CAC LY THUYET CHINH TRI PHAT TRIEN:
NHtTNG TICH CfiC VA HAN CHE
Hoang Ngoe Phfldng'
T6m tdt: Trong nhdng ndm qua. ly thuyet hien dgi hda (HDH), ly thuyet ve sUphu thuoc, ly thuyet he thdng the gidi (HTTG) vd ly thuyet todn cdu hda (TCH) ldm cd sd de
^di thich cdc md hinh kinh te-xa hdi d cdc nUdc dang phdt trien. Muc tieu chinh cua bdi viet ndy Id ldm ro cdc khia cgnh chinh cua bdn ly thuyet tren trong bdi cdnh lich sd, kinh te- xd hdi, nhdng tich cUc vd hgn che vd dUa ra nhdng khuyen nghi dp dung.
Tdkhda: ly thuyet hipn dgi, ly thuyet phu thude, ly thuyet he thdng the gidi, If thuyit todn cdu hda
Abstract: In recent years, modernization theory, dependency theory, world system theory and globalization theory have been the basis for explaining the Socio-economic models in developing countries. The main objective of this paper is to clarify the key aspects of the four theories in the historical, socio-economic context, the positives and limitations, and make recommendations for application.
Keywords: modern theory, dependency theory, world system theory, globalization theory
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 5/10/2019 Ngdy sda bdi: 15/10/2019 Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/12/2019
Phit trien dfipe hieu la mdt dieu Men qudc gia nhat dinh. Trin gde dp chinh tri xi hpi d mdt qudc gia, trong dd nhu cau hpc phit trien, khii niem phit trien dl dich thflc cua ngfidi dan dflpe thda man cap din cie nhdm xa hdi ed quyen truy bdi vi|e sfl dyng hpp ly va bin vfing cie cap vio eae td ehfle, cic dich vu ca bin nguon tai nguyen thien nhiln va he thdng nhfl giao dye, nha d, dich vu y te va dinh gii tri khic. Ndi him chinh eua khai niera dfldng, vi trin bet, vin hda vi truyin phat triln la viec sfl dyng tii nguyen thien thdng eua hp dfldc tdn trpng trong khudn nhiln dfla tren edng nghe, tdn trpng eae khd xa hdi eua mdt qudc gia cy thi. Khii die diem vin hda cua ngfldi din cua mdt niem phat trien nhan manh he thdng cic
'' ThS, Hoc vien Chinh tri Cong an Nhdn ddn
Tap cM Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 83
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td chflc chinh tri - xa hdi, chinh quyin cd tinh hpp phip khdng chi vl mat Mat phip, mi cdn ve mat cung cap Ipi ich xi bdi cho phan ldn ngfldi dan.VI mat Mnh tl, khii nilm phit triln dl cap den viec ngfldi dan eua mpt qudc gia ed eP bpi viec lim, sfl hai ldng - It nhat la nhu eau cd ban, nhin dflpc sfl phin phdi va phin phdi lai tii sin qudc gia thich hpp. Nhfing ndi dung niy it nhilu dfldc di cap din trong cac Iy thuylt chinh tri hpc phit triln:
L Ly thuyet Hiln dai hoa
Theo nhi nghiin cflu Alvin So, ly thuyet HDH ra ddi sau ehiln tranh the gidi thfl bai dfla trin cic dieu Men: (1) Sfl trdi day cua Hoa Ky nhfi mpt silu efidng, trong khi cie qudc gia pbflPng Tay khic nhfl Vflpng qudc Anh, Phip vi Dflc, bi suy ylu do chiln tranh. Hoa Ky ndi lln va trd thinh mdt nhi lanh dao the gidi vdi vile thfie hiln Kl hoach MarshaU dl tii thilt lay AU chiln tranh tan phi; (2) Do sfi lan rpng vi thdng nhat eua phong trio cdng sin thi gidi. Anh hfldng eua Liln Xd cu khdng chi den Ddng Au, mi ci Trung Qudc va Trieu Tiln; (3) Sfl tan ra cua eic dl qudc thflc din chiu Au d chiu A, chau Phi va chau My Latmh, sinh ra nhilu quoc gia mdi d The gidi thfl ba. Cic qudc gia non tre nay dang tim MIm mdt md hinh phat trie'n dl thuc day nln kinh te va tang cfldng dpc lap chinh tri.
