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G6P * sOfA B 6 I HI^N PHAP 1992VAN DE TON GIAO TRONG HIEN PHAP 1992 - LUANCOCHOMOTNHUCAUSlJfADdl
• GS, TS D 6 QUANG HITNG Dgi hoc Quoc gia Hd Ndi
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ign phip 1992 cd nhiing ngi dung mdi, thg hign tinh thin ddi mdi cua Ding vi Nhi nude vg nhigu mit tii kinh tg dgn xi hgi, dgc biet ttong dd cd ddi mdi vdi linh vuc tin ngudng, ton giio mi digm tap trung Ii Digu 70 cua Hign phip niy. Nguygn vin Digu 70 Ii:"Cgng dan ed quygn tu do tin ngudng, tdn giio, theo hogc khdng theo mpt tdn giio nio. Cic tdn giio dgu binh ding trudc phip luit.
Nhiing noi thd tu eua cic tin ngudng, tdn giio dupe phip luit bio hg.
Khdng ai dupe xim phgm tp do tin ngudng, ton giio hoic Ipi dung tt'n ngudng, tdn giio dg lim trii phip luit vi chinh sich cug Nhi nude".
Thi hinh Hign phip 1992, chung tg da cd rit nhigu nd lpc trong vigc the chg hdg Digu 70, vdi hing logt nhiing vin bin cd lign quan trong llnh viic sinh hogt tin ngudng, tdn giio cdg nhin din ndi chung, mdi qugn hg giiig Nhi nude vdi eic td chiic tdn gii» ndi rigng.
Tuy thg, cung nhu nhigu vin dg chinh tri, kinh tg, xi hdi khic, nhimg digu lugt vg tin ngudng, tdn giio cd nhiing ngi dung khdng
cdn phu hpp vgi thpc tign ddi sdng tin ngudng, tgn giio cung nhu sp hgi nhip voi nhung cgng udc qudc tg m i chung ta cam kgt tdn trpng. Vi Igi, vigc xiy dung mgt nhi nude phip tri vi sp phit trign cug tif do ton giio, bin thin chung cung di vi dgng dit ra nhigu vin dg phip ly m i hdm nay chung ta phii tinh dgn.
Dg cung cip thgm nhiing lugn cu can thigt cho sp sua ddi mgt vin bin luit phip cd y nghia eao nhit vdi qudc gia. chiing toi xin ngu mgt sd y kien nhu sau:
1. vain iS tdn giio tiong cic logi hinh hign phip
Trudc hgt, phgm tru "tin ngudng, ton giio" ttong Hign phip cilng nhu Phip linh Tm nguang, tdn giio (2004) Ii loi dign ngon cd thg phu hpp ddi vdi nude ta. Tuy viy, theo ddi cic bin hign phip cua nhigu nude Pen thg gi(M thiy ring phgm trii nay ed the dupe gpi chung Ii vin dg ton giio.
Trgn thg gidi hien nay, trii mgt sd it nhiing nhi nude - tdn giio, nghia Ii nhung qudc gia diing luit dgo dg chg ngp luit doi, khdng chip nhin md hinh nhi nude phip quyen vi din sp nhu kigu Iran, Arip Xgut...
edn dgi dg sfi ddu theo md hinh nhi nude thi tuc, nghig Ii nhi nude phi tdn giio.
Ve ngi dung, vSn di tdn giio ttong cic ban hign phip ciia cic qufic gia thg tue, di diSn dgt cd khic nhau, nhung dgu cd die
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diim chung Id: khdng dinh quyln tu do tdn gido va nguyin tdc tach bi|t nhd nude vd cdc gido hOi"'. Vi thi, dudng nhu dd la mdu sd chung cua cdc ban hiin phdp loai nhiing nude nay.
VI cdu tnic, dl thi hi|n cdc quyln dy, ed mOt sd dgng sau:
Logi thiiiih£(t, loi cdu tnic bao qudt vd "tir phia nha nude".
