIAO THONG
A n n i n h h a n g hJii
Thoug gio ham hang:
BIEN PHAP PHONG NGlTA TON THAT HANG HOA
T
rong qua trinh van chuyen hang hda bang tau bien thudng xay ra hien tugng hoi nUde ngUng tu thanh gigt bam tren thanh vach ham hang, nap ham va tren be mat hang hda, ggi la hien tugng do md hdi ham hang va do md hdi hang hda. Hau qua cua nhdng hien tugng nay thudng dan den lam hu hdng hoac lam giam gia trj eua hang hda.Hang hda bj hU hdng do md hdi ham hang va md hdi hang hda la mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan dan den cae vu khieu nai hang hda va nd thudng lien quan den eac loai hang ndng san duge ddng bao hoac hang rdi, tuy nhien nd cung xay ra ca d cac tau van chuyen eac loai hang hda khac nhU sat thep, thiet bi may mdc..., ma thudng ngUdi ta cho rang nguyen nhan ciia viee hu hdng hang hda la do phia tau khdng thdng gid eho hang hda dimg ky thuat, dan den hien tugng do md hdi hang hda va md hdi ham hang, lam cho hang hda bi hu hdng hoac lam giam gia trj ciia hang.
Do do, de giam thieu tdn that hang hda bdi eac nguyen nhan tren, thuyen trudng cung nhu dai phd va cac sy quan true ca phai ed kien thdc ve cae loai hang va viee thdng gid eho phii hgp vdi tdng loai hang do, phai duy tri viec ghi chep nhdng cdng viee nay mdt each day dii vao cac nhat ky lien quan trong sudt chuyen di de ed bang chdng eho thay phia tau da tien hanh cac bien phap phii hgp de dam bao an toan eho hang hda, chdng lai nhdng khieu nai phat sinh.
Hien nay hau het tren cac tau hang khd hoac tau chd hang rdi thudng duge trang bi he thdng thdng gid eo hge, tuy nhien d mdt sd tau khdng cd he thdng thdng gid nay ma chi ed he thdng thdng gid tu nhien.
He thdng thdng gid tren cac tau khdng chi vdi muc dich ngan chan viee do md hdi trong ham hang va do md hdi hang hda, ma nd cdn ed tac dung day nhdng khi dde phat sinh bdi hang hda trong qua trinh van chuyen, dam bao an toan cho ngUdi khi phai vao trong ham hang.
Quy trinh thdng gid phai duge giam sat chat che trong sudt chuyen di vi do am eiia hang hda ket hgp vdi sU bien ddi eiia nhiet do khdng khi, nhiet do hang hda va nhiet do nude bien cd the tac ddng dot nggt den lugng hoi nUde gid lai trong ham, va neu khdng thdng gid dimg se dan den hien tugng do md hdi hang hda va do md hdi ham hang.
Odi vdi hang rdi, do sU tham nhap eiia khdng khi vao hang xep trong ham thudng rat nhd khi thdng gid, nen thudng ehi la thdng gid be mat.Tuy nhien, do yeu eau dn djnh ddi vdi tau van chuyen hang hat, hang thudng dugc rdt len tan sat mieng ham hang, do dd Idp be mat thudng cung khdng dugc thdng gid.
Odi vdi hang bao, viee xep hang phai de ranh thdng gid, tuy nhien viee tham nhap eua khdng khi vao Idp dudi ciing thudng cung rat nhd. Vi vay, ddi vdi loai hang bao, phai ludn xep de sao cho khi thdng gid khdng khicd the tham nhap de dang vao cac be mat ciia hang hda.
Ngoai ra, de viec thdng gid ham hang dat hieu qua cao, chimg ta cung can tham khao hoac phai ed kien thdc nhat djnh ve loai hang hda va riii ro eiia eac loai hang nay khi tau nhan van chuyen.Thdng thudng, hang duge phan ra cac loai:
Thuyen trUdrng NGUYJN PUfC MINH Phdng Hang hai VOSCO - Hang hut am: La hang ed ham lugng nude tU nhien va ed ngudn gdc thUe vat. Chiing thudng ed the gid, hut, nha hoi nude va khi vugt qua ham lugng nUde quy djnh dan den bj vdn cue, ddng banh, muc va thdi rda (Gao, liia mi, dUdng, thudc la, ea phe,che...).
- Hang khdng hut am: La hang khdng chda ham lugng nUde, tuy nhien nd cung bi hU hai neu chat xep chung trong mdi trudng am hoac neu sd dung cae vat lieu de ddng gdi chimg la vat lieu hilt am nhUgd, giay, bdng... (Sat thep, thiet bj may...).
