CAC BIEN PHAP K H A C P H U C DOI VOfI HANH VI VI PHAM HOfP DONG DlTdl GOC NHIN SO SANH
Bui Thi Thanh H&ng
Tom tat: Buoc tiep tuc thirc hien hap dong, huy bo hap dong va bdi thuang thiet hai Id ba bien phdp khac phuc ca bdn dirac moi he thong phdp luat ghi nhan, nhung vi tri uu tien dp dung ciing nhu muc dich bao ve ciia moi bien phdp trong moi he thong phdp luat lai CO su khdc biet. Bdi viet de cap cdc bien phdp nay trong he thong dan luat (civil law), thong luat (common law), mot so van bdn phdp ly quoc te ve hap dong va luat hap dong Viet Nam de chi ra nhung diem tuang dong vd khdc biet.
Abstract: Specific performance, termination and damages are three basic measures of restitution for contract breaches, which are recognized in all legal systems. However.
the application priority of those measures and their purpose differ in different legal systems. This article analyses these measures in civil law system, common law systems, a number of international legal documents on contracts and Vietnamese contract law to point out similarities and differences between these legal systems
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ghien cuu cac bien phap khac phyc doi vcri hanh vi vi pham hgp dong (bien phap khac phuc) trong he th6ng civil law (nhu Phap, Diic), common law (nhu Anh, My) va mot so van ban phap ly quoc te quan trpng ve hgp dong la Cong uac Vien ve hgp dong mua ban hang hoa quoc te (CISG), Bg nguyen tac cua UNIDROIT vc hgp dong thuang mai qu6c te (UPICC), Bg nguyen tac chau Au ve luat hgp dong (PECL) c6 the nhan thay, cac bien phap khac phuc rat da dang. Trong cac bien phap khac phuc, bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong, hiiy bo hgp dong va boi thucmg thiet hai la ba bien phap khac phuc ca ban dugc mgi he thong phap luat ghi nhan, tuy nhien, vj tri uu tien ap dung ciing nhu muc dich bao ve ciia moi bien phap trong cac he thong phap luat lai c6 sy khac biet'.1. Cac bien phap khac phuc doi vol hanh vi vi pham hgp dong trong he thong civil law
Cac bien phap khac phuc dugc quy dinh rai rac trong Bg luat Dan sy (BLDS) Phdp nam 1804'^. Trong do, Dilu 1184 ghi nhan ba bien phap khac phyc co ban ap dung trong truang hgp ben co nghia vu khong thuc hien nghia vu theo hgp dong.gom:
Bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong, hiiy bo hgp dong va boi thuang thiet hai'^.
Theo BLDS Phap nam 1804, buoc tiep tuc thuc hien hap dong la bien phap khac phuc dugc ap dung theo quy^t dinh ciia Toa an khong phu thugc vao muc dp nghiem trpng ciia hanh vi vi pham hgp dong, trir nghia vu phai lam va khong dugc lam theo quy djnh tai Dieu 1142. Tren ca sa nguyen
ThS., Khoa Luat, Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi.
Xem Thomas D. Mugrave, Comparative Contractual Remedies, UWA Law Review, 2009, page 300.
•'XcmDicu 1142, Dieu 1143, Dieu 1144, Diau 1617, Dieu 1619, DiSu 1644, Di6u 1184 va Muc 4 Chirong [I! Phan III BLDS Phap nam 1804.
^ Xem D i k 1184 BLDS Phap nam 1804.
NHA NU(fC VA PHAPLUATSO 12/2016
lac "pacta sunt servanda", Dieu 1134 BLDS Phap nam 1804 the hien ro xu huong uu tien ap dyng bien phap bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong''. Xu huong nay cung dugc the hien qua thyc tien xet xii cua Phap". Vi tri uu tien hang dau ciia bien phap bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hop dong xuat phat tii' lap luan cho rang, dieu ma ben co quyen mong muon dat dugc tu mot hgp dong la nghTa vii hgp dong phai dugc thyc hien, va viec ap dung bien phap nay cho phep thiet lap lai tinh trang cac ben da thoa thuan khi ky ket hgp dong.
Hiiy bo hop dong la bien phap khac phuc CO the dupe ap dung trong mgi truong hgp VI pham hgp dong^, bao gom ca vi pham CO chu dich (khong thyc hien hgp dong hoac thyc hien hgp dong co khiSm khuyet) va vi pham do bat kha khang (tuang ducmg trucmg hgp "khong dat dugc muc dich" trong he thong common law). Tuy nhien, bien phap khac phuc nay chi co th6 dugc ap dung theo phan quy^t ciia Toa an dya tren mii'c do nghiem trpng ciia hanh vi vi pham. Khi Toa an ra quy^t dinh hiiy bo hpp dong thi hgp ddng dugc ky ket se vo hieu, CO ngliTa cac ben trong hgp d6ng phai hoan tra cho nhau nhiing gi da nhan.
Theo BLDS nam 1804 cua Phap, bdi thuang thiet hat la bien phap k h k phuc co the dugc Toa an ap dung "tuang duang vai thyc hien hgp dong" hoac bien phap "thay the cho thyc hien hgp ddng" (Execution en equivalent)^ boi boi thucmg thiet hai la bien
' Xem Diau 1134 BLDS Phap nam 1804
Xem Thomas D. Mugrave, Comparative Conlraclual Remedies. UWA Law Review, 2009 page 336
' Xem Di^u 1184 BLDS Phap nam 1804.
Xem Jean-Baptisle Racme, Laura Sautonic- Laguionie, Alinc Tencnbaum and Guillaumc Wicker.
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phap khac phuc nham dat ben bi vi pham vao vi tri tuang ty vcri vj tri hg dang le dat dupe neu hgp dong dugc thyc hien diing.
