Cac yeu t6 anh huong d§n tin nguong
dan gian cua nguoi Viet vung ddng bSng Bic Bo
Biii Vfin Dfing', Nguyen Thj Cam Tii^
' Truimg D^i hpc Vinh.
Email: [email protected]
^ Truimg D^i hpc Thuy Lpi.
Email: [email protected]
Nh|n ngiy 27 thing 3 n5m 2017. Chip iih§n dSng ngiy 5 thing 5 n5m 2017.
Tdm tdt: Tin ngudng ddn gian cua ngudi Vipt dugc hmh thdnh tfi thdi nguyen thiiy; phdn dnh s^r ngudng mp, tin tudng ciia con ngudi vdo cac lyc lugng sieu nhien, hu do ed tinh chat thieng lieng huyen bi. d vdng dong bdng Bdc Bp, tin ngu&ng dan gian cd nhieu logi hinh khdc nhau; gdn bo thiet thyc vdi ddi song tinh thdn ciia ngudi dan; the hipn ro trong sinh hogt cpng ding va cd vai tr6 quan trgng trong ddi slog kinh te-xa hpi dja phuong. Nd chiu sy tae dpng nhu dilu kipn ty nhien, dieu kipn kinh t l - x d hpi, ljch sfi, vdn hda ciia Phdt gido, Nho gido, Dgo gido. Cdc cap chinh quyen vd ngudi ddn vdng dong bdng Bdc Bp cdn cd thai dp fing xit dimg ddn vdi tin ngudng ddn gian; cSn phan bipt dugc tin ngudng ddn gian tidu eye vd tin ngfidng dan gian tich eye de lam ldnh mgnh hoa ddi sing tinh than ciia cu ddn trong viing.
Tir khda: Tin ngudng dan gian, ngudi Vipt Nam, dong bdng Bdc Bp.
Abstract: The Vietnamese folk beliefs, which were formed during the primitive times, reflect man's cult and faith in mythical and supernatural forces. In the country's Northern Delta, the beliefs are diverse and closely Imked to the locals' sphitual life. They are expressed clearly in the community activities and play an important role in the local socio-economic life, under fiie various impacts of natural and socio-economic, historical and cultural conditions of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. Admmistrative authorities and people in the Delta need to have correct attitudes and behaviours towards the folk beliefs, distinguishmg between tiie negative and positive' ones, so as to make the locals' spuitual life healthier.
Keywords: Folk beliefs, Vietnamese, Nortiiem Delta.
1. Md ddu mdnh ddt phu sa ay dd cd nhung hogt dpng vdn hda tinh thdn phong phu. Trong dd hogt Dong bdng Bdc Bp, Id mgt vfing ddt phfi sa dpng tfai ngudng ddn gian Id mdn dn tinh mau md vd Id mgt trong nhfing ndi vdn hda than khdng the tiueu cfia ngudi ddn. Vdi tu cfia ngudi Vipt Nam. Tfi xa xua, cu ddn tren cdch Id mpt thdnh t l cdu tiidnh cfia vfin hda
dan gian, mpt bg phgn cfia y thfic xa hpi, tin nguong dan gian cua ngudi Vipt vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp plian anh hoat ddng sdn xudt, tdm tu, nguypn vgng cua ngudi dan trudc su bien dgng ddy khdc nghipt cfia thien nhidn, cfia nhfing bdt cdng trong xa hpi.
Cung giong nhu cac vfing khae tren cd nude, tin nguong ddn gian ciia ngudi Viet viing ddng bdng Bac Bp ciing cd nhung logi hinh tin nguSng dan gian gidng vdi cdc vung khdc trdn ca nude, song lai mang ddc tnmg vdn cd cfia vfing nay. Cd rdt nhilu cdch phan loai khac nhau, d day, chfing tdi phdn loai dua tren ca sd ddi tugng sfing bdi.