Mat khac, de biet dugc nguyen nhan hang hda chat xep tren tau thudng bj hu hdng do hien tugng do md hdi ham hang va md hdi hang hda, chung ta cung can phai biet khai niem ve nhdng hien tugng nay:
- Md hdi hang hda: Cd the hieu la sU ngUng tu hoi nUde tren be mat hang hda, la hau qua ciia khdng khi ndng, am xam nhap lien tue vao trong ham hang ve can ban cd nhiet do thap hon, thudng xuat hien khi tau chay tUvCing khi hau lanh sang viing cd khi hau ndng.
- Md hdi ham hang: Cd the hieu la sU ngUng tu hoi nude tren be mat eac ket eau ben trong tau (Thanh, vach, cac cong giang...) khi khdng khi trong ham duge lam am va am do hang tiep xue vdi cae be mat ed nhiet do lanh hon khi tau di chuyen tU vung khi hau ndng sang vimg ed khi hau lanh. Khi xay ra hien tugng nay, hang cd the hu hai do nUde ngUng tu tren cac thanh, vach, eong giang... phia ben trong tau roi, nhd xudng lam udt hang.
Thdng gid hdm hdng kip thdi si ngdn chdn viec do md hoi hdm hdng trdnh nguy ca huhdng hdng
Oe ngan chan xay ra hien tugng tren, chimg ta can biet eac yeu td tac ddng den nhdng hien tugng nay nhU sU bao hda hoi nude, nhiet do diem suong va do am tUOng ddi, each sddung cac nhiet ke khd/Udt cung nhu each tim nhiet do diem sUOng trong bang "Nhiet do diem sUong"-Day la yeu td quan trgng khi xem xet thdng gid ham hang
Cach tinh nhiet do diem sUOng
Ve ly thuyet, viee quyet dinh thdng gid ham hang phai dUa tren nhiet do diem sUong, dua tren viee so sanh nhiet do diem sUOng eiia khdng khi ben ngoai vdi nhiet do diem suong eua khdng khi trong ham.
5 0 - Tapchi HdnghdiVietNam • 8/2010
A N TOAN GIAO THONG
A n n i n h h a n g hSi
Hien phan Idn cae tau deu gan cac nhiet ke khd/Udt nhUsau:
mdt cai dat d gan budng lai de xac djnh nhiet do diem sUong ben ngoai khdng khi; va de xac djnh nhiet do diem sUOng trong eac ham thi trong cae ham hang deu dugc dat nhiet ke khd/Udt.
Oe ed cac sd lieu chinh xac thi cac nhiet ke nay phai dat d vi tri tranh xa Idi thoat gid nham dam bao nhiet ke khd/Udt chi bao chinh xac nhiet do ham hang. Can ed vao nhiet do ciia nhiet ke khd/Udt dgc duge tai mdi ham hang tra vao bang "Nhiet do diem sUOng" de tim nhiet do diem sUOng tai thdi diem do va so sanh vdi nhiet do diem suong eiia khdng khi de dUa ra bien phap thdng gid phii hgp.
Cach thiirc thong gio ham hang
Cach thdc thdng thudng va don gian hien nay cac tau hay ap dung la dUa tren Quy tac diem sUong.
- Thdng gid khi nhiet do diem suong trong ham cao hon nhiet do diem sUOng ben ngoai ham.
- Khdng duge thdng gid khi nhiet do diem sUOng trong ham thap hon nhiet do diem sUOng ben ngoai ham hang.
Khi xem xet de cd quyet djnh thdng gid ham hang cdng can phai luu y them den nhdng yeu td sau:
-I- Khdng tien hanh thdng gid khi trdi mUa.
+ Oanh gia dung viee thdng gid ham hang la rat quan trgng ke ca phai tien hanh thdng gid vao ban dem neu viec dgc nhiet ke khd/Udt ehi ra rang viee thdng gid la can thiet.Thdng thudng nhiet do khdng khi thudng giam ve dem, do dd kha nang do md hdi ham hang de xay ra.
+ Khi ed ngudi di dgc ket qua nhiet ke khd/Udt trong ham hang phai het sdc can than, tien hanh cac bien phap dam bao an toan nhU: de phdng khi dgc, de phdng roi xudng ham hang, an toan eho thiiy thii khi vao ham hang luc trdi tdi...
DUa vao dac tinh eiia loai hang hda tau van chuyen va tinh hinh khi tugng khu vUe tau hoat ddng, thuyen trUdng, dai phd va sy quan true ea can luu y den nhdng dac diem sau de dam bao an toan cho hang hda van chuyen tren tau:
- Neu tau chd hang hiit am chay td viing lanh sang vung ndng: Viec xem xet thdng gid het sdc than trgng, thdng thudng khdng duge thdng gid, vi thdng gid cd the dan den lam hu hai hang hda.
- Neu tau chd hang hut am chay td viing ndng sang viing lanh: Phai tien hanh giam sat thdng gid ham hang de tranh do md hdi trong sudt chuyen di.