Ngoai ra, boi thuang thiet hai con co the dugc ap dyng nhu mot bien phap khac phuc bo sung ket hgp vai bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong hoac huy bo hop dong nham dam bao cho ben bi vi pham dugc boi thucmg day du. BLDS Phap nam 1804 ciing quy djnh, ben bj vi pham chi co the yeu cau ap dung bien phap boi thucmg thiet hai trong truang hgp ben vi pham da dugc yeu ciu nhung van khong thyc hien nghia vu^. Theo Dieu 1147, boi thucmg thiet hai dugc ap dyng trong trucmg hgp khong thyc hien hoac cham thyc hien hgp dong, tni trucmg hgp ben vi pham hgp dong chirng minh dugc viec khong thyc hien hgp d6ng la do sy kien bat kha khang^, hoac do sy kien b^t nga. Ve nguyen tac, boi thuang thiet hai duac ap dung trong tru'cmg hgp khong thyc hien nghTa vu phai lam hay khong dugc lam mot viec"^, nhung thuc tien xet xu ciia Phap lai cho thay boi thucmg thiet hai la bien phap it dugc dp d u n g ' '
Han 200 nam thi hanh, cac bien phap khdc phuc doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong dugc ghi nhan trong BLDS Phap nam 1804 thuang dugc bo sung, lam ro bai cac phan quyet cua Toa an de thich ung vol thyc tien. Nhirng an le nay da dugc phap
European Contract Law - Materials for a Common Frame oj Reference- Terminology. Guiding Principles. Model Rules, Sellier, European law publishers. 2008, page 275
Xem cac dieu tir DiSu 1146 d£n DiSu 1 152 BLDS Phap nam 1804.
•' Xem Dicu 1148 BLDS Phap nam 1804.
'" Xem Di^u 1142 BLDS Phap nam 1804 Xem Thomas D Mugrave, Comparative Contractual Remedies, UWA Law Review, 2009, page 336
CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHtJC...
dien hoa thong qua Phap lenh so 2016-131 ngay 10/2/2016 ve "Sua doi luat hgp dong, cac quy tac chung ve nguon cua nghia vu"
(sau day ggi tat la Phap lenh so 2016-131).
Phap lenh nay da co nhirng cai each ca ban, bao gom ca cai each ve cac bien phap khac phyc doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong.
Theo do, BLDS Phap (mai) Ian dau tien da phap dien hoa mot danh sach cac bien phap khac phuc co the dugc ap dung doi vai hanh vi khong thyc hien nghia vu theo hgp dong.
So vcri cac quy dmh ciia BLDS Phap nam 1804 ve cac bien phap khac phyc, Phap lenh so 2016-131 da co nhirng sua doi dang ke sau:
- Thir nhat, dua ra danh sach cac bien phap khac phuc va nguyen tac ap dung cac bien phap khac phuc doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong'^.
- Thu hai, bien phap bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong c6 the khong dugc ap dung neu CO sy mat can bang ve mat kinh te giiia chi phi ma ben vi pham phai bo ra de thyc hien hgp dong va Igi ich ma ben bi vi pham thu dugc tir viec thyc hien hgp dong'
Thu ba, trong trucmg hgp hanh vi vi pham hgp dong gay hau qua nghiem trgng.
- Dieu 1217 BLDS Phap (moi) quy dinh: "Ben co nghia vu khong dirac thuc hien toan bo hoac mot phan CO the:
- Tir choi khong thyc hien hoac dinh chi thuc hien nghia vu theo hop dong;
- Yeu cau buoc tiep tuc thuc hien nghTa vu;
- Yeu cau giam gia;
- Hiiy bo hop dong;
- Yeu cau khac phuc hau qua ciia hanh vi khong thirc hien nghTa vu theo hop dong.
Cac che tai khong xung dot vai nhau c6 the dugc ket htjTp vai nhau, boi thucmg thiet hai co the ap dung bo sung vai bat cir bien phap nao 6 bat cir then diem nao".
'^ Xem Dieu 1121 BLDS Phap dugc sita doi theo Phap lenh 86 2016-131
ben canh quy djnh cho phep ben bj vi pham yeu ciu Toa an hiiy bo hgp d6ng, Phap lenh so 2016 -131 da b6 sung them truong hgp cho phep ben bi vi pham don phuong hiiy bo hgp d6ng b5ng each thong bao viec hiiy bo hgp d6ng cho ben vi pham. Theo do, dan phuong hiiy bo hgp dong dugc xem nhu mot nguyen tdc canh tranh d6i vai huy bo tu phap (huy bo hgp dong theo phan quyet ciia Toa an).
Tham khao tii Di^u 9:201 PECL, Phap lenh so 2016-131 da b6 sung mot quy dinh mai v8 vi pham hgp dong dugc tien lieu truoc (anticipatory non-performance), cho phep mot ben sau khi thong bao cho ben kia, CO the dan phuong dinh chi thuc hien nghia vy cua minh neu co can cu de tin rang ben kia se khong thyc hien nghTa vu diing han va he qua ciia viec khong thyc hien nay la nghiem trgng doi vai Igi ich ciia hg.
- Thii tu, ve co ban, ghi nhan lai cac quy djnh ciia BLDS Phap nam 1804, nhung khong con phan biet giira nghia vu chuyen giao va nghia vu phai lam
Quoc gia tieu bieu thu hai cua he thong civil law la Due. Luat hgp dong ciia Due ciing ghi nhan ba bien phap khac phyc co ban doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong la tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong, hiiy bo hgp dong va boi thuong thiet hai. Theo do, ben bi vi pham co the lya ehgn ap dyng bien phap bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong hoac hiiy bo hgp dong.
Buoc tiep tuc thuc hien hap dong dugc quy djnh tai Di^u 286 BLDS Due (BGB).
Bien phap bupc tiep tyc thyc hien hgp dong chi dugc ap dyng neu thoa man hai diSu kien la hgp dong van co the thuc hien dugc
" Xem Dieu 1131 BLDS Phap duac s Phap lenh s6 2016-131.
NHA NU'dC VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2016
va ben bj vi pham truac do da thong bao cho ben vi pham.
Hdy bo hap dong dugc quy djnh tai DiSu 323 va Dilu 324 BGB. Theo do, hiiy bo hgp d6ng la bien phap khdc phuc dugc dp dung khong phu thugc vao mire dp vi pham hgp d6ng, tuy nhien, bien phdp nay chi CO th^ dugc dp dung neu tru'oc do ben bj vi pham da gia han de ben vi pham tiep tyc thuc hien hgp ddng va khi ket thiic thai han nay ben vi pham vdn khong thuc hien nghia vy cua minh.