Hien phdp My, Dilu khodn bd sung thii nhdt ghi: "Qudc hOi se khdng Idm lugt tdn trpng mpt su chinh thiic hda cua mOt tdn gido hay ngdn cdm vi|c ty do thd eung"'^'.
Ngoai ra, trong cdc Diiu khoan Thuc thi ti/
do vdn rdt phiic tgp cua lugt phdp My cung dd cd nhiiu dilu khodn vl "biic tudng chia tdeh", quy dinh ranh gidi giua cdc tdn gido vd chinh phii, trong dd cdc td chiic tdn gido ed thi Idm nhirng gi vl mdt "than quyen"
md khdng chiu su can thilp eua "chinh quyln". Ndi cdch khdc Id "quyln tu qudn"
eiia gido hdi vd mdi lien hi cua nd vdi quyen luc phdp If'^K
Phdp Igi cd net rilng. Hiin phdp 1958 dinh nghia nude Phap la nude Cgnghda the tuc, tdn trong moi tin ngudng va tdn giao.
Cy thi Id: "Phdp Id mOt nude cOng hda khdng thi chia tdeh, thi tue, ddn chu va xd hOi, ddm bao su cdng bdng trudc lugt phdp cho tat cd cdc cdng ddn cua nd khdng phdn bilt ngudn gdc, sdc tOc hay tdn gido"'*'.
Mdi ddy, trong Dao luat thing 11-2004, nude Phdp Igi bd sung cac dilu khoan ciia Hien phdp xung quanh md hinh nhi nude thi tuc trung l$p (L'Etat - laique) khi ndi rdng: "Khdng cho phep bdt cu ai Ipl dung tin ngudng tdn gido dl xem ban than minh khdng chiu su chi phdi bdi cae quy dinh chung qudn ly cdc mdi quan he giira cdc eo quan cdng quyln vdi cdng ddn". 6 day chiing ta khdng ban din sy khdc biet vl tu
tudng trilt hgc va lich sii eua hai nude tiiu biiu cho cac euOc cdch mang tu sdn diln hinh thiky XVIll va cung la noi ra ddi nhimg bdn tuyen ngdn nhdn quyln ndi tiing. Sy khdc bi|t vl hiin phap trong vdn dl tdn gido d hai qudc gia nay d chd: niu nhu d My, ngudi ta ndi rdng "Chua la kl tao nin cdc quyln eua eon ngudi", thi dilu ndy lai khdng hi cd y cung cdp bdt cii quyln luc ndo cho cdc gido hOi. 6 Phdp, ngugc lai, mOt nude md Cdng gido ehl ngy, vi thi trong vi|c xdc dinh quyin tu do tdn giio trong cdc bdn hiin phdp tir 1789 trd di Igi la vi|c giai quyet mdi quan h | vdi tdn gido nay<^'.
Du cd su khdc nhau, logi hinh nay cung rat gdn vdi loi diln ta cua Dilu 18, Tuyen ngdn the gidi vi quyin con ngudi cua Lien hgp qudc (1948): "Mpi ngudi diu cd quyln ty do tu tudng, tin ngudng vd tdn gido; quyln ndy bao gdm tu do thay ddi tdn gido hay diic tin cda minh vd ty do, cho du mdt minh hay trong cOng ddng vdi nhiing ngudi khdc vd d noi cdng cdng hay chd rilng tu, de thi hien tdn giao hay due tin cua minh trong gido huan, thuc hanh, thd phung vd tdn kinh".
Tinh phd biln cua van bdn ndy tren t h i gidi Id dilu khdng phdi bdn cdi. Van ban ndy dugc coi ddy Id van ban mau mue vd cd tinh phd quat ve phap ly du nd chi Id "tuyIn ngdn" vl quyln ty do tdn gido, tin nguang.