Ly thuylt HDH tap trung ly giai khai mem xi hdi Men dai. Theo ly thuyet nay, xa hdi hiln dai cd nang suit eao hon. tre em dflpc giio due tdt bon va ngfldi ngheo
nhan dflpc nhilu phue ldi hdn. Theo phan tieh cua Smelser, xa hpi hien dai cd die dilm khic bi|t ve cau true xa hpi, do li ndi mpt dinh nghia rd rang vl ehfic nang vi vai trd cMnh tri tfl cac the chl qu6c gia.
HDH Ii mpt trong nbfing khai nilm trung tam eua Iy thuylt nay. Theo Coleman, xa hpi hiln dai mi die trfing cua nd la HDH ed eic die diem: (a) Tieh bilt CP cau chinh tri; (b) The tyc hda van hda chinh tri - vdi tinh than binh dang xa hpi ngay eing eao; (e) Nang Ific eua mpt he thdng chinh tri xa hdi ngay diiac nang cao; (e). HDH la radt qua trinh theo tflng giai doan vi la rapt qua trinh ddng nhat bda. Theo Levy (1967), dong nhat hda thi hien d cho khi thdi gian trdi qua, HDH lam eho cac the ehl va md hinh chinh tri- xa hdi cang gidng nhau bdi vi HDH lam cho nhfing eic khia canh chinh tri-xa hdi cang dfidc HDH cao. Theo ly giii cua Tipps (1976), HDH la rapt qui trinh chau Au hda boac My bda. Cac qudc gia cd nen Mnh te cham phit trien se cd sfi thinh vflpng Mnh t l va on dinh din chu chfla tfing cd. Parsons da dfia ra cic gia dinh:
(a) HDH la mot qui trinh cd he thdng.
rapt tdng thi nhat quan, khdng ed sfi ed lap; (b) HDH la mdt qua trinh bien doi; de rapt xa hdi tien vio hien dai, cie eau trfie vi gii tri truyin thdng cua nd phai dfipe thay thi hoan toan bang mdt tip hpp cic gii tri hien dai; (c) HDH la mdt qua trinh sip xiy ra do tinh chat he thdng va bien ddi cua nd, xay dfing sfi thay ddi trong he thdng xa hdi.
Nhfing ngfidi ung hd ly thuyet nay eho 84 Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu
\\V DliNDANi ring, HDH la rapt qua trinh khdng the dao
ngflyc. rapt khi bat dau HDH tbi khdng thi dflng lai. Ndi each khae, mdt khi cic nfldc thi gidi thfi ba tiep xuc vdi phfipng Tay, hp se khdng the efidng lai ddng Ific hfldng tdi HDH. HDH li mdt qui trinh tiln bp ma vl liu dii mi cic nfidc kem phat trien khdng the tranh khdi. Theo Coleman, ddi vdi cac nfidc cham phit trien, HDH ed kha nang eao hon dl ddi pho vdi chflc ning eua ban sac dan tdc, tinh hpp phip, tham nhap, tham gia va phan phdi nang dpng hdn cae he thong chinh tri truyen thdng.
Ly thuylt HDH eho rang cae nflde thupe thi gidi thfi ba la truyen thdng va cic nfidc phfldng Tay la hien dai. De phat trien, nhflng qudc gia ngheo dd can ap dyng cac gii tri phfldng Tay. Gu the: (a) HDH la mdt qua trinh cd he thdng. Thude tinh eua tinh Men dai tao thanh mot tdng the nhat quin, do dd xuat hiln trong mdt cum chfl khdng phai trong sfl cd lap; (b) HDH la mdt qua trinh biln ddi; de mdt xa hpi tiln vio hiln dai, cae eau true va gia tri truyin thdng eua nd phai dflpc thay the hoin toan bang rapt tap hpp cac gia tri hien dai; (e) HDH la mdt qua trinh sap xay ra do tinh chat he thdng va bien ddi cua nd trong he thdng xa hdi. Han che cua ly thuylt nay li qua chu trpng gia tri cua eae nfidc phfipng Tay hien dai rai md hmh phat triln kha thi dfipe fla chudng la mo hinh phit trien d Hoa Ky. Trong khi do, chung ta ed the thay ring da ed nhfing tiln bd, phat trien d cac qudc gia khae nhfl Bii Loan vi Han Qudc... khdng thuoc mo hmh nay.