Ciing voi buoc ti6p tuc thyc hien hgp d6ng va hiiy bo hgp dong, theo Dieu 280 BGB, ben bj vi pham con co the dp dung bien phdp khdc phyc boi thuang thiet hai n§u ben vi pham hop dong cau thd trong viec thyc hien nghia vy hoac co hdnh vi co y vi pham nghTa vu theo cac dieu kien dupe quy djnh tai Dieu 276 va 31 la BGB (trdeh nhiem dya tren loi).
Tuang ty nhu Phdp, luat hgp dong Diic ciing coi boi thucmg thiet hai la bien phap khac phuc thay the cho bien phdp huge tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong. Theo Dieu 281, Di6u 282 va Biku 283 BGB, n^u ben vi pham hgp dong bi coi la phai chju trach nhiem ve hanh vi vi pham hgp dong (co loi trong viec khong thuc hien nghTa vu theo hpp dong), thi ben bj vi pham co the yeu cau boi thuang thiet hai thay th^ cho bien phdp bupc tiep tyc thyc hien hgp d6ng.
Trong trucmg hgp nay, yeu cau b6i thuong thiet hai dugc hieu la sy quy d6i tuang ducmg voi gia tn cua viec thuc hien hgp dong. Yeu cdu b6i thuang thiet hai thay thS cho bien phap bupc tiSp tuc thyc hien hgp dong CO the la yeu cdu thanh toan ph4n nghTa vu khong dugc thuc hien diing hoac yeu cau thanh toan todn bg viec thyc hien hgp dong bang mot s6 ti^n tuang duang.
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Tuy nhien, viec quy doi toan bg viec thyc hien hgp d6ng chi dugc dp dung nlu ben bj vi pham khong thu dugc Igi ich tir viec thuc hien mot phdn nghTa vu, hoac neu hanh vi vi pham la c a ban. Trong tnrong hgp ben vi pham da thyc hien mot phdn nghia vu nhung ben bi vi pham yeu cau quy doi toan bg viec thyc hien hgp dong thi phdn nghTa vu ma ben vi pham da thyc hien se duac hoan trd cho ben vi pham.
Cdn luu y la, yeu cdu thanh toan mot khodn tien tucmg limg voi viec thuc hien hpp ddng CO the dugc ket hgp vai yeu cau boi thuang thiet hai quy djnh tai Dieu 280.1 BGB trong trucmg hgp ben vi pham co loi.
2. Cac bien p h a p khac phuc doi vol hanh vi vi p h a m h g p dong trong he thong common law
Neu nhu luat hgp dong ciia cac quoc gia trong he thong civil law xem bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong Id bien phdp khac phuc chinh va boi thuang thiet hai la bien phap khac phyc phy, thi luat hgp dong ciia cac quoc gia theo he thong common law lai xem boi thuang thiet hai nhu mot bien phap khac phyc chinh' va bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong Id bien phap khac phuc phu hay bien phap khac phuc thur cdp Theo do, bupc tiep tyc thyc hien hgp dong chi duoc dp dung khi Toa dn cho rang viee dp dung bien phdp boi thucmg thiet hai khong thich dang so voi bien phdp bugc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong.
Tuy nhien, Toa dn khd than trgng trong viec dua ra phdn quyet bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong, do do, bien phdp huge tiep tuc
Xem Zimmcrmam, The Law oj Obiigalion - Roman foundations of the civilian tradition, Oxford University press, 1995, page 776. 779
cAc BIEN PHAP KHAC PHIJC. ..
thuc hien hgp dong chi dugc dp dung trong nhung truang hgp dac biet'^
6 Anh, cac bien phap khac phuc ca ban doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong dugc quy djnh trong Luat Mua ban hang hoa nam 1979 (Sale of Goods Act 1979 SGA).
Theo Dieu 52 (1) SGA, bugc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong chi dugc dp dyng theo quyet dinh cua Toa dn. Theo do, Toa an bugc ben ban phai chuyen cho ben mua vat dac djnh la doi tugng cua hgp dong vd viec dp dyng bien phap boi thucmg thiet hai dugc chung minh la khong thich dang.
Buoc tiep tuc thuc hien hap dong trong luat Anh dugc xem Id mot bien phdp khac phuc mang tinh cong binh''', chi dugc ap dyng khi xet thay can thiet'^; hay noi each khac, viec ap dung bien phdp bugc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong to ra khd han che'^. Cu the, bugc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong chi dugc dp dung neu bien phap boi thuang thiet hai to ra khong thich dang va viec bugc tiep tyc thyc hien hgp dong khong doi hoi c6 sy giam sat lien tyc cua Toa an^". Ngoai ra, bugc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong se khong dugc dp dung trong cac nnicmg hgp:
hgp dong Id hgp dong djch vu gan lien voi
'* Xem G. H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, 11 ed, London, 2003, page 67.
'^ Xem Samuel L Bray, The System of Equitable Remedies, UCLA Law Review, Vol 63, 2016, page 553.
'* Xem Rt Hon Justice Thomas, An Endorsement of a More Flexible Law of Civil Remedies, Waikato Law Review, Vol 7, i999. page 38.
" Xem Hayk Kupelyants, Specific Performance in the Draft Common Frame of Reference, UCL Journal of Law and Junsprudence, Vol 1, 2012, page 20.
^'' Xem Michael Bryan, Simone Degeling, Scott Donald, Vicki Vann, A Sourcebook on Equity and Trusts in Australia, Cambridge University press, 2016, page 31, 32
nhan than cua ben vi pham '; viec ap dung bien phap nay se gay kho khan qua raiic cho ben VI pham"; hoac chi phi do ben vi pham bo ra dk ti^p tuc thyc hien hgp dong Ian qud miic so vai Igi ich ma viec thyc hien hgp ddng mang lai cho ben bi vi pham
D6 xac dinh co the dp dung bien phap bugc tiSp tuc thuc hien hgp dong hay khong, Toa an khong chi xem xet bdn chat ciia d6i tugng hgp d6ng hay su bat hgp ly n§u ap dung bien phdp boi thucmg thiet hai, md con xem xet mgi tinh tiet cua vu viec, bao g6m viec thuc hien hgp dong cua ca hai ben vd nhiing kho khan ma bien phap bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong se gay ra cho ben vi pham.