Logi thii hai, hiin phdp cua mOt sd qudc gia Igi cd loi dien td khde vl quyen tu do tdn gido. Dd Id Idi diln ta vira "nguyen tdc" vira cd cac dieu khoan cu thi. Chdng hgn Hiin phap Irde 2006, Phdn 1, Dilu 2 ed ghi:
"Hdi giao la tdn gido chinh thiic cua Nhd nude vd nd la mdt ngudn phdp che casd:
A. Khdng cd lugt ndo cd thi dugc ban hdnh ma mdu thuan cdc dilu khodn dugc ehinh thiic hda cua Hdi gido.
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G 6 P y sOfA B6\ Hiiu PHAP 1992 B. Khgng eg lugt nio cd thg dppc bgn hinh mi miu thuin nguyen tie cda din chu.C. Khdng ed lugt nio cd thg dupe ban hinh mi mau thuin eic quygn vi quygn tp do CO bin nhu dupe quy dinh trong hign phip niy"™.
Irie ro ring Ii mgt trudng hpp dgc bigt eua logi hinh nhi nude thg tpc. Digu khoin niy eho thiy nhi nude di tim cich hii hda viec coi Hdi giio Ii tdn giio chinh thiic cda minh, thgm ehl Ii mgt ngudn phip chg CO sd, nhung ddng thdi Igi khgng
"chinh thiic hda" Hdi giio vi tdn trpng cic nguygn tie din chu, cic quygn tp do eo bin eua cdng din.
Hign phip cua Trung Qufic phin inh thii dg cua Ding Cgng sin Trung Qufic, mdt mit cd ging "giim bgt su nhin mgnh vio tinh vo thin", bio vg quygn "tu do tin ngudng, tdn giio" nhu mgt cgng cu cua chinh sich mat trin din tpc thong nhat, cd ging giii quygt miu thuin giiia diu tranh giai cip, doin kgt din tpc vdi thpc thi "tp do tin ngudng, tdn giio", du ring "ehinh sich tu do tdn giio, tin ngudng khdng phii Ii dg phit trien tdn giio mi Ii lim chim sp tign bd cua tdn giio"'".
Lign quan dgn vin dg tdn giio, Hign phip eiia Tnmg Qudc thg hign tip trung d Digu 36 vdi 5 khoin cp thg vg quygn cdng din vol tin nguong, tdn giio. Theo dd, digu khoin co bin Ii: "Trung Qudc cdng nhgn tp do tin nguong, ton giio vi thuc hinh tdn giio cda mpi cdng din. Tdn giio vi Nhi nude cin phii tich rdi".
Tigp dd, cic digu khoan cu thg khic, thi dp Digu khoin cdng nhin vi bio hg tii sin eua cae tfi chiie tfin giio (dgn nay vin Ii 5 ton giio); digu khoin khic quy dinh "khdng ai dupe phgp dung tdn giio dg tham gia cic boat ddng giy rSi trit tu xi hgi, inh hudng
stickhdeedng din, hay cin trd hg thfing giio dpc nhi npde"...
Nhin chung, ciing vdi su phit trign cila xa hgi, eic quygn tp do ton giio, tin ngudng ngiy cing dupe thg chg hda tfit hon, hpp 1^
vi higu lpc hon trong hg thfing hign phip vi lugt phip.
2. Cdu trdo, nOi dung Digu 70 ciia HUb phip1992
Vdi nhiing "gii tri chung", Digu 70 dupe ciu true bdi "ba chin dg": "Cdng din cd quygn tp do tin ngudng, tdn giio' + "theo hoic khdng theo mgt tdn giio nio" + "cic tdn giio ddu binh ding tnidc phip lugt".
- Vdi cic "gii tri eu the". Hign phip 1992 die bigt coi trpng vigc bio hd cic casd tha at. Ddng thdi, chung ta nhin mgnh mot
"nguygn tie chinh tri" khic ttong vin dg ton giiovdnritphirctapvinhgy cim d nude ta, dd Ii "ididng ai dupe xim phgm tp do tin ngudng, tdn giio hoic Ipi dung tin ngudng, tdn giio de lam ttii phip luit vi ciiinb sich cug Nha nude".