Theo dd, tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Viet vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bg gdm 5 logi nhu sau: Mgt Id tin ngudng phdn thyc. Logi hinh tin nguong nay bilu hipn long ngudng mg va siing bai sy sinh sdi ndy nd cfia tu nhidn vd con ngudi, bao gdm thd co quan smh thyc khi, thd hdnh vi giao phdi. Hai Id tin ngudng thd Mdu. Day Id mgt trong nhiing loai hinh tin nguong dan gian da sdc thdi, nii b^t ciia ngudi Vipt viing dong bdng Bdc Bg. Tin nguong thd Mau gdn giii vdi ty nhidn, ddt trdi vd gdn vdi than ph|n cfia ngudi phy nu Vipt Nam; bao gdm vipc thd Mau Thidn, Mau Dia, Mau Thodi, Mau Thugng Ngdn. Ba Id tin nguong thd cfing To tidn. Loai binh tin ngudng ndy gdn vdi quan niem tam Iinh cfia con ngudi vl till gidi (quan nipm cho rdng vgn vat diu cd Iinh hon, chit khdng phdi la hit); the hipn Idng bilt an, kinh tigng ddi vdi tl tidn, nguIn cgi; bao gdm vipc thd cfing to tien dien ra trong phgm vi gja ifinh va phgm vi qudc gia, dan tgc. Bdn Id tin ngudng thd Thdnh hodng. Logi hinh tin ngudng ndy dien ra pho bidn tidn khdp cdc dia phuong cfia vfing dong bdng Bdc Bd; bao gIm thd thidn thdn (thd Tfi phdp), nhidn thdn (son thdn, thfiy thdn, thi tiidn...), nhan thdn
(chiem da sd trong tin ngudng thd Thanh hodng d vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp, bao gdm thd tu cdc vi c6 cong dyng nude, dung lang va thd cdc Thanh su, Td nghi). Ndm Id mpt sd tin ngudng ndng nghipp khdc nhu: tin ngudng thd than ty nhien (thd Tfi phdp); tin ngudng thd hon lua; tin ngudng thd thdn mat trdi. Qua trinh hinh thanh cfia cdc tin nguong ddn gian viing ding bdng Bdc Bp chiu anh hudng cfia cac ylu tl khdch quan vd chfi quan
2. Anh htfdng cua dieu kipn ty nhien Dieu kien ty nliidn (bao gdm cac dilu kipn ve dat, nude, khi haiu, khoang san...) dugc hieu la mdi trudng sinh thai dk con ngudi tin tgi va phat triln. Dilu kipn ty nhidn chinh la khdng gian cho con ngudi lao dpng va smh sing. Con ngudi ludn cMu nhflng dnh hudng tich eye vd tidu eye tfi ty nhien.
Ty nhidn mang lai sy song cho con ngudi, song cung chinh tu nhien lay di sy song cfia con ngudi, sdn sang ldy di tdt cd nhflng gi dd mang lgi cho hg. Ty nhidn khdng chi dnh hudng den ddi sdng vat chdt ma cdn dnh hudng din sy hmh tiidnh, tin tgi va phdt triln cfia van hda, tiong do cd ton gido, tin ngudng va tui nguong dan gian.
Ding bdng sdng Hdng (hay chau thd sdng Hdng, ding bdng Bdc Bg) Id mgt vung dat rgng Idn ndm quanh khu vyc hg luu sdng Hdng thupc miln Bdc Vipt Nam (bao gdm 11 tinh va thanh pho nhu: Vmh Phuc, Hd Npi, Bdc Ninh, Hd Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hdi Phdng, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Bmh, Qudng Ninh). Toan bp nuln ddng bdng Bdc Bg ndm trdn mpt Idp da kit tinh CO (logi da giong nen da d vung Ddng Bdc). Ding bdng Bdc Bp c6 nhilu d triing tu nhidn, diln hinh Id d tiung Ha Nam Ninh
33
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, s6 6 (115) - 2017 (cu), d trimg Hdi Hung (cu) va d trtog Nho Quan. Ngodi ra cdn cd rdt nhilu ddm ldy.
Vfing ndy cd khi hdu nhipt ddi vd cgn nhipt ddi gid mfia (nhipt dd trung bmh nam khoang 22,5- 23,5'*C; lugng mua tiung binh ndm Id 1.400-2.000mm). Ddy la dilu kipn thugn Igi eho tham thyc vdt phdt triln phong phfi, ddc biet Id dilu kipn thugn lgi dl cu dan noi ddy phat triln ndng nghipp thdm canh tring Ifia nude.
Dilu kipn tu nhien nhu vay da mang din eho cu ddn viing ding bdng Bdc Bp tham thyc vdt phong phfi, (bao gom cd tai nguyen riing, tdi nguyen biln); Id mdi trudng rdt thich hgp cho sy phat tiiln cfia cdc lodi thyc vdt va dpng vgt. Dd cung la dieu kipn thii|n lgi cho sy phdt triln nln ndng nghipp.
Nhilu dfi lipu cfia nganh khao cd hgc cho thdy rdng, tfi xa xua cu ddn Vipt c l dd bilt thudn hda cdc lodi thyc vgt de phyc vy cupc song ciia minh. d thdi Id da cu cu dan cd viing ndy sdng tgp trung trdn cdc ddi, gd khu vyc trung luu sdng Hing. Hg da bilt diing da cupi de che tae cdng cy. Cuoi thdi ki dd mdi (cdch chfing ta khodng 6.000 ndm), phdn Idn cac bp Igc vflng ndy diu budc vdo giai dogn ndng nghipp trIng Ifia nudc[6,tr.l8-20].