Huy bo hap dong la bien phdp khdc phyc dugc ghi nhan tai Dieu 11(3) SGA, theo do, hanh vi vi pham ciia ben bdn co the dan den viec huy bo hgp dong neu hanh vi vi pham hgp dong la vi pham ca ban. Bdn chat ciia Dieu 11(3) SGA Id cho phep ben mua quyen lya chpn hoac hiiy bo hgp dong hoac khang djnh hieu lye ciia hgp dong va yeu cau tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong^''. Quy djnh nay nham loai bo viec ben vi pham dya vdo chinh hanh vi vi pham cua minh "de thu Igi tir hgp dong, hoac de bien minh cho hanh vi vi pham, hoac gdy bat Igi cho-ben bj vi pham trong hgp dong"^^ Ve nguyen tac,
^' Xem Robert Pearce, John Stevens, Warren Barr, The law of trusts and equitable obligations. Fifth edition, Oxford University press, 2010, page 119.
^' Xem Judith Bray, A student's guide to equity and trusts, Cambridge University press, 2012, page 14.
'• Xem Djakhongu- Saidov, Ralph Cunnington, Contract Damages. Domestic and International Perspectives, Hart publishing, 2008, page 196.
'•* Xem G. H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, 1 i ed, London, 2003, page 844.
" Xem G. H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, II ' ed, London, 2003, page 844.
n
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2016 hiiy bo hgp d6ng chi co the dugc dp dyng neu ben mua thong bao mong muon hiiy bo hgp d6ng cho ben ban hoac cho ben thii ba trong trucmg hgp ben mua khong the xdc djnh dugc ben ban.
He qud ciia viec dp dyng bien phap huy bo hgp dong theo SGA Id gidi thodt cdc ben (ben VI pham ciing nhu ben bj vi pham) khoi cac quyen va nghTa vu md hg da cam ket. NghTa la, khi hgp dong bj hiiy bo thi ben mua "khong con h\ rang bugc phai chap nhan viec thyc hien hgp dong hoac phai tra tien cho viec thuc hien hgp dong ciia ben bdn niia"^^. Nhu vay, ve ban chat, viec dp dyng bien phdp hiiy bo hgp dong da bien nghTa vy thyc hien hgp dong cua ben bdn tra thdnh nghTa vu boi thuang thiet hai va quyen yeu cau thuc hien hgp d6ng cua ben mua tro thdnh quyen yeu cau boi thuang thiet hai.
Boi thuang thiet hai la bien phdp khdc phuc chinh dugc sii dung trong luat hgp d6ng Anh. Theo Dilu 51(1) SGA, boi thuang thiet hai la bien phdp luon co th^
dugc ap dung doi vai bdt ky hdnh vi vi pham hpp dong nao gay ra thiet hai nhdm bii ddp cho ben bj vi pham nhuTig t6n hai ma ben nay phdi chiu do hanh vi vi pham hgp dong gay ra.
Luat hgp dong Anh cho phep ben bi vi pham ap dung kk hgp bien phap hiiy bo hop dong va bien phdp b6i thuang thiet hai trong truang hgp hanh vi vi pham hgp d6ng la VI pham co ban hoac hanh vi vi pham hgp dong dan tai he qud nghiem trgng Id ben co quyen bj mdt di phdn Ion Igi ich ma hp mong muon nhan dugc khi ky k^t hgp
dong , trir trucmg hgp ben bj vi pham tu bo quyen hiiy bo hgp dong ciia minh Trong truang hgp, hanh vi vi pham hgp dong khong phdi la vi pham co bdn hoac khong gay ra hau qud nghiem trgng, thi ben bj vi pham chi co quyen yeu cau boi thuang thiet hai^^.
O Hoa Ky, cac bien phap khac phuc doi vol hdnh vi vi pham hgp dong dugc ghi nhan trong Bg luat Thuong mai thSng nhdt Hoa Ky (US Uniform Commercial Code - UCC) vd Tuyen tap (Ian thir hai) v^ hgp dong (Restatement (second) of contract).
Theo DiSu 2-716 UCC, Toa dn co tha dp dung bien phdp buoc tiep tuc thuc hien hap dong neu doi tugng ciia hop d6ng Id vat dac djnh hoac trong truong hgp Toa dn xet thay viec dp dyng bien phdp nay la thich dang. Nhu vay, theo Di6u 2-716 UCC, ben bj vi pham co quyen yeu cdu nhan d6i tugng cua hgp dong Id vat dac djnh neu khong co vat thay the mac dii ben vi pham da co nhung CO gang hgp ly^"
Viec dp dung bien phdp bupc ti6p tuc thyc hien trong luat hgp ddng Hoa Ky dugc xay dyng dya tren ba nguyen tdc: bdi thuong thiet hai dugc xem Id khong thich ddng neu doi tu'gng ciia hgp dong la vat dac djnh-'; bien phdp bupc tiSp tjjc thyc hien hgp dong thuang dugc dp dung d6i voi nhirng hgp d6ng co d6i tugng Id bdt dpng
'" Xem G, H Treitel, The Law of Contract 1 ] " ed London, 2003, page 849
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Xem Dieu 11 (3) va Diau 51 (1) Luat Mua ban hang hoa nam 1979.
Xem Dieu 11 (2) Luat Mua ban hang hoa nam 1979.
-^ Xem Di^u 11 (3) va DiSu 61 (1) Luat Mua ban hang hoa nam 1979.
^ " X e m D i e u 2 - 7 1 6 ( 3 ) U C C .