2. Ly thuyet ve sfi phu thuoc Theo cic nha nghiin cfiu, nen ting eua ly thuylt vl sfi phy thude di xuat hiln vio nhfing nam 1950 gin vdi nhfing nghiin eflu cua Uy ban Kinh te Chiu My Latinh vi Garibe (EGLAC). Ly thuyet nay cho ring cac nfldc kem phit triln mudn phit trien mpi mat phai dfia tren cae ylu td (phu thude vio cae yeu td): (a) Thi trfidng ndi dia, phit trien cau ndi bp Ii nhin td quan trpng cua thi trfidng npi dia; (b) Cdng nghiep bda, phii cdng nhin tam quan trpng eua cdng nghiep dl dat dflpc mfic dp phat trien qudc gia tdt hdn nhim ddng gdp nhieu gii tri gia tang bdn eho eic san pham; c) Thu nhip cua ngfidi lao ddng, tang thu nhip eua ngfldi lao dpng nhfi rapt phfipng tiln dl tao ra tdng eau nhieu hpn trong dilu kiln thi trfldng qudc gia; d) Vai trd eua chinh phu, phit huy vai trd eua chinh phu trong cung cd cic dieu Men phat triln qudc gia vi ting mfic sdng qudc gia.
Ly thuylt nay nhan manh din sfi chuyen ddi ehfic nang cua chinh phu. Cu tbi la:
a) De Mem soat dfldc ty gia hoi doii, chinh phu phii chuyin ehfic ning trpng tim tfl quan ly tii chinh sang chmh sach edng;
b) Phat huy vai trd eua chinh phu ve mat phat trien quoe gia;
c) Tao nln tang dau tfl, ddng vai trd flu tien vung Mnh tl trpng diem;
d) Cho phep dau tfl vdn bin ngoai theo Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu | 85
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cie flu tien di dflpc thilt lip trong eic ke hoach phit trien qudc gia;
e) Thuc day nhu cau npi bd Men qui bpn vl mat thi trfldng trong nfldc de lim ca sd cung cd qui trinh cdng nghiep hda;
f) Tao ra nhu eau npi bd Idn hPn bing cich ting tien Iflpng cua ngfidi lao dpng, dilu niy se inh hfidng tich c\ic din tdng can trin thi trfldng npi bp;
g) Phat triln bao phu cic dich vy xa bpi, die bilt Ii cie vung nghIo khd nhim tao dilu M|n thuc day canh tranh, rut ngin khoang cich phit trii'n;
h) Phit trien ehiln Mpc qudc gia theo md hinh thay thi nhap khau, bao vl sin xuat qudc gia bing cich thilt lap h^n ngach vi thue quan trin thi trfldng bin ngoai.
Theo Foster Carter (1973), Iy thuyet niy nhan manh sfl can thilt phii ed mdt cudc cich raang tfl sin ve Mnh tl trong qui trinh chuyin ddi qudc gia. Ly thuylt nay cho ring sfl phit trien cua cic nfldc kera phit trie'n phii phu thude vao cie nfidc ldn, ed mfic dp cdng nghiep hda eao.
Theo Theotonio Dos Santos, cP sd cua sfi phy thude d cic qudc gia kem phat trie'n bit ngudn tfl cdng nghe, thay vi tfi quan he tii chinh den doe quyin tfi cic qudc gia cdt ldi.
Ly thuyet phu thude de cao sfi phy thude eua nhfing qudc gia thude Thi gidi thfi ba vao cac nflde ldn. Ben canh dd, khdng chap nhan sfl tfi chu tfipng ddi cua nbfing nfidc nay. Trong khi dd, cic nfidc
thupe Thi gidi thfi ba cd mpt quyin tfl chu nhat dinh tfi tryc quyin Ific thfie sfi trong qudc gia. Mdt trong nhfing phi binh chinh hiln nay vl ly thuyet phy thupe tap trung chu ylu vio cic kit ndi qudc t l gifla eic qudc gia, die bi|t la nhfing nfidc liln quan den thfiPng mai, h | thdng tii chinh qudc tl, cdng nghe the gidi vi hpp tic quan sfi.