Nhd sy tiln bg v l ki thugt chi tdc dd vd sy phong phfi ve logi hinh cdng cy lao dPng sdn xudt, nln kinh t l cfia cu ddn ngudi Vipt bay gid dd cd budc phat triln mgnh me tren nhilu ITnh vyc. Dia bdn cu trfi dugc md rpng, hg di chuyin tfi vfing nfii cao xuIng vung dong bdng, ven biln vd hdi ddo. Hoat dpng kmh t l da dang, (hogt dpng ndng nghipp trlng lua nude, hogt dgng ddnh bdt cd ven sdng, suoi, ven biln). Nhflng ddu vlt v l ludi riu, culc dd, dau vlt chi ludi, xuang ca (phdt hipn d Gd Trflng - Thanh Hda, Hg Long - Qudng Nmh)... Id mmh chfing cho
sy phong phfi trong lao dpng sdn xudt ciia cu dan noi day thdi Id so khai trong lich sfi.
Vai trd cua ty nhidn ddi vdi ngudi Vipt c l viing dong bdng Bdc Bp rdt quan trgng.
Ty nhidn cimg cap cho hg nhiing nguIn thfic dn cdn thiet (sdn pham cfia ndng nghipp, ngu nghipp, sdn phdm ciia cd tiing trgt vd chdn nudi, nguon dinh dudng chinh tfi cay lua). Muln t i n t ^ dugc hg can phdi hieu dirge mdi trudng ty nhidn. Dd la mPt nguydn nhan dan den sy hinh thdnh nhflng tin ngudng ddn gian [3, tr.32].
Gilng nhu bdt cu dan tdc cfia nln vdn minh ndng nghipp ndo trdn the gidi, ngudi Vipt ciing song rat hoa ddng, gan bd vdi thien nhidn (bdi chinh thidn nhidn dd dem lgi nguon cfia cdi nudi song hg). Hg yeu thich, qu^ trgng, bdo vp, tdn thd, siing bdi ty nhidn. Tfi dd, tin ngudng thd ddt, nude, cay cdi, sfic v$t, sdng, nfii, biln, trdi... Mnh thdnh. Hdu nhu mgi vdt ma tgo hod sinh ra trong vfl try bao la va huyen bi ndy deu dugc ngudi Vipt thd ciing.
Dong bdng Bdc Bg cd dia Wnh phfic tap (nfii cao xen iSn vdi sdng sdu biln ed va ddng bdng, khi h^u biln ddi thdt thudng; Iii lyt, hgn hdn, bdo to kdo dc^...), Vdi mgt nen ndng nghipp ty nhidn (ddc tnmg chfi yeu trong phuang thfic sdn xudt cfia cu dan noi day), nhu cau tri thfiy rdt quan trgng. Do trinh dp nhgn thuc cdn thap kem, bat lyc trudc sfic mgnh cfia ty nhien, ndn hg da thdn thdnh hda, ty nhidn, gdn cho ty nhien mgt sfic mgnh Id vi, hg siing bdi ty nhidn de tranh khdi sy trung phgt cua thidn nhidn.
Hmh anh v l cdc vi thdn (thdn sdng, thdn biln, thdn mdy, thdn mua, than sdm, thdn chdp) vd cac vi thdnh mau (cai qudn cdc viing ttdi, biln, ddt, nfii rfing...) cho den ngdy nay van cdn ton tgi. Nd phdn dnh sy nh|in thfic hgn che cua con ngudi vd sy fing xfi cfia con ngudi trudc ty nhidn.
3. Anh hirong cua dilu kipn kinh te - xa hpi, lich su- vd van hda
Trong ca cdu kinh tl cfia cu dan vfing ding bang Bdc Bp, tuy sdn xudt ddng vai trd chfi ylu, song nhflng nganh kinh tl khac nhu tidu thfi cdng, kinh tl vudn, ddnh bdt, nudi tiong thfiy, hdi sdn... cflng ddng vai trd rat quan ttgi^. Tfi rdt sdm d ddng bdng Bdc Bp da xuat hiPn nhihig lang nghe truyin thong, vdi nhflng sdn pham nii tiing trdn khdp cd nude nhu: cham bgc d Ding Xdm (Thdi Bmh), dpt chilu d Hung Hd (Thdi Bmh), Idm gdm sfi d Bdt Trdng (Gia Ldm - Ha Npi), diic dong d Nam Dinh... Nen sdn xuat da ngdnh nghe nhu vdy din den nhu cdu trao ddi, budn ban, thdng thuang gifia cdc viing. Md hinh cac chg dugc hinh thdnh.
Phgm vi h?p cd chg qud, rpng hon cd chg huypn. Song hogt dpng thuang nghipp khdng phai la hogt dpng chfi ylu cfia ngudi dan vfing ding bdng Bdc Bp. Ndn kmh tl ndng nghipp tiong Ifia nude mang tinh ty nhidn, tu cdp, ty tfic vdn Id chinh [7, ti.68].
Vdi d|c trung cfia sdm xudt ndng nghipp, ngudi Vipt bugc phdi lien ket chdt che trong cdc cpng ding Idng xdm dl Idn biln, khai phd riing rgm, md rpng dia ban sinh sing, chdng sy xam nhap lanh thd, ddng hda vdn hda cfia kd thfi.