6 diy, chung tdi phin tich ep thg ciu tnic, npi dung Dieu 70 ciia Hign phip 1992:
a) Quyin ttt do tdn giio, tin ngudng^
digu mpi nhi nude thg tpe dgu thda nhgn, vi dd Ii dieu hign nhign cdg nhin logi. Tuy thg, vigc dign t i n d ttong ngdn ngii lugt phip lai rit khic nhgu.
- Mic du vg Idgich, Hign phip 1992 dua khii nigm theo hoic khdng theo (tgn giio hay dgo) vi dd Ii mpt sp "tign bg" so vdi cac vin bin trudc dd. Nhtmg theo chdng t6i, khii nigm tp do tdn giio, dupe higu ding nhu cic cdng udc qufic te hign ngy, thi da chiia dung ei quygn "khdng theo".
- Vin dg "cic tdn giio binh ding truic phip luif. Ngu khdng cd h; do ton giio thiiC sp thi eic tdn giio cung khdng thg "binh ding
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tnrdc phdp ludt"; duge ddi xu nhu nhau, thdm chi cdc tdn giao nhdm nhd ludn chiu sue ep tnrdc tdn gido ehu luu.
- Cd nin chi cdng dan mdi cd quyln tu do tin ngudng, tdn gido? 6 rdt nhiiu nude, tir ndy duoc thay t h i bdng tir moi ngudi. Bdi mOt ngudi tii trong ngyc vdn cd thi dugc hudng cac quyln tu do thd phyng, thyc hanh tdn gido cua minh...
b) VI cdc quyln cy thi:
- Vipe chiing ta chi nhdn mgnh phip lu$t bio hd CO sd thd tu (vdn la mOt phuang dien quan trpng ciia "qudn ly nhd nude ve tdn gido") thi it nhdt ndy sinh mOt hp ludn:
Ca sd thd ti^ ndo? Cua ai? 6 nude ta hien nay it nhat cd hai logi co sd thd ty: ciia cdc tdn gido dugc Nha nude cdng nhan (13 tdn gido vdi 32 td chiic). Vay cdc co sd thd tu eiia cdc tdn gido cdn lai thi sao?
- Dilu khodn vl "loi dung tin ngudng, tdn giao de Idm trdi phdp luat" ludn la dilu cdn thiit nhung d ddy chiing ta lai chi gdn vdi
"chinh sach nhd nude". Vdy cdn cdc gid tri ed tinh nguyin tde Idn khde: siic khde, truyin thdng van hda, ddn tOc, an ninh qudc gia...?
Chiing tdi nghi rdng Dilu 70 cua Hiin phdp 1992 ra ddi vdo liic nude ta thue sy bdt ddu Id trinh ddi mdi. Duang nhiin bdn Hiin phdp nay cd vai trd lich su cua nd. Nhirng dilu trin, du ehi la Idgich hinh thiic, nhung ciing da eho thdy nhu cdu cua su edn thiit phdi sua ddi. Vdi Hiin phdp, nhu cdu vl tinh chudn mue vd dn dinh thudng rdt cao, thgm chi cd nhiing nirde giii dugc tinh dn dinh ciia nhiiu dieu lugt hang t h i k^. Song dilu do ciing khdng ngdn edn chiing ta lam dilu nay.
3. Qud trinh thi ch£f hda vk thyc thi Dilu 70 Hilii phdp 1992 6 nude ta: thdnh t i ^ vd nhOng v ^ dl d$t ra
NbOngvSn bin cabin va thinh ttfa - Ngay 19-4-1999, Chinh phd ban hdnh
Nghi dinh sd 26/1999/ND-CP vl cdc hogt dOng tdn gido vd sau dd ngdy 16-6-1999, Ban Tdn gido Chinh phii ban hdnh Thdng tu sd 01/ 1999/TT-TGCP hudng ddn thuc hi|n mOt sd dilu trong Nghi dinh.