-Trong trUdng hgp van chuyen ea hai loai hang hut am va khdng hut am: Do yeu eau eiia viee thdng gid ciia chung khac nhau, nen neu xep chung se dan den hU hdng mdt trong hai Id hang, do dd tdt nhat khdng nen xep chung hai loai hang nay vdi nhau.
Odi vdi tau cd trang bi he thdng thdng gid co hge thi viee thdng gid ham hang ehi can tien hanh theo dung phuong phap, tuy nhien neu tau khdng ed he thdng thdng gid co hgc ma chi ed he thdng thdng gid tu nhien (Ong gid tU nhien ben ngoai ham hang duge ndi vdi dng dan vao ham) thi viee thdng gid ham hang phu thudc rat nhieu vao cac yeu td ben ngoai.
Thdng thudng, nhdng phuong phap sau hay dugc eac tau ap dung khi dieu kien cho phep:
-Thdng gid tuan hoan:Thdng thudng cae dng ddn gid duge bd tri dau va cudi ham, khi chay bien xoay mdt dng eiing hudng gid va mdt dng ngUge hudng gid. Vdi each lam nay, gid se liia vao ham va khdng khi ndng trong ham se thoat ra ngoai, lam eho khdng khi lUu thdng tuan hoan trong ham. Khi tien hanh thdng gid tU nhien phai theo ddi sat dieu kien thdi tiet, neu trdi mUa phai day nap dng thdng gid kjp thdi.
- Phuang phap md nap ham hang: Xoay cac dau ddn gid ve
phia dudi gid va md bet nap ham hang (cdn ggi la "phoi hang").
Phuong phap nay eho hieu qua cao. Khi tien hanh phuong phap nay phai tham khao dieu kien khi tugng trong khu vUe va trong qua trinh thUe hien phai theo ddi chat che tinh hinh thdi tiet va tinh trang bien de kjp thdi ddng nap hang dam bao an toan cho tau, hang hda...
Oe tranh eho hang hda khdng bj hu hdng trong qua trinh van chuyen va viec thdng gid cho ham hang dat hieu qua cao, khi tien hanh xep hang va khi tau hanh trinh can luu y:
-I- Odi vdi hang hut am tuyet ddi khdng xep hang tiep xiic vdi man tau, dac biet la ddi vdi loai hang ddng bao nhu gao, do, mi...
-t- TrUde khi xep loai hang nay phai thUe hien viec dat cdt, dde dudi day ham hang va xung quanh ham de each ly hang theo dimg tieu chuan (Khoang each gida hai cay dde khdng qua 20cm...).
-I- Sau khi xep xong d Idp tren ciing phai phii mgt Idp cdt len be mat de trong trudng hgp tau bj md hdi ham hang, nude td cac nap ham, thanh, vach roi xudng khdng lam hdng hang.
Ndm cua he thdng thdng gid kieu ddng md cdnh budm ed tde dung thdng gid vd bdo vi duge hdng hda trong hdm khi trdi mUa
-Tiiy thudc vao tdng loai hang, khi xep hang phai xem xet dieu kien cu the ma quyet dinh de ranh thdng gid nhuthe nao cho phii hgp (Thdng thudng, ngUdi thue tau trUde khi xep hang thudng yeu eau dai phd lap so do xep hang ed cac hUdng dan cu the mdi ham can de bao nhieu ranh thdng gid, each thdc dat chen, Idt...).
- LUu y cac ham hang tiep xue vdi ket dau phai dat Idp phan each hang vdi cae ket nay phii hgp de tranh bi chay hang khi phai ham dau trong ket. Ngoai ra, neu ed the, yeu eau khdng duge ham dau trong cac ket nay trong thdi gian hanh trinh de tranh khdng bj chay hang.
- Phai duy tri viee ghi chep nhiet do diem sUOng khdng khi, ham hang cung nhUthdi diem thdng gid, ddng thdng gid va viee do nude la canh ham hang vao Nhat ky ham hang trong cac ea true
- Phai tuan thii quy trinh trUde khi vao khoang kin khi can cd ngUdi vao trong ham hang.
- Cac tay trang ddng md cda he thdng thdng gid phai dugc tra md thudng xuyen de dam bao ddng md dd dang. Tren mdt sd tau, eac tay trang nay thudng hay bj ket do it dugc bao dudng, vi vay thudng bj PSCO bat Idi khi len tau kiem tra.
Khi xay ra eac hU hdng ve hang hda, cac cudn nhat ky theo ddi ham hang la bang chdng chi ra cho cae ben lien quan thay hang hda da dugc tau bao quan dung phuong phap trong qua trinh van chuyen va de bao ve eho chu tau chdng lai nhdng khieu nai phat sinh. Do dd, ngoai viec thUe hien tdt cdng viee bao quan hang hda, thuyen vien tren tau can phai ghi chep day dii cac nhat ky nay khi tien hanh cac cdng viee lien q u a n i