Theo Nguyen Hfing H^u, Trdn Ddng Sinh, phuong thfic sdn xudt cfia cu dan ndng nghipp Vipt Nam, tiong dd cd cu ddn vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp, cd ddu dn ciia phuang thuc san xuat Chdu A. Xdt vl mdt kmh tl "sd hiiu chi tin t^ vdi tu cdch Id sd hihi t|ip till vl rupng dat, bdi vgy, khdng cd sd hflu tu nhdn (khdng cd chi dp tu hflu) vl rupng ddt vd do Id tat cd cac hipn tugng cua phuang Ddng, Id chiec chia khda de hieu todn bp phuang Ddng" [2, ti.43]. Vipt Nam cung c6 nhfing ddc diem chung dd. Nguyin Hiing H$u cho rdng: "cdng x3 ndng thdn cd
tinh chdt bipt lap, nd giong nhu nhiing 6c ddo dPc lap, nhu nhflng mdnh nhd cua con giun sau khi chat diit ra chfing van song vd tin tgi" [2, tr.44]. Trong xd hpi cfia ngudi Vipt ndi chung vd cu ddn viing ding bdng Bdc Bp ndi rieng tM "Idng cd cau tnic ch^t.
Id dan vi kinh tl - xd hgi - qudn sy - vdn hda hodn chinh" [7, ti.69]. Ldng Id tgp hgp cfia nhfing ddng hg, ldy gia dhih ldm hgt nhan nln tdng. Ngudi dan sing qudn ty tiong mpt khdng gian chung, tiln hdnh lao dpng sdn xudt vd cd nhiing hinh thfic sinh hogt vdn hda tinh thdn dap fing nhu cdu tam linh tin ngudng. Ldng ciia ngudi Vipt Nam ndi chung, ldng cfia ngudi ddn vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp ndi ridng, cd vai tid hit sfic quan trgng trong vipc hinh thanh va ^ gifi nhiing gid tri vdn hoa truyin thdng, tam linh, tin ngu&ng, trong dd c6 f thfic vl cgi ngudn, long bilt on nhflng ngudi da cd cdng tgo dyng nghe nghipp vd ca nhiing ngudi dd chiln ddu dl bdo vp cugc song cho mgi ngudi.
Mgt ddc dilm hit sfic nSi b§t song song vdi hogt dgng lao dgng sdn xudt cfia cu dan ngudi Vipt viing ding bdng Bdc Bp, dd Id vipc cu dan noi day ludn phdi chIng gidic ngogi xam, ehong lgi sy hanh tnrdng, xam luge ldnh thd vd dong hda vdn hda. Vdo culi giai dogn vdn minh sdng Hong, trdn co sd vdn hda Ddng Son phdt triln rye rd, Nhd nude Vdn Lang dd ra ddi. Dd la nhd nude phoi thai, d dd kit cdu cpng dong nguydn thfiy vdn chua hodn todn h\ thfi tidu, sy phan hda giai cdp, phdn cdng lao dpng, chi dp tu hflu chi mdi vfia bdt ddu. Thi nhung nha nude dd da bi nha Tan, roi din nhd Hdn dd xam luge, d^t dch nd dich ban 1.000 ndm. Vd cpng ding mang dgm mdu sdc nguyen tiifiy ddng Id bi phd vd mpt cdch ty nhien trong qua trinh phdt triln cua Nhd nude VSn Lang, thi nay lgi phdi co kit lgi dl tgo ndn sfic mgnh ehong xam luge vd
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Khoa hgc xd hpi Vipt Nam, s i 6 (115) - 2017 dong hda. Tdc gid Phan Huy Le cho rdng, ehi tinh tfi cupc khdng chiln ehong quan Tdn till ki UI (tiudc CN) den ndm 1975, ddn tpc Vipt Nam da phai tiln hanh 15 cupc ehiln tranh bdo vd Td quoc, trong dd, 12 cupc chiln tranh tiidng lgi hiln hdch, chi cd 3 cupc khdng chiln bi thdt bai tam thdi dan d ^ ba thdi gian mdt nude dau thuong vd nguy hilm [2, tr.36]. Do quan niem rdng cupc sing cfia con ngudi vin tdn tai sau khi chit, va do biet on ddi vdi nhung ngudi dd anh dung hi smh d l dem lai cho minh cupc song am no, hgnh phfic, nen ngudi Vipt dd suy tdn nhflng ngudi dd trd thdnh nhflng vi tiidn vdi nhung chfic tudc vd phdm hdm tiieo gid tri tiong su cong hiln cfia hg. Sy suy tdn do thi hien tfi vide thd cfing vua Hung, thd 6ng Hoang Mudi, Hodng Bay, Hung Dgo Dgi Vuong Tran QuIc Tudn, cho din vipc thd cfing Td tidn tiong gia fflnh.