Xem John D Calamari, Joseph M. Perilio. The law of contracts. Fourth edition, West group, 1998, page 611
CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHIJC...
san ; khong ap dung bien phdp bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong doi vai hanh vi vi pham hgp dong dich vu lien quan tai nhan than ben vi pham hoac doi hoi viec giam sat tu phap
Thong thuang, viec dp dyng huge tilp tyc thyc hien hgp dong theo luat hgp dong cua Hoa Ky se loai trir viec dp dung bien phdp boi thuong thiet hai bdi Hoa Ky cho rang, trong truong hgp ben vi pham da tiep tuc thyc hien hgp dong thi viec bdi thuang thiet hai cho gia tri ciia viec thyc hien nghTa vu ciia ben vi pham doi voi ben bj vi pham la khong hgp ly trir khi hanh vi vi pham do la vi pham thoa thuan khong canh tranh"'''
Theo UCC, huy bo hap dong co the dugc dp dung theo thda thuan ciia cdc ben trong hgp dong hoac theo luat dinh. Huy bo hgp ddng theo luat djnh dugc dp dyng trong truong hop hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng la vi pham CO ban hoac gdy hau qud nghiem trpng. Bien phap ndy thudmg dugc dp dung ket hgp voi bien phdp boi thuong thiet hai vd dugc xem Id bien phap ty khdc phuc ddi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng (self-help remedy). Theo Di^u 2-106 (3) UCC, he qua ciia viec ap dung bien phap hiiy bd hgp dong la lam cham dirt mgi quyin vd nghTa vu chua dugc thyc hien.
Trong ba bien phdp khdc phuc co ban ciia common law ndi chung vd Hoa Ky noi rieng, boi thuang thiet hai la bien phdp
Xem John D. Calamari, Joseph M. Perilio, The law of contracts. Fourth edition. West group, 1998.
page 614
^ Xem John D. Calamari, Joseph M PeriUo. The law of contracts. Fourth edition. West group 1998 page 617*619.
^^ Xem John D. Calamari. Jo.scph M Perilio, The law of contracts. Fourth edition, West group. 1998, page 631.
dugc dp dung chu yeu Tuy nhien, Dieu 347 Tuyen tap (Ian thii hai) ve hgp ddng cung dua ra dieu kien han che dp dyng bien phdp bdi thuong thiet hai gom: ben bj vi pham CO the tranh dugc thiet hai xdy ra^^, cdc ben khong the luang truoc dugc thiet hai d thai diem ky ket hgp ddng , khong cd bang chimg hgp ly ve tinh chac chan ciia thiet hai"*^, nhirng ton hai ve tinh than ngoai trir nhirng ton hai gan lien vdi tdn thuang ve ngudi (body harm) hoac Id he qud ro rdng ciia hdnh vi vi pham hgp dong
3. Cac bien phap khac phuc doi voi hanh vi vi pham hop dong trong Cong uac Vien ve hgp dong mua ban hang hoa quoc te, Bg nguyen tac ciia UNIDROIT ve hpp dong thuong mai quoc te va Bg nguyen tac chau Au ve luat hop dong
CISG ghi nhan nhieu bien phap khac phyc ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng tiiy thupc ben vi pham nghTa vy Id ben mua hay ben ban. Theo cac quy djnh tai Myc 3 Chuang II va Muc 3 Chuong III, Phdn thii 111 ciia CISG cd the nhan thdy, mdt so bien phap khac phyc dugc dp dung chung cho cd hdnh VI vi pham hgp ddng cua ben mua vd ben ban, nhu tiep tuc thuc hien hgp ddng, bdi thuong thiet hai vd buy bd hgp ddng"", va cd bien phap khac phuc dugc dp dung rieng nhu bien phdp gidm gid Id bien phdp
^^ Xem John D. Caiamari. Joseph M. PeriHo, The law of contracts. Fourth edition, Wesl group, 1998, page 540.
•'' Xem Digu 350 Tuyen tap (\kn thu hai) v^ Luat hop dong.
XciTi Dieu 351 Tuyen tap (lin thij hai) vg Luat hop dong,
Xem Di^u 352 Tuyen tap (l^n thii hai) v^ Luat hop dong
" Xern Dicu 353 Tuyen tap (l^n ihir hai) v^ Luat hop dong
""' Xem Di^u 45 va Dilu 61 CISG
13
NHA NUOC VA PHAPLU.ATSO 12/2016
khdc phyc chi dugc dp dyng trong truong hgp ben ban vi pham hgp ddng Tuy nhien, CISG cung ghi nhan ba bien phap khdc phuc CO ban ddi voi hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng tuang tu nhu he thong civil law va common law "
Tren ca so cac quy dinh tren cho thay, cac bien phdp khac phuc co bdn ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham hgp dong ciia CISG mot mat the hien "sy can bang mdt cdch co y"
cua nhirng ngudi soan thao CISG giira cdc quy djnh ciia he thdng common law va civil law, nhung mat khdc van ghi nhan dac thii ciia moi he thdng phap luat ve vdn de nay.
Su hdi hoa giira cdc quy dinh ciia he thdng common law va civil law ve cdc bien phap khac phuc the hien qua quy dinh tai Dieu 46 va Dieu 62 CISG, dd la xem buoc tiep tuc thtic hien hap dong la bien phdp khac phuc quan trpng nhat. Theo do, CISG cho phep ben bi vi pham cd the yeu cau ben vi pham phai tiep tuc thyc hien nghia vu, trir trucmg hap ben bj vi pham da sir dung mot bien phdp khac phuc khong phii hgp vdi yeu cdu dd"" Vdi quy dinh nay, CISG ducmg nhu ung ho quan diem ciia he thdng civil law la xem tiep tyc thuc hien hgp ddng la bien phap khac phuc quan trgng nhdt.
Tuy nhien. Di8u 28 CISG lai dua ra quy djnh mem deo nham dung hda quan diem
*" Xem Dieu 45.1 v a D i k 6 1 . 1 CISG.
Xem Alison E. Williams, Forecasting the Potential Impact of the Vienna Sales Convention on Internationa! Sales Law m the United Kingdom.
Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), Kluwer Law International. 2000-2001, page 9-57,http://www.cisg .law pace edu/cisg/biblio/wilhams.html, truy cap ngay 05/10/2016
*^ Xem Avery W Katz, Remedies for breach of contract under the CISG, International Review of Law and Economics, 2006, page 378
^ Xem Dieu 46 va D i k 62 CISG.
14
cua cac quoc gia theo he thdng common law - cdc qudc gia coi bdi thudmg thiet hai la bien phap khac phuc chinh doi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hgp dong"^ Theo do, Dieu 28 CISG quy djnh: "Neu mot ben co quyen yeu cau ben kia phai thi hdnh mot nghia vu nao dd thi chieu theo cac quy djnh ciia Cong udc nay, Tda dn khong bj bat bugc phdi dua ra phdn quyet bugc ben kia thyc hien thyc su hgp ddng trir trudmg hgp Tda an ra phan quyet do tren co so luat nude minh ddi vdi cac hgp ddng mua ban tuang tu khong do Cdng udc nay dieu chinh" Dieu dd cd nghia, viec lya chgn bien phdp bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hgp ddng chi dugc dp dung trong pham vi qudc gia neu bien phdp nay dugc quy djnh trong luat qudc gia.