Vdn bdn ndy Id tap trung nhdt, diln hinh cho phuang thiic "xin - eho" trong vi|c qudn ly tdn gido cung nhu phuang cdch sogn thdo vdn bdn qudn ly. Ngodi vi|c khdng dinh lai nhtmg dilu khodn trong Dilu 70 eua Hiin phdp 1992, Nghi dinh 26 cung cd nhiing ed gdng nhdt djnh dl thi ehl hda eu thi hon quyln tu do tdn gido, tin ngudng (ddng kl nhdt Id sy quy dinh vl cd 3 mdt eua "ehinh sdch tdn giao" vd qudn ly tdn gido d nude ta Id: Theo dao, Hanh daovk Quan dao).
- Vdn ban ddng ke nhdt nhiing ndm qua la Phip lenh Tin ngudng, tdn giao (duge Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hOi khda IX thdng qua ngdy 29-6-2004 va dugc Chu tich nude kJ? Llnh cdng bd ngdy 15-11-2004). Dl hudng dan thi hanh Phdp l|nh dd, ngdy 1- 3-2005, Chinh phu ban hdnh Nghi dinh sd 22/ CP Hudng ddn thi hdnh mOt sd dilu ciia Phdp llnh.
Phdp llnh gdm 6 chuang 41 dieu, da kl thira, phat triln nhieu dilu khodn, nhd dd dd cd khd ndng khdc phuc dugc mOt sd nhiing ban che bat cap ciia Nghi dinh 26, ddm bdo tdt hem tinh tuong thich vdi cac cdng udc vd ludt phap qudc t l vl tdn gido.
Vdi Phdp Ipnh nay, chiing ta dd cd nhiing budc riln khd ddi trong viec thi ehl hda quyln tu do tdn gido, tin ngudng tren cd 4 mdt: thd nhit, dd cd su tiin bd rd ret trong vile thi che hda eu thi ban quyln tu do tdn gido, tin ngudng (cung vdi nhiiu vdn bdn phdp luat khdc, Phdp llnh da chudn hda ban quyln tu do tdn giao vd tin ngudng trong nhung ndi dung eu thi mdi)'^'; thiihai, van dl ddo tao va sii dung chiic sdc; thu ba, vdn
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G6P Y SOTA O6\ HI^N PHAP I 992dg dit dai vi tii sin tdn giio'"; thd tu, vin dg quan hg qufic tg eiia cic tgn giio.
Mgt vin dg quan tipng khic, thgm chi ed y nghig bao trum du nd it dupe hign hiru bing nggn ngu phip lugt, dd Ii qui trinh xiy dtmg vi hoin thign md hinh nhi nude thi tgc. Theo chung tdi vigc Vigt Nam Ipa chpn md hinh nhi nude thi lgc 6a nguygn vg tgn giio Ii hpp ly, thpc ra dupe bit diu vdi vigc Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky Sic linh 234 {U-6- 1955)"™. Tuy vgy, eho dgn trudc khi cd Chi thi OI/2005/CT-TTg ngiy 4-2-2005 Vi mdt sdcdng tic ddi vdi d^o Tin linh, thi vg mit phip luit, chung ta vin edn dg Igi mpt khoing trfing kgo dii. Dd Ii vigc, khi lua chon md hinh da nguygn vg tdn giio, mgt thdi gian dii chung ta ehi efing nhin 6 tdn giio, cac tdn giio edn Igi dgu dvi tri thi ndi
Vdi y nghia dd, Chi thi 01 cd thg coi la m0t diu son dinh dau sp phit trign lg trinh tdn giio vi phip quygn d nude ta. Tii nim 2006 dgn nay, he thdng tdn giio d Viet Nam di cd su thay ddi ein bin, dd Ii vigc Nhi nude da Iin luot cdng nhgn nhigu tdn giio khic, ning sfi tdn giio dupe thiia nhin Ign 13 vdi 32 td chiic tdn giio. Ndi theo xi hdi hpc tdn giio thi diy Ii hign tupng tii du hinh ddi sdng tdn giio, mdt sp kign tgn giio hgt sdc quan ttpng, kg ei trong mfii quan hg ton giio vi phip quygn.