4. Anh hu-dng cua Phdt giao
Phgt gido id mpt trong ba tdn giao Idn cfia till gidi. Phdt gido ra ddi d An Dp, du nhdp vdo Vipt Nam tfi rat sdm, khodng the ki tiifiIII(tiirdcCN).
Phfi hgp vdi tinh thdn vi tha, bao dung, diim bgc lan nhau cfia ngudi Vipt, Phgt giao da nhanh chdng hda nhgp va tham nhap sau vdo tiong ddi song, tin ngudng ddn gian cua ngudi Vipt ndi chung vd ngudi dan viing ddi^ bdng Bdc Bp ndi rieng. Phat gido tfi An DP khi du nhdp vdo Vipt Nam da cd sy thay dii cho phfi hgp vdi dieu kipn cua Viet Nam. Trong Phgt giao An Dp, tinh nam gidi dugc dl cao, nhung khi du nh§p vao Phgt giao Vipt Nam, tinh nfi lgi dugc de cao.
Trong tu duy cfia ngudi Vipt, ngudi phy nO cd vai tid hit sfic quan tixjng. D I chi mgt dieu gi dd quan trgng ngudi Vipt thudng sfi
dyng cdc tfi ngdm chi tdi me nhu: dudng cdi, sdng cdi, dua cd... Trong smh boat tin ngudng, ngudi Vipt cd cdc tyc thd M?. Dl thich nghi va tdn tgi dugc thi Ph§t giao dd cd nhfing sy biln ddi vd kit hgp nhuan nhuyin mpt cdch hda binh vdi tin ngudng bdn dia. Chdng hgn nhu, hinh dnh M^u Man Nuong Id bilu tugng cfia tin ngudng thd nhfing vi than ty nhidn cd vai trd to Idn trong hoat dgng sdn xudt ndng nghipp cda nude ta. Nhfing vi thdn cai qudn tiong san xudt ndng nghipp (cd the kd din nhu Bd Dau, Ba Ddu, Ba Tudng, Bd Ddn) dugc Phat gido hda trd thanh nhfing vj Phpt Bd vdi nhflng ddc dilm ndi b$t cfia nln vdn hda ndng nghipp trdng Ifia nude. Hmh anh do phdn anh mong muon cd sy sinh sdi ndy nd, phdn thinh, bpi thu, mua thudn gid hda Hinh anh Ph^t Mau Man Nuang (dugc xay dyng dpc ddo trong C l Chdu Phat Bdn Hgnh) dd phdn anh sy kit hgp mpt each hdi hda, tinh t l trong hda binh cfia Phat gido tii An Dp vdi van hda bdn dia. Tfi lau tiong tam thfic cfia ngixin dan hinh dnh Mau Man Nuong dugc vi nhu ngudi mg X'& sd (gilng nhu tiong than thoai Hi Lgp Gaia dugc vi nhu mg cfia vi thdn ngy tri tani gidi, dd Id tiidn Ddt). Mau Man Nuong dugc ngudi ddn ca tyng va lap din thd. Hp thong chiia Tfi phdp chinh Id sy khdng dinh sfic sdng vd xu hudng d l cao vai tid tinh nfl trong tin ngudng bdn dia cfia cu dan ndng nghipp tiing Ifia nude tnrde sy du nh|lp cua dgo Phdt vao nude ta. Ngoai ra, cd thi ke den sy dan xen kit hgp hai hda githi Ph|it gido va tin ngudng thd Mau Lieu Hgnh, tyc thd Tam phfi, Tfi phfi. Ben cgnh Chfi Dong Tfi^
thdnh Tdn Vidn, thdnh Gidng tiii khdng the tiiilu hinh dnh cfia tiidnh M§u Lieu Hgnh (dugc eoi la mpt tiong tfi bdt tfi tiong tam tiific cfia ngudi Vipt Nam). "Dya tiieo tiuyen thuylt, mdu Lieu Hgnh dugc Dfic Phit Thich Ca Mau Ni cfiu khi bd bi tiiua
BUI van uung, isguyen ini t^am lu trong trgn chien Sdng Son vdi cdc dng
Thanh cfia phdi Npi Dao Trdng. Tfi dd, Mau da quy y Phat phdp trd tiianh mpt tin d l cfia dao Phdt" [ I I , tr.59]. Ngay nay, tiong cac chiia thudng cd gian thd Mau trong qudn thi thd Phgt. Sy dan xen, kit hgp hdi hda gifla dao Phdt vdi tin ngudng thd mau cho thdy tinh dung hda trong ton gido vd tin ngudng cfia ngudi Vipt, nhdt la ngudi Viet viing dong bdng Bdc Bg.