Ben canh quy djnh the hien sy dung hda giira quan diem ciia he thdng civil law va he thdng common law, CISG cung ghi nhan dac thii ciia moi he thdng phdp luat Dieu nay dugc the hien qua quy dinh ciia CISG ve bien phdp boi thuang thiet hai.
Dd Id, viec dp dyng bien phap bdi thuong thiet hai khdng ddng nghTa vdi viec ben vi pham nghTa vy hgp ddng cd Idi"'' Bdi thudmg thiet hai do vi pham hgp ddng khdng dua tren yeu to loi dugc xem Id net dac trung cua he thdng common law, trong khi trong he thdng civil law viec dp dung bien phdp bdi thudmg thiet hai lai ludn dya tren yeu to Idi.
Xem Alison E. Williams, Forecasting Ihe Potential Impact of the Vienna Sales Convention on International Sales Law tn the United Kingdom, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), http //www.cisg.
law.pace edu/cisg/biblio/williams.himl, truy cap ngay 07/10/2016.
** Xem Diau 45 CISG.
CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHUC..
Bdi thudmg thiet hai trong CISG cung dugc xem la mot bien phdp khac phyc cd vi tri quan trgng, boi day la bien phdp duy nhat ma ben bi vi pham cd the dp dung trong truong hgp khdng cd dii cdc dieu kien de ap dung bien phap bugc tiep tyc thyc hien hgp ddng hoac huy bd hgp ddng. Bdi thuong thiet hai Id bien phdp cd muc dich nham dat ben bj vi pham vao vj tri tuomg ty vj tri ddng le ben bj vi pham dat dugc neu hgp ddng dugc thyc hien theo diing thoa thuan.
Do vay, ben bj vi pham ngoai viec dp dyng cac bien phdp nhu yeu cau tiep tyc thyc hien hgp ddng hay hiiy bd hgp ddng con cd the yeu cdu bdi thuong thiet hai"*^, trir truong hgp viec khdng thyc hien nghTa vy hgp dong Id do mdt trd ngai nam ngoai sy kiem soat ciia ben vi pham vd ben vi pham ichdng the tinh toi trd ngai dd vao luc ky ket hgp ddng, hoac khdng the tranh dugc hay khac phuc dugc cdc hau qud ciia no
Bien phdp khac phuc ca bdn thii ba dugc ghi nhan tai Dieu 49 vd Dieu 64 CISG Id huy bo hap dong. Theo dd, hiiy bd hop ddng chi dugc dp dyng neu hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng la vi pham ca ban hoac cham thyc hien nghTa vy hgp ddng khi thai han dugc gia han neu trong thdng bao ciia ben mua da ket thiic. He qua ciia viec dp dung bien phdp hiiy bd hgp ddng se dat ddu cham het cho viec thuc hien nghTa vu cua ca hai ben.
Tuomg tu nhu CISG, UPICC ciing ghi nhan ba bien phap khdc phuc co ban Id bupc
Xem Alison E Williams. Forecasting the Potential Impact of the Vienna Sales Convention on International Sales Law in the United Kingdom, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the Inlemalional Sale of Goods (CISG), http //www.cisg.
law pace.edu/cisg/biblio/williams.html. truy cap ngay 07/10/2016.
**' Xem D i k 79 CISG
tilp tuc thyc hien hop ddng, hiiy bo hgp ddng vd bdi thuong thiet hai. Quy djnh ve cdc bien phap khdc phyc dugc xay dyng mdt cdch he thdng tai Chuang 7 UPICC tucmg tu nhu CISG, nham duy tri sy tdn tai ciia hgp ddng qua viec uu tien dp dyng bien phap bugc tidp tuc thyc hien hgp ddng thay vi hiiy bd hgp ddng khi cac ben trong quan he hgp ddng gap khd khan trong qua trinh thyc hien hgp ddng.
Bien phdp bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hap dong trong UPICC dugc chia lam hai loai tucmg img vdi hai truong hgp vi pham. Neu hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng Id khong thyc hien hoac cham thyc hien nghTa vu thi bien phdp khdc phuc dugc dp dung la bupc tiep tuc thyc hien nghia vy hgp dong ma cdc ben dd cam ket; neu la thyc hien cd khiem khuyet thi bien phdp dugc dp dung se la sira chiia vd thay the. Mac dii the hien ro nguyen tdc chung la uu tien dp dung bien phdp bupc tiep tuc thyc hien hop dong, nhung UPICC cung chi ro viec dp dung bien phap nay bj han che trong cdc trucmg hgp: viec thyc hien hgp ddng la khdng the thyc hien duac hoac la bat hgp phap; viec thyc hien hgp ddng tao nen ganh nang bat hgp ly cho ben vi pham; viec thyc hien hgp ddng cd the dat dugc mot each hgp ly bang cdc phuong phap khac; viec thyc hien hgp ddng gan lien vdi nhan than ciia ben vi pham, hoac neu viec thyc hien hgp ddng khdng dugc yeu cau trong thai gian hgp ly"**
Hiiy bo hap dong la bien phdp khdc phuc dugc quy dinh tai Muc 3 Chuang 7 ciia UPICC. Tuang ty nhu CISG, bien phdp hiiy bo hgp ddng trong UPICC chi dugc dp dung trong truong hgp hdnh vi vi pham (khdng thyc hien hgp ddng) la vi pham co
' Xem Dieu 7 2.2 UPICC.
15
NHA NU'dC VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2016 bdn gdm^": Viec khong thyc hien lam mat di chii ylu nhiing gi ngudi cd quyen mong dgi ni hgp ddng, trir trucmg hgp ben cd nghTa vy da khdng dy tinh trudc hoac da khdng the du tinh trudc mot each hgp ly hau qua ndy;
viec thyc hien nghiem ngat nghTa vu la ban chdt cua hgp dong; viec khdng thyc hien la cd y hoac khdng tinh den hau qud; viec khdng thyc hien khien cho ben cd quyen tin rdng khdng th^ tin cay vdo viec thyc hien hgp ddng h-ong tuomg lai; trong truong hgp hiiy bd hgp dong, ben cd nghTa vu cd the phai chju nhirng tdn that qud mire do sy chudn bi hoac viec thyc hien hgp ddng;
khdng thuc hien nghTa vu trong thai han da dugc gia han bd sung mdt khodng thai gian hgp ly.