3. Ly thuyet He thdng the gidi Ly thuyet HTTG xuat hien tfl thip niin 1960, khi eic qudc gia thude The gidi thfl ba da cd nhflng dieu Men mdi de ca ging ning cao mflc sdng va cai thien dilu Men xa hdi. Nhfing dieu Men mdi nay cd HIn quan din thfie te la eae hi thdng tii chinh va thfiPng raai qudc te bat dau ed tinh chat Hnh boat hon. Theo Immanuel WaUerstein, y thuylt nay ra ddi trin ed sd:
(a) Ddng A (Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Hin Qudc, Hdng Kong va Singapore) tiep tyc cd tdc dp tang trfidng Mnh t l vfipt trpi;
(b) Gd mdt cudc khung hoang lan rpng gifla cie quoc gia xa hdi chu nghia, sfi that bai eua Cach mang van hda, sfi dinh tre Mnh te d cie nflde xa bpi chu nghla va sfl md efla eua rapt sd nflde nay ddi vdi dau tfl tfl bin; (c) Cd mdt cudc khung hoing ehu nghia tfi ban d Bac My thi hien trong Chien tranh Viet Nam, khung hoing Watergate, cam van dau md nam 1975, lam phit vio cudi nhfing nim 1970, cung nhfl tinh trang gia ting cua ehu nghia bao hp, thim hut thflpng mai chfia tfing cd va sfi gia tang khoang each thfiong mai trong nhflng nam 1980, tat ci bio bieu sfi sup do cua quyen bi chu eua My trong nen ] Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu
kinh te thi gidi tfi ban chu nghia.
Ly thuylt nay eho rang, cac qudc gia trin thi gidi raudn phit trien phai nam trong mpt he thdng dfla tren cic chudi gia tri toan cau. Nhfing ngfidi ung hd ly thuyet nay cho rang, thi gidi la rapt he thdng cic gia tri ma trong dd cie qudc gia khdng tbi bi|t lip. H | thdng niy the hien d chd: (a) C6 mdi liln kit chat che gifia ylu td chinh tri, kinh tl, xa bdi tren pham vi toan cau;
b) Moi qudc gia ed mdt vi tri thflc t l trong cic h? thdng xa hdi; c) Can nhan ra tinh chat mdi eua hi thdng tfl ban. Do dd, cac quoc gia thupe Thi gidi thfl ba khdng phu thu^c vio cie nfidc ldn ma can dat minh vio HTTG, nhin thay rainh nhfi mdt mat xieh quan trpng hinh thanh chudi gii tri toin eau. Ly thuyet HTTG xem ddi sdng chinh tri, Mnh te-xa hdi nam trong mpt chuoi gii tri. Qudc gia nao bilt tan dyng, qudc gia dd se vfipt trdi.
4. Ly thuylt Toan eau hoa Ly thuylt TCH xuat Men gin vdi sfi ra ddi cae ca chl toan cau vl hdi nhip giao djch kmh tl toan cau dfla tren nhflng thinh tflu mdi nhat eua cdng nghe thdng tin, edng ngbl truyen thdng. Cae khia canh chinh cua ly thuyet TCH bao gdm:
a) He thdng thdng tin toan eau dang ngay cang trd nln quan trpng va thdng qua qui trmh nay, tat ca eic qudc gia dang tflpng tie thfldng xuyln va de dang hPn, khdng ehl d cap chinh phu ma edn trong pham vi ngfidi dan;
b) He thdng thdng tin dang lan rpng d
eic qudc gia kem phit triln hpn. Thfie te niy se lam tang khi ning eic nhdm can biln d cac qudc gia ngheo cd tbi giao tilp va tflpng tic trong bdi canh toan cau bing each sfl dyng edng ngbl mdi;
c) HI thdng truyin thdng biln dai din din viec sfia ddi cau true md chinh tri, Mnh tl, xa hdi va vin hda cua cie qudc
Tren gde dp Mnh tl, edng nghe mdi trong truyen thdng dang trd nen de tilp can bon ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep dia phfipng vi doanh nghiep nhd. Tmh trang nay dang tao ra mdt mdi trfldng hoin toin mdi de thflc biln cic giao dich Mnh tl, sfl dyng cac ngudn Ifle sin xuat, thilt bi, sin pham giao dich va tin dung tiln io ca che.