Ben canh do, sy kit hgp hdi hda gifi^i Phdt giao va tin ngudng ban dia cdn thi hipn cpi ngudn sfic mgnh cfia su tfi bi, hi xd, cua bac ai, vi tha, cfia tinh thdn tuang than tuong di. Mang tiong minh triet ly nhan sinh, Phat giao dd dnh hudng kha sdu dam tdi Idi sdng, ndp nghi cfia ngum Vipt. Tinh than ' ^ bi hi xd", "cuu mdt mang ngudi bang xay bay tda thdp", tinh thdn **ty dp dp tha, ty giac gidc tha" nhdc nhd con ngudi khdng phdi s 6 i ^ chi vi minh ma cdn song vi ngudi khdc. Chiu dnh hudng manh me tfi triet 1;^ nhan sinh cfia Phgt gido, tin ngudng cfia ngudi Vidt cdn t h i hipn tinh nhdn van, vi con ngudi. Hp thing tin ngudng cfia ngudi Vipt khdng chi dimg lgi d sy tdn sung, thd phyng sfic manh sidu nhidn cfia mpt ddng tdi cao nao do, hay suy tdn mpt lyc lugng ca nhan ndo dd cd vai tid doi vdi ddi song cua hg, md cdn thi hipn tinh nhan vdn cao ca. Dd la sy bilt cm doi vdi nhfing ngudi cd cdng vdi To quoc, biet on vdi td tien giong ndi, bilt on vdi cac vi thdnh thdn da ban sfic manh, che chd cho con ngudi cd dugc mfia mdng bpi thu, biet cm dii vdi nhiing bac su to dd mang Igi cho con ngudi nhihig cdng vipc, nhflng k l sinh nhai... Tdt cd dilu do dd mang din sy kit hgp hai hoa, nhudn nhuyen giiia Ph|it gido va tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Vipt. Sy ton tgi ti'n ngudng dan gian, sy dan xen, dnh hudng cfia Phgt giao tfi bao ddi nay tid thdnh cai ndi nudi dudng tdm h i n ngudi Vipt.
5. Anh htrdng cua Nho giao
Nho gido la mpt tiong nhflng tiudng phdi trilt hgc chinh thong cfia Trung Hoa c l dgi.
Cung gilng nhu Phgt gido, Nho gido cd dnh hudng sau rpng khdng chi trong liiih vyc chinh tri, nid cdn cd trong ddi song tinh than, trong do cd cac sinh hogt vdn hda tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi dan Vipt Nam ndi chung va cu dan viing dong bdng Bdc Bp ndi rieng. Viec tiep thu tu tudng cfia Nho gido it nhilu dd dnh hudng den sinh hogt tin ngudng cfia dan tdc ta, gdp phan td ddm hem gid tri tiong sinh hoat tin ngudng ciia ngudi Viet ndi chung vd ngudi Vipt vfing ding bdng Bdc Bg ndi ridng.
Su dnh hudng tu tudng cfia Nho gido den sinh boat tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Viet dugc the hien ro net tiong cac npi dung va sinh hogt tin ngudng. Hau nhu cdc nghi thfic tidn hanh tiong sinh hogt tin ngudng ddu dugc cdc nha nho ghi lgi, truyen lgi vd td chfic sinh hogt cho ngudi dan. Nho giao eoi chfl Nhan la dgo dfic hoan thipn nhdt (kd cd nhdn ay, dy Id con ngudi vdy, ngudi cd nhdn thi ydu con ngudi). Trong xd hpi ngdy nay, tu tudng dd cfia Nho gido vdn dugc eoi trgng vd the hipn qua each song "minh vi mgi ngudi, mgi ngudi vi minh", qua cdc phong trao thyc hipn n i p sdng vdn minh, vdn hda, uong nude nhd ngudn, qua cdc nghia cfi tuong thdn tucmg ai. Nho gido cung d ^ bipt eoi tigng gia dinh, xem gia dinh la goc cfia qu6c gia. Gia dinh theo Nho gido phdi dugc xdy dyng tren nen tdng cfia ludn ly thanh kinh vdi td tidn, cd hieu vdi dng bd, cha m?.
Trong tdm thfic cfia ngudi Vipt Nam, hiiu vdi cha m? luon Id Id song. Id dgo ly lam ngudi. Nho giao xam nhgp vao nude ta da gdp phdn ndng cao, hp thing hda vd ldm sau sdc hem tin ngudng thd cung to tidn.
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Khoa hgc xd hpi Vipt Nam, so 6 (115) - 2017 Ngodi ra, Nho gido vdi tu tudng ve tidi,
^ t vd con ngudi (thien, dia, nhdn hgp nhdt la mpt trong nhftng npi dung quan trgng) c6 sfic dnh hudng sau rgng vd ro ndt trong sinh hogt tfii ngudng cfia ngudi dan nude ta. Doi tugng Nho gido hudng tdi chu ylu khdng phdi la toan bp qudn chfing nhdn dan, md chfi yeu Id vua quan. Song Nho gido dd thdm dugm vao cdc sinh hoat vdn hda tinh than, tiong dd co sinh hogt tin ngudng ddn gian. Chdng hgn nhu, tiong tin ngudng thd Tam phfi, Tfi phfi, tiid cac vi anh himg, thdn linli, thd thd cdng, thd dia, thd cdc vi son than, hd bd deu bj dnh hudng bdi tu tudng thien - dja - nhdn hgp nhdt cfia Nho gido.