Theo UPICC, bugc ti^p tuc thyc hien hgp ddng va huy bd hgp ddng cd the dugc ket hgp vdi bien phdp boi thuang thiet hqi^'. UPICC ghi nhan nguyen tac nen tdng cua boi thuong thiet hai tai Muc 4 Chuang 7 Id bdi thuong todn bd. Tuy nhien, viec dp dyng bdi thuong thiet hai cd nhirng han che nhu: tinh xac thyc ciia thiet h a i " , tinh dy doan trudc ciia thiet hai^^; giam muc bdi thudmg thiet hai do loi ciia ben bj thiet hai^**;
nghTa vu han che thiet hai^^
Tucmg ty nhu CISG va luat ciia Anh, UPICC cung thira nhan bdi thudng thiet hai do hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng la trdch nhiem nghiem ngat (trach nhiem khdng cdn Idi).
Khdc vdi UPICC, PECL danh hai chuong quy djnh ve cdc bien phdp khac phuc ddi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng.
trong dd cung ghi nhan ba bien phap khac phuc CO ban doi vdi hanh vi vi pham gom:
bugc tidp tuc thuc hien hgp ddng, hiiy bd hgp ddng va boi thuang thiet hai. Theo PECL, viec dp dyng cac bien phdp khac phyc phu thugc vao viec hanh vi vi pham co dugc mien trach nhiem hay khdng
Trong truong hgp, viec khdng thyc hien hgp ddng khdng dugc m i l n trdch nhiem, ben bi vi pham cd the dp dyng cac bien phap nhu bugc tiSp tyc thuc hien hgp ddng, boi thuang thiet hai va huy bd hgp ddng", nhung neu viec khdng thyc hien hgp ddng dugc miln trach nhiem do trd ngai khdch quan thi ben bj vi pham khdng dugc ap dung bien phdp bugc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp ddng hoac boi thuong thiet hai^^
Cac quy djnh cua PECL ve bien phdp bupc tiip tuc thuc hien hap dong dugc ghi nhan tuomg ty nhu UPICC, theo dd, viec dp dyng bien phdp nay se bj han che trong mot sd truong hgp:^^ viec thuc hien hgp ddng la bdt hgp phdp hoac khdng the thyc hien dugc; viec thyc hien hgp ddng se tao nen mot gdnh nang bat hgp ly; hgp ddng cd the thuc hien dugc bang cdc each hgp ly khdc;
viec thyc hien hgp ddng gan lien vdi nhan than ben vi pham hgp ddng. Tuong tu nhu UPICC, PECL ciing han ch^ dp dyng bien phdp nay ddi vdi nhiing vi pham hgp ddng Id thyc hien hgp ddng cd khiem khuyet
Gidng nhu CISG vd UPICC, huy bo hap dong trong PECL chi dugc dp dung neu hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng Id vi pham ca
'"Xem Dicu 7.3.1 (2) UPICC.
^'Xem Dieu 7.4.1 UPICC.
" Xem Di^u 7.4.3
" Xem Dieu 7.4.4.
'" Xem Diau 7.4,7.
" Xem Dik 7.4,8.
"'XemDieu8.101 PECL.
" Xem cac diau: Dik 9'101; Dilu 9:102, Di^u 9:201; tir Dieu 9301 ddn Dilu 9:309; tir Dilu 9.501 dSnDik 9:509 PECL.
" Xem Dieu 8 108 PECL.
" Xem Diau 9:102 (2) PECL.
'^ Xem Diau 9:i02(l) PECL.
16
CAC BIEN PHAP KHAC PHfJC...
ban, hoac ben bj vi pham da thdng bdo mdt thai gian gia han hgp !y de thuc hien hgp ddng nhung het thai han do md ben vi pham khdng thyc hien nghTa vy^'
Tuomg ty UPICC, CISG vd common law, theo PECL boi thuang thiet hai la bien phap dugc dp dung tren co sd trdch nhiem nghiem ngat, do do, de dp dung bien phdp nay, PECL khdng ddi hdi phdi cd bdng chung ve sy bat cdn ciia ben vi pham hgp ddng. Tuy nhien, giong nhu UPICC, CISG vd common law, PECL ciing dat ra ngoai le doi vdi trucmg hgp viec thyc hien hgp ddng bj cdn trd bdi su kien nam ngodi tdm ki^m sodt ciia ben vi pham hgp ddng^'
4. Cac bien phap khac phuc doi voi hanh vi vi pham hop dong trong luat hgp dong Viet Nam
Theo cac quy dinh tai Muc 4, Chuong XV, Phdn III BLDS nam 2015 vd cac quy djnh tai Myc 1, Chuong VII Luat Thuang mai (LTM) nam 2005, cac bien phap khdc phuc ddi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng trong luat hgp dong Viet Nam gdm: Bugc thuc hien diing hgp ddng; phat vi pham;
bupc bdi thuong thiet hai; tam ngirng thuc hien hgp ddng; dinh chi thyc hien hgp ddng;
hiiy bd hgp ddng; giam gid, sira chira va cdc bien phdp khac do cdc ben thod thuan khdng trai vdi nguyen tdc co ban ciia phap luat Viet Nam, dieu udc qudc te md nude Cong hda xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam Id thanh vien va tap quan thuong mai qudc te.
Nhu vay, luat hgp ddng Viet Nam cung ghi nhan ba bien phdp khdc phuc ca bdn ddi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hgp dong tuong ty nhu he thdng civil law, common law, CISG,
UPICC va PECL Id: Bupc tiep tuc thuc hien hgp ddng, bdi thuong thiet hai va huy bd hgp ddng.