Trin gde dp vin bda, cic sin pham truyin thdng radi dan din sfl thdng nhat cie md hinh truyin thdng tren toan thi gidi, it nhat la vl eae giao dich kinh tl trong cac dieu Men hien tai. Gae ylu td van hda se quylt dinh cau true Mnh tl va xa hpi d mdi qudc gia.
Trin gde dp chmh tri, ly thuylt TCH cd the dfipe tdm tit trong ba diem chinh: thfl nhat, ylu td van hda la khia canh quyet dinh trong mpi xa hdi; thfl bai, khai nilm qudc gia ngiy cang md nhat vi truyin thdng toan eau vi quan he quoe tl dang lam eho eae qudc gia xieh lai gan nhau va hfldng din cac hinh thfle chung vl chinh tri, Mnh te, xa hdi; thfl ba, vdi nhilu tilu chuan hda trong tien bd edng ngbl. ngiy cang cd nhieu thanh phan xa hdi cd the kit ndi vdi cie nhdm khac tren thi gidi.
Tap cM Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 87
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Tinh trang niy se Hin quan den cae nhdm chiem flu the va khdng chi phdi tfl mdi qudc gia.
Ly thuylt TCH nhan manh cie ylu td vin bda li ylu td chinh quylt dinh inh hfldng den dieu Men kinh te, xa hpi va chrah tri cua cie qudc gia. Tfl quan diem niy, cic be thdng gia tri, nilm tin vi rad hinh chinh tri quyin ba sl dan dan nhfldng cbd eho gii tri toin cau. Sfl phd bien vi chuyen giao eae gii tri van hda thdng qua eic h | thdng truyin thdng vi chfing dang ngiy eing inh hfidng den nhilu nhdm xi hpi d tat ca cac qudc gia.
Bing chflng ma ly thuylt TCH chi ra dl chflng minb quan diera eua rainh trfldc hit la nhflng each thflc ey tbi mi cic qudc gia dang nd Ifle dl thich fing vdi cie nguyin tie cua xa hdi, sfi tfidng tie gifla cic cap dp quyin Iflc khic nhau tfl qudc gia niy sang qudc gia khic vi tfi cie he thong xa hdi eu thi dang boat ddng trin khip thi gidi; khii nilm tfl chu qudc gia trfldc cic cdng cy truyin thdng ngay cing linh boat; eic moi quan he Mnh t l qudc tl ngiy cang hilu qui so vdi rad hrah don phfldng trfldc day; ehu nghia khu vflc va cac thda thuan da phfldng dang anh hfldng din hdi nhip kinh te vi xi bdi toan eau.
Ly thuylt TCH dl cap den xu hfldng cie thay ddi trong xi hdi va trong nln Mnh tl thi gidi, tao ra bdi radi Hen kit vi trao ddi ngiy cang tang gifia cie qudc gia, cic td chfle hay eic ci nhin d gde dp vin bda. Mnh tl... trin quy md toin cau. Toan
88 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
cau hoi se lim tang lln nhieu lan cic mdi quan be gifia cac cdng din tren the gidi vi eung nhfi cac ca hpi cho tfing ngfidi.
Ly thuyet nay cdn nlu van dl li phii tim ra rapt giai phip thay thi cho he thong chinh tri va biln phap biln tai dfia tren khii niem nhi nfidc-qude gia. Cic thfie the niy da tfing gay ra nhflng tie dpng tieu cflc trong sudt Hch sfi do tmh chat can thilp manh bao eua nd. Anh hfidng cua chung giim dan do sfi toan eau hoi, vi khdng cdn du tam xfi Iy nhilu thach thflc mang tinh toan eau ngiy nay. Dilu mi ly thuyet nay khdng nghi din kit qui cua toin cau hoi hien khdng phii la nhfing gi da dfldc hinh dung khi bat dau qui trinh tang cfldng thfidng mai tfi do, cung nhfi nhieu td chflc tham gia trong he thdng toin eau hoi da khdng xet din lpi ich eho cie nflde ngheo cung nhfi gidi lao dpng.