Cdc hinh thuc smh hogt tin ngudng cd sy long ghdp dan xen vdo nhau gifia cdc ylu t l trdi, dat vd con ngudi de cdu mong mua thu^n, gid hda, cdu btiih an cho ddn chfing.
Tu tudng ciia Nho gido khi thdm nhgp vdo cac sinh hoat tin ngudng ndy da gdp phdn khdc hga dam net ban, ndng cao hem ntta gid tri tu tudng cfia cdc sinh hoat tin ngudng ddn gian cfia ngudi dan ndi chung va cua cu ddn vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp ndi rieng.
6. Anh hudng cua D^o gido
Cung vdi Phdt giao vd Nho gido, Dgo gido du nhgp vdo nude ta tfi kha sdm. Nhilu hgc gid khdng dinh "Dgo gido Trung Qudc du nli§p vao nude ta khd sdm, it nhdt Id tir thdi Bdc tiiupc. Thdi Dmh, Tiln Ld, Ly, Trdn tid Dgo gido Id mgt tiong "Tam gido dong nguyen"" [10, ti.l75]. Vdi tinh chdt phuang sT ma thugt vin cd nguon glc tfi nhflng tin ngudng saman gido va ma thudt d Trung QuIc, Dgo gido thdm nhpp d l dang vdo edc tm ngudng cua nude ta bdi sy tuang dong vdi tin ngudng bdn dia d thih chdt da tiidn
vd gidu chdt to^c quan. Ngay tfi khi Nho gido chua tim dugc cho dfing d Vipt Nam thi Dao giao (ddc bipt Id Dao gido phfi thuy) nhd sy tuong dong vdi cdc ma thugt phd phep dia phuang da nhanh chdng bdt nlup, dan xen vao cac sinh hogt tin nguong ciia ngudi dan. Thdi tiln sfi, ngudi Vipt dd bilt dung biia chfi, bdi hg tin rdng cd thi tri ta ma, chiia bpnh, sai am binh, tdng hinh...
Ngudi Viet cdng tin vdo cdc ma thuat biln hda cfia Dgo gido, cd co sd d l nang gia tn cdc ma thugt tiong sinh hogt tin ngudng ciia ntinh. Ddi tugng va nghi thfic thd ciing ciing vdi cdc tap tuc cfia Dao gido Id mdi trudng thugn Igi cho nhihig dng dong, ba cot, thay cfing, thay dia ly, thay tudng s6 hdnh nghi. Cd tdc gid cho rdng: "Trong khi Nho gido chua tim dugc ch5 dfing d Vipt Nam thi Dgo gido da tim thay ngay nhihig tin ngudng tucmg ding cd sdn tfi Idu... VI vgy, d l hieu tgi sao Dgo gido, trudc het la Dgo giao phfi thfiy, da thdm nhgp nhanh chdng va hda quypn d l dang vdi tin ngudng ma thuat co truyen tdi mfic khdng cdn ranh gidi. Do vgy md tinh hinh Dao gido d Vipt Nam rdt phfic t^p, khiln cho khdng it nhd nghien cfiu da quy het mgi tin ngudng co tiuyin Vipt Nam cho Dgo gido, vd ngirgc lgi, ngudi Vipt Nam sinh ding bdng, bua chfi till lai chdng bilt Dao gido la gi" [9, ti.227]. Vi v|ly, mgt s6 ti'n ngudng cfia nude ta hipn nay neu nhin be ngoai thi cd ve la sdn phdm cfia Dgo gido, nhung k^ thyc d6 Id tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Vipt Nam vdi mgt vai anh hudng cfia Dgo gido.
Chdng hgn nhu Dgo Mau la mpt hinh thfic Dao giao dpm chdt Vipt Nam, ho§c dan gian Id mgt tin ngudng dan gian mang ddm mdu sdc cfia ngudi Vipt vdi mpt s6 anh hudng cfia Dgo gido. Ho$c tyc thd Thdn, Thdnh, thd t l tidn diu mang mdu sdc ciia Dgo giao nhung la mgt loat hp thing tin ngudng v i n cd cfia ddn tpc ta, ra ddi tir
" ^ " " B . J i e ^ j ^ " '
chinh hogt dgng sdn xuat ndng nghipp thdm canh cay Ifia nude. YIU td Dgo gim> chi Id bidu hien vl mdt hinh thfic, sy dnh hudng vd mdt ngi dung doi vdi cdc sinh hogt tin ngudng nay la khdng dang kd.