NhOngyiu da d$tra
Thd nhit, nhu da phin tich phin ciu tnic vin bin, Digu 70 cila Hign phip 1992 cung dgn luc ein sua dfii. Cin ting cudng su thg chg hda quygn tu do tgn giio, tin ngudng theo hudng dp nhit, toan dien vi bao quit htm, tgo ra kha ning fin dinh, nhit quin vg tinh phip ly cung nhu su hdi nhgp qufic tg cao hon. Digu niy khdng ehi thda min tdt hon nhu ciu ehinh ding cua mdt bp phgn to Idn eiig din tpc (rigng cpng dfing cic tdn
giio di xip xi 30 trigu ngudi, ngu md rgng
"tin ngudng", chua ndi dgn cic sinh boat tim linh thi con sfi iy edn Idn hon nhigu) mi cdn tgo rg guong mgt phip ly ed tinh hign dgi hon.
Thd hai, cd mgt miu thuin quan trpng mang tinh bin thg, ngi tgi vg mit ngi dung eua Digu 70 ndi trgn cung nhu nhiing han chg cug ei hg thfing luit phip tdn giio i nude ta hign nay Ii: cich lim luit theo Ki
"quy dinh eua Nhi nude" (chua phii Ii Igi lim luit eua nhi nude phip quygn hign dgi), liy nhi nude lim ehu thg, tdn giio tin nguong Ii "khich thg quin ly" ngn bit luan tCi phia nio cung thiy su thigu ddng bg, tu miu thuin"". Kinh nghigm chung ciia the gidi Ii, mgt hign phip tfit vg tgn giio, khdng chi khing dinh quygn tu do tdn giio, tin ngudng m i edn phii xac lip dupe cai ranh gidi gida nhi nude vi tdn giio thoa min dupe ei ba mil: tdi da hda sulua chon tdn giio eua c i nhin; dim bao quygn tu quin cua tdn giio vi cic tfi chiic tdn giao vi giim bdt chu nghia bg phii hep hoi trong chinh in"-'.
Thu ba, dg khic phuc nhiing "khoing trfing" vg phip Iy trong eic vin bin Phap Ignh, Nghi dinh va ei Hign phip ndi tren cung nhu nhdng quy dinh eu thg, su thifu nhit quin trong cich higu vi vin diing nhimg quy dinh cua luit phip vi hon niia, khic phuc mgt so quy dinh d i Ige hiu so vii thiic tign, it tinh khi thi... m i chung tg dl ding nhin rg cin cd mpt tu duy chuygn nghigp, day du horn khi siia dfii.
Kien n^ vi sda ddi Biiu 70 Hiin pb&pl992
Vi nguyin tic thiit ki, nhu da phin tich d trgn, theo chung tfii, ngn chpn phuong an vg md hinh bao quit. Song ed thg cii bito md hinh nay, pha ttdn vdi md hinh cp the,
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nhimg cd chpn lpc, vdn bdp ddm nhimg nOi d u n g ed tinh bao qudt d l cudi cung, ed dugc tinh nhit quin, dn dinh thudng ed eua mOt b a n H i i n p h d p . Vdi tinh thdn dd, xin neu m d t p h u o n g an d i l n dgt cy the n h u sau:
"COng h d a xd hOi ehu nghia Vipt Nam Id mOt n h a n u d e t h i tuc. Mgi ngudi d i u cd q u y l n t u do tin ngudng, tdn gido; q u y l n dd dupe t h i hien trong vipe truyin gidng, hdnh dao, t d n t h d vd tuan thu, ed d ed n h a n ciing n h u cdc tap t h i , trong linh vyc cdng cOng ciing n h u t u nhdn. Q u y l n thyc thi t u do tdn gido ed t h i bi hgn c h i khi nd mdu thudn vdi cdc q u y l n va q u y l n t y do co bdn dugc quy dinh trong H i i n phdp"n
(1) J. Bauberot, mpt hpc gid ndi tieng Phap vl Chti ngliia th€ tuc da md hinh hda hai quyen ca bdn nay, ndi cdch khac la md hinh h6a mdt ATid nude thStucntx chung nhu sau:
(2),(6) Xem: W. Cole Durham, JR va Brett G.