Mpt vai ket luan
Thd nhdt, mdi ly thuyet chinh tri hpc phat trien deu cho rang phit trien Mnh tl la chia khda de thay doi vl chinh tri. Ly thuyet HDH cho rang phat trien Mnh te la nen ting cua dan chu. Phit trien giio dye se tao ra mdt tang Idp trung Ifiu nam gifi cie gia tri cua xa hdi dan ehu (Lipset 1959). Ly thuylt phy thupe eho rang bat binh dang ve thu nhap la ddng Ific chinh eua nhfing thay doi chinh trj (Boix 2003, Acemoglu va Robinson 2006). Ly thuyet he thdng thi gidi cho ring bin canh giao due vi thu nhip, nhfing thay ddi ve gii tri do cdng nghiep hda tao nln tic ddng den y thfie chinh tri. Ly thuylt TGH cho rang ting trfidng Mnh te dfidi tic ddng cua
cong ngh? thdng tm, cdng nghe truyin th6ng hi?n dai dan din sfi thay doi nhan thflc ve cie gia tri xa hpi gifia cac thi he theo xu hfidng dinh gia tinh trang dan chii mpt each nghilm tue hdn (Welzel va Inglebart2017).
Thd hai, eic ly thuylt dlu thfia nhan nhflng thay ddi trong giio due, thu nhap va gia tri eua mdt qudc gia inh hfidng den chl dd chinh tri cua dit nfidc tren eae logic khic nhau:
Ly thuyet HDH giai thich sfi chuyen ddi tfl mpt xa hdi "tiln hien dai" boac "truyen thing" sang mdt xa bdi "biln dai" thdng qua tang trfldng Mnh tl vi md (Almond vi Verba 1963, Barro 1999, PrzeworsM et al. 2000, Glaeser, Ponzetto va Shleifer 2007). Ly thuylt nay lap Man rang, giio di^c dai bpe li nhan td thue day nln dan chu nhanh hpn. Tang trfldng kinh te va phit trien giio dye dai hpe se keo theo si; xuit hiln eua tang Idp trung lflu trong qua trinh HDH eung da dfipe ket hpp vdi phit triln Mnh t l cap vi md. Khi sd Ifidng cua tang Idp trung Ifiu phit trien, eau true phan tang trong xa hdi se thay ddi. Tang Idp trung Ifiu dfi Min se giam thieu khi kinh tl ngiy cang tang trfidng, lam giam thieu sfl xung dot gifla tang Idp thflpng iflu vi khdng tinh hoa, tfi do mang lai nen dan chu 6n dinh. Tang Idp trung lflu, vdi giao dye dai hpe, cung dflpe coi la nam gifl cie gia tri cua che dp din chu. Cac nha nghiin cfiu Glaeser, Ponzetto va Shleifer (2007) khang dinh rang giao dye dai hpe noi chung lim tang sfl tham gia chinh tri.
Nhflng ngfldi hpc dai hpc ed ky nang tdt
hdn de tfldng tic vdi ngfldi khac va thuylt phye cic ddng ngMep tham gia eic boat ddng chinh tri eua hp. Lip Man niy tap trung vio radi quan he gifla giio dye va tham gia chinh tri. Nhflng ngfldi ed trinh dp hpc van cao bon ed ky nang thu thap vi Meu thdng tin tdt hpn. Do dd, hp tiep xuc nhilu hpn vdi eic tranh Man vi sfl Men liln quan din dan chu va chinh tri.
Ly thuylt phu thude nhan manh mflc GDP binh quin dau ngfldi cua mdi qudc gia la ddng Me cua nhflng thay ddi chinh tri, vi xem tang Idp thu nhip thap hpn Ii nhan td chinh trong qui trinh din chu hda. Theo cic nha nghien cflu, ly thuylt phy thude dflpe xiy dflng dfla tren tinh hudng Iy thuyet trd chdi ndi cae tang Idp khic nhau chdi cic trd choi chiln Iflpc dfia trin sfi phin phdi lai cua cai. Trong lap Man cua minh, eic the chl din ehu la rapt cdng eu dl duy tri hoae tang sfi phin phdi lai eua cii. Tang Idp thu nhap thap hpn thich eae the che dan ebii de giira sfi bde lot cua ngfidi giau vi tang cfldng phan phdi lai Acemoglu va Robinson (2006) eho ring.