So vdi Phgt gido va Nho gido, Dao gido da thdm thdu mgt cdch tu nhien vdo trong ddi sing tam linh va cdc sinh hoat tin ngudng cfia ngudi Vipt. Gifla Dao gido vd tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Vipt ndi chung va ciia ngudi Vipt vfing doi^ bdng Bdc Bp ndi ridng rdt khd phan dinh rach rdi.
Bdi le, tm ngudng ddn gian tfi xa xua cfia ngudi Vipt cflng mang rdt nhilu ylu td phfi thfiy va cung rdt nhilu ylu td thdn tien. Su kit hgp mgt cdch rdt ty nhidn ay cdng gdp phdn td dam them net ridng cua nln vdn hda Vipt, mang dam phong each Vipt, tdn tgi lau dai cho tdi tan ngay nay.
7. Ket lugn
Tin ngudng ddn gjan ciia ngudi Vipt viing ddng bdng Bdc Bp la sdn phdm cfia tu duy con ngudi dugc hinh thdnh tfi thdi nguydn thfiy, phdn anh hu do sy nlign thfic cfia con ngudi vl the gidi va vJ tri, vai trd cfia chinh ban than con ngudi. Dieu kipn ty nhidn, kinh t l - x d hgi va vdn hda vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bp la nhflng nhan to tryc tilp tae dgng din qua trinh hinh thdnh va tdn t?u cfia tin ngudng ddn gian cua ngudi Vipt. Ben cgnh do, cac tdn gido ngogi lai (d$c bipt la tam gido) cd vai trd to Idn trong sy hinh thanh, tin tgi cfia hp thing tin ngudng dan gian cfia ngudi Vipt viing ddng bdng Bac Bg.
Hipn nay, hoat dgng tin ngudng dien ra ngdy mgt phuc t ^ (cac sinh hogt tm ngudng cd muc dich true Igi, thuong mgi hda; cd tinh me tin di doan, budn thdn bdn thdnh, th|im chi cd tinh chdt bgo lyc, phd vd thuan phong my tyc cfia cpng dong ldng
xa). Do vdy, nghidn cfiu co sd hinh thanh tin nguSng ddn gjan cfia ngudi Vipt vfing ddng bdng Bdc Bd gdp phdn khdc phyc nhfing mat trdi ciia sinh hoat tin ngudng (nhu me tin, di doan) vd lanh manh hoa ddi sdng tinh thdn cua con ngudi.
Tdi lipu tham khao
[I] Nguyen DSng Duy (2000), " C ^ dinh chinh 1^1 cich gpi tin ngudng din gian", T^p chi Nghien ciiu tdn gido, so 1.
[2] Nguyin Himg H§u (2010), Dgi cuang lich sir triit hpc Viit Nam. Nxb Chinh tri q u ^ g i ^ H i Npi.
[3] U Nhu Hoa (2001), Tin ngudng ddn gian d Vift Nam. Nxb Vin h6a Th6ng tin, Hd Npi.
[41 Hpc vipn Chfnh Ui Qu6c gia H 6 Chf Minh (2007), Ly lugn vi tdn gido vd chinh sdch tdn gido d Vi4t Nam, Nxb Chfnh tri qu6c gia, H i Npi.
[5] Nhieu tic gii (2000), Hdi d^ ve van hda Vi4t Nam, Nxb VSn h6a ddn tpc, Hd Npi.
[6] Nguyin Httu Q u ^ (Chii biSn) (2015), Dgi cuong lich su Vift Nam, t l , Nxb Giio dye Vipt Nam, Hd Npi.
[7] Trdn Ding Snih {liXll), Nhiing khia cgrit triit hpc trong tin ngudng thd cdng td tien d dong b&ig Bdc Bd hipt nay, Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, HdNpi
[8] H 6 B i Thim (2005), T b i nguOng dan gian - mpt tinh vyc din s6ng tdm linh - rdt cdn sy quan tam ciia toin x3 hpt", T ^ chf Nghien cuu ton gido, sh 4.
[9] Tran Ngpc TTiem (2011), CasdVSnhda Vift Nam, Nxb Giio dye. H i Npi.
[10] Ngd Diic Thinh (2001), Tin ngudng vd vdn hod lin ngudng d Vift Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc x3 hpi. H i NPi.
[ I I ] ngay^nHOnThv (2013), Lugn dn tiin sT triit hpc: Khia cgnh triet hpc trong tin ngu&ng thd Mdu dia ngudi Vi4t a ddng bdng Bdc Bp, Tru£mg D^i hpc Khoa hpc XS hpi v i Nhdn vSn, D^i hpc QU6G gia H i Npi, H i Npi.
[12] Ti^diTbanhTis (2005), Phdt gido trong mgch sdng ddn tpc, Nxb T6n giio. H i Npi.
[13] D$ng NghiSm V^n (2003), Ly ludn vi tdn gido vd tinh hinh tdn gido a Vi4t Nam, Nxb Chfnh t r i q u l c g i a . H i N P i .
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