Cac quy djnh cua BLDS nam 2015 va LTM nam 2005 cho thay, cac bien phdp khdc phuc ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng ciing cd cac dac diem tuong dong vdi cac bien phdp dugc ghi nhan trong cdc he thdng phdp luat neu tren. Dd Id, cac bien phap khdc phyc doi vdi hdnh vi vi pham hpp dong la cdc gidi phdp phdp ly mang tinh tdi san chi dupe dp dung khi cd hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng Hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng dugc hieu la hdnh vi khdng thyc hien, thuc hien khdng diing, cham thyc hien nghTa vu ma cdc ben da cam ket trong hgp ddng cd hieu lye phap ludt''^
Buoc thuc hien diing hap dong la bien phdp khac phuc dugc ghi nhan tai Di£u 252 BLDS nam 2015 va Didu 297 LTM nam 2005. Day la bien phap khdc phuc nhdm dat dugc myc dich cua cac ben dat ra khi xdc lap hgp ddng. Ndi cdc khac, day la bien phap khac phuc hudng tdi viec cdc quyen vd nghTa vu phat sinh tir hgp ddng ciia cac ben dugc thyc hien diing, ddy du va thien chi, mang lai Igi ich kmh te cho moi ben. Theo Dieu 252 BLDS nam 2015 va Di^u 297 LTM nam 2005, can cir duy nhdt d l dp dung bien phdp huge tiep djc thyc hien hgp ddng Id cd hdnh vi vi pham hgp ddng.
Boi thuang thiet hai la bien phdp khdc phuc dugc ghi nhan tai Di^u 360 BLDS nam 2015 va Di6u 302 LTM nam 2005.
Day Id bien phdp cho phep ben bi vi pham dat dugc vj tri ddng le cd dugc n6u khdng cd hdnh vi vi pham hpp ddng. Bien phdp
" Xem Dicu 9:301 PECL
•^ Xem Diau 8:108 PECL. "^ Xem Diau 351 BLDS nam 2015 va khoan 12 Diau 3 LTM nam 2005,
17
NHA NVOC VA PHAP LV^TSd 12/2016
khic phvc nay chu y^u co chiic nang boi hoan, bu dip, khdi phyc nhiing \gi ich vSt chSt vMio^c tinh than bi t6n h^i cho bSn b) vi phsm hgp d6ng va do do, bi^n phap boi thudng thi^t h^ii chi dugc ap dung Idii co thiSt h?i xay ra.
Theo Didu 252 BLDS nam 2015 vi Bihx 297 LTM nam 2005, 3 can cii c i i va du dk CO thi dp dvmg bi?n phdp b6i thudng thiet hai Id:
- Co hanh vi vi pham hpp d^ng;
- 06 thi?t hai th\tc te xay ra;
- Hanh vi vi pham h(;ip dong la nguyen nhan true tiep gay ra thi^t h^ do.
Hiiy bo hgp dong la bi$n phdp khac phyc d6i vdi hdnh vi vi pham dugfc quy dinh tai cdc diSu tir 423 dSn 427 BLDS nam 2015 vd cac diSu tii 312 dto 314 LTM nam 2005. Ddy Id bien phdp khac phyc the hi?n s\r tu v? va phan ung tr\rc tiep ciia ben bi vi pham doi voi hdnh vi vi pham hgp dong. Vi€c dp d\mg bi6n phdp khdc phuc nay se dan den h$ qua phdp 1^ Id mdt phltn ho^c todn bd hgp dong bi buy bd khdng cd hieu luc tir thdi dilm giao ket va cac ben khdng phdi tiep tyc thuc hi6n cdc nghia vy da thoa thudn trong hgp ddng, trii nhiing thoa thudn ve ph^t vi pham va bdi thudng thiSt hai, quyin va nghia vu sau khi huy bd hgp ddng vd giai quylt tranh chip"
TrSn CO sd cac quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 vd LTM nam 2005, cd thi nhan thay cdc bi$n phap khdc phuc ddi vdi hanh vi vi phjm hgp ddng trong lu^t hgp ddng
Vigt Nam ciing cd cac diem chung vdi lujt hgp ddng ciia cdc h$ thdng phap lu^t dd Id, cdc gidi phdp phdp ly mang tinh tdi san chi dugc dp dyng khi c6 hdnh vi vi phjm hgp ddng. Cdc bien phdp khic phyc ndy cd thi dugc dp dyng don le hoac cd th€ dugc dp dyng ket hgp vdi nhau''. Li4t hgp ddng Vi$t Nam my khdng cd quy ph^un mmh thj ••
nao chi ro thii ty uu tien dp dyng cdc bi^n phdp kh4c phyc ddi vdi hanh vi vi p h ^ hgp ddng, tuy nhien, cdc quy dinh t^i Myc 4, Chuong XV, PhSn HI BLDS nam 2015 va Myc 1, Chuong VII LTM nam 2005 cung nhu nguyen tic dugc ghi nh^n t^
khoan 2 Dilu 3 BLDS nam 2015" cd the thay, luat hgp ddng Vi?t Nam gidng h§
thdng civil law vdi xu hudng nghieng ve uu tien ap dung bieii phdp bugc tiep tuc thyc hi$n hgp ddng.
Nhu v^y, budc tilp tuc thyc hi$n hgp ddng, hiiy bd hgp ddng, bdi thudng thiet hai Id 3 bi$n phap khac phyc ca bdn dugc mgi hg thdng phap ludt ghi nhan nhung cd vi tri uu tien khac nhau trong cac h^ thdng phdp Iu4t. NIU nhu bugc tiep tyc thuc hign hgp ddng Id b i ^ phdp khic phyc cd vi tri mi tien hang dau trong hg thdng civil law vd Vi^t Nam thi bdi thudng tbi^t hai l^i dugc xem la bign phdp khac phyc dugc dp dyng phd bien trong hg thdng common law".
"Xem khoan 1 Dieu 427 BLDS nam 2015, khoan 1 DiSu314 LTM nim 2005.
Xem khoan 1 Dieu 427 BLDS nam 2015, Dicu 299 LTM nJm 2005.
'^ Lu^t h9p d6ng Vi$t Nam chju anh huong cua Lu$t La MS ndi chung va nguyen tSc "pacta sunt servanda" n6i riSng.
" Xem Thomas D. Mugrave, Comparative Contractual Remedies. UWA Law Review, 2009.
page 3 0 0 , 3 0 1 .
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