Ly thuylt HTTG nhan raanh den sfl kit ndi gifia tang trfldng Mnh tl, thu nhip va chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi nara trong eae chudi gia tri toan eau. Hp cho rang sfl phat trien Mnh te lam giam cac radi de dpa tfi nhflng van de chinh trj xa hdi phai ddi raat, cudi cung lim phit sinh cic gii tri mdi ve thii dp, nilm tin cua gifia cic the he (sfi khic biet gifia eae thi be ve gii tri, die bilt la trong giai doan hau edng nghiep hda). Nhflng ngfldi dflpe sinh ra Tap cM Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 89
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sau khi edng nghiep hda dflpe k\' vpng se nam gifi cac g i i tri tri khai phdng. vi hp khdng bi cic mdi de dpa hien hfiu m i the he cu phai chiu.
Ly thuyet TCH nhan manh sfi p h i n phdi I ^ eua cii. Ly thuylt n i y ung hd \ i l e ed ging tdi da hda thu n h i p cua tang Idp cd dia vi thap trong x i hdi tham gia he thdng kit ndi gia tri t o i n cau tren n l n tang cdng nghe thdng tin, edng nghe truyen thdng h i | n dai. Ly thuylt nay cho r i n g mac du nhflng lip Man ve giao due va thu n h i p v l ca b i n l i ve tic dpng cua cac y l u td kinh t l x i hdi ddi vdi sfl thay doi chinh tri d tam vT md. Ylu td v l sfl k h i c biet gifla cie the h | cung giii quylt t i c ddng eua cie thupe tinh n h i n khau hpe c i n h i n . Do dd, that hpp ly khi xiy dflng cic gii thuyet v l tie dpng cua trinh dp hpc van, thu nhap v i the he giao due c i n h i n ddi vdi cic sd thich chinh tri c i n h i n .
Thd ba, ap dyng cic ly thuylt chinh tri hpe phit trien phii dfia t r i n bdi canh cy thi. Ddi vdi nfidc ta, vile flng dung ly thuylt chinh tri hpc phit trien phu hpp phii giup chinh phu giii quylt dflpe cic van d l nhfl n i n g cao nang Me canh tranh trong mdi trfidng gia t i n g thfiPng mai qudc t l vdi tdc dp eao; gia tang luong dfi lieu xuyln bien gidi thdng qua edng nghe thdng tin v i truyin thdng; gia tang trao doi van boa qudc te; van de ndng lln cua khi hau, khung bo, budn liu ma tuy v i van de n i n g cao mfic sdng d cie nfldc ngheo;
sfl tran lan eua chu nghia da van h o i va vile c i nhan ngiy cang cd xu hfldng hfidng d i n da dang van h o i , mat khac, lam mat
di tmh da dang van h o i thdng qua sfi ddng h o i . . . Can cd n h i l u thao Man raang tinh hpc t h u i t nghilm tuc ve flng dyng Iy thuyet chinh tri phit triln.
T A I L I £ U THAM KHAO 1. Adam, J. Foreigii Policy in Transition. (Chapel HiH, North Caroline:
University of North Caroline Press, 1992).
2. Alexander. R. Financiamiento Externo, Deuda y Transformacion Productiva. (San Salvador, El Salvador:
UCLA, 1990).
3. Alford, R. Los Poderes de la Teoria. Capitalismo, estado y democracia.
(Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Manantial, 1991).
4. Arias, S. Centro America:
Obstaculos y Perspectivas del Desarrollo.
(San Jose, Costa Rica: DEI, 1993).
5. Bergesen, A. Long Waves of Colonial Expansion and Contraction in Studies of the Modern World-System. (New York: Academic Press, 1984).
6. Chirot, D. Social Change in a Peripheral Society: The creation of a Balkan colony (New York: Academic Press, 1993).
7. Comision Economica para America Latina y e l Garibe.
Transformacion Productiva con Equidad.
(Santiago, Chile: GEPAL, 1991).
90 I Tap chi Khoa hoc Ndi vu