Scharffs: Lu$t vi Tdn giao: Toan canh qudc gia, qudc tiva so sanh.
(3),(12) Xem: Carl H. Esbeck: "Che dp quan h?
Gido hdi - Nhd nude d My" (va tac diing cua no ddi vdi quyln tu tri cua Giao hpi), Ton giao va xa hpi My (2005).
(4) Dilu sd 10 ciia Tuyen ngdn nhan quyin va quyin cong din cda nude Phdp quy dinh:
"Khdng ai bi bdt giii vi y kiln ciia minh, k l cd tin dd tdn giao, miln Id sy biiu dgt cua ho khong vi pham trgt tu ludt phdp quy dinh". Ldi noi dau cua Hien phdp 1946 cua nude Phap ciing n6u:
"BChdng ai bj phan bi^t ddi xir trong cdng vi^c vi ly do ngudn gfic, y ki^n hay tin ngudng... Vi|c td chiic mOt h$ thdng gido dye ty do vd thg tyc d mpi cdp dp Id trdch nhi?m ciia Nha nude". Nhu vgy, vi§c t h i chg hda cdc quyln ty do ton gido trong Hiin phdp khdng chi Id mOt qud trinh Ida ddi, ma thudng xuyen dupt thi c h i hda (5) Xem: J Bauberot: Cich thitoc hda nudcPhip trong bdi cinh toan cSu hda, HOi thdo Qudc t l vl tdn gido vd nhan quyln, Hd NOi, 2007.
(7) Xem: Luu Hdnh: Cic vin di tdn gido cOa Trung Qudc, Hoi thdo Quic t l phdp quyln va tdn gido. Ha Npi, 2007.
(8) Theo chdng tdi, so vdi cong u6c qudc tS, ngdn ngu luat phdp cua nuoc ta vl vdn d l ndy lii|n cdn chua d l cgp din it nhat hai nOi dung quan trpng d6 la: quyin tt/ do truyin giio vi quyin cii d^o (convertir).
(9) Ddy la vdn dl phiic tap v6i nhiiu qudc gia, d nude ta, do cung Id diim nong. Nhung su tign bd thi cung khdng thi khong cong nhgn.
(10) Theo su "tdng ket" cua thg gioi, dgi thi din nay da c6 4 mo hinh nha nuofc t h i tuc: mo hinh ton giao - nha nuoc (voi nhimg qudc gia co mpt ton giao chu luu, tham chi co y nghia nhu qudc giao); md hinh ton gido dan su; md liinh thg tuc da nguyen (nha nu6c efing nhan mOt sd ton giao c6 chpn lpc, tfin Uong cac ton gido cdn lai) va mo hinh thi chi t h i tyc tmng lap (laicitd), trong dfi nha nude "khong thua nhdn" bdt cii tfin gido ndo, mpi tdn gido deu thuc thi nguyen ly t h i tuc trudc nhd nude.
(11) Khi xdy dung cdc dilu lugt vl ton gido trong cdc bdn hign phdp, kinh nghigm cua qudc t l cho thdy, bdt cii voi mfi hinh nhd nude thg tuc nao thi cung phai gidi quygt tdt 2 mdi quan h | sau; thir nhdt, quyen lyc ciia nha nude (dl nhign Id thg tgc) va quyln "ty qudn cda gido hpi"; thiihai, mdi quan h? giiia quyln Ipi vd cau true theo dd thi ndi chung cac chinh phd thudng "khfing co quyln Ipi" dii nd cd quyln luc vd b i n phdn.
