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LY LUAN V l PHAT TRIEN KINH TE 0 VIET NAM:
THANH TUU VA HAN CHE
• PGS.TS AN NHU'HAI Vien Kinh te chinh tri hoc.
Hoc vim Chinit trf qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
• Torn tdt: Ly luan vephdt trien kinh tedo Adam Smith hinh thdnh, sau do dUdc C.Mdc va cdc nhd kinh tehgc khdcphdt trien cho tdi ngdy nay. Ly luan ndy Id cdsddehoqch dinh vd thiic thi chinh sdch phdt trien cua cdc nen kinh tethi tnidng. Viet Nam dd tiep can he thong ly ludn vephdt trien kinh teketitkhi tien hdnh doi mdi den nay, tuy da dat dUdc nhieu ket qud quan trgng trong nhdn thiic vd to chiic thiic tiln, song vdn dang phdi doi mat vdi khong it thdch thiic dephdt trien.
9Titkhda: lyluan vephdt trien kinh ted Viet Nam.
1. Qua trinh hinh thanh ly luan phat trien kinh te (V Viet Nam
OViet Nam, tu tucmg ve phat triln kinh te dupe khoi phat tir dau nhiing nam 1960 ttong dieu kien thitc hien hai nhiem vit chien luuc: day manh xay dung CNXH a mien Bac va dau ttanh giai phdng mien Nam, didng nhat dat nude. Song, chi tir sau nam 1986, trucic yeu can bite thiet cua cong cupc doi moi dat nuuc do Dang Cpng san Viet Nam khdi xucmg va lanh dap, nhung tu tudng ve phat trien kinh te mdi duoc nhan drirc de trd thanh ly luan CO so nham xay dung va thuc thi chien luoc phat trien kinh te-xahdi.Cdthediayrdqua ttinh phat trien ly luan qua 2 giai doan:
Giai dofin 1:1986-2000
Day la giai doan dau hinh thanh [y luan ve phat trien kinh te b Viet Nam. Dai hpi VI ciia Dang (nam 1986) xae dinh: "Nhiem vij bao triim,
muc tieu tdng quat cita nhiing nam cdn lai cua chang dudng dau rien la dn dinh mpi mat tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi, tigp tuc xay dirng nhirng tien de can thidt cho viec day manh cdng nghiep hda xa hpi chu nghia trong chang dudng nep theo"'". Theo dd, dat ra yen cau phai gSn kft giiia dn dinh va phat trien; "On dinh va phat trien gan lien vdi nhau trong qua trinh van ddng tien len, dn dinh de phat triln va cd phat trien mdi dn dinh dupe"'''. Tam quan trpng cua phat trien kinh te va mdi quan he cita nd vdi phat trien xa hoi cung dupe xae djnh: "Trmh dp phat trien kinh te la dieu kien vat chat de thuc hien chinh sach xa hpi, nhung mue tieu xa hdi lai lii muc dich cua cac boat dpng kinh te"«. Nhu vay, viec phat tiien kinh te phai dat trpng mdi quan he gan bd chat che vdi dn dinh mpi mat tinh hinh kinh te-xa hdi.
LYLUANCHINHTRj-So 5/2019
l i t NGHIEN Ctru - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN
Dai hpi VII (nam 1991) thdng qua Chien lupc dn dinh vii phat ttien kinh te - xa hdi giai doan 1991-2000, trong dd, quan diem phat trien ben vting lan dau dirpc neu ra; "Tang trudng kinh te phai gan lii?n vpi tien bd va cdng bang xa hdi, phat trien van hda, bap ve mdi trudng"*^'. Quan diem nay tilp tuc dupe klidng dinh tai Dai hdi VIII (nam 1996) vdi yeu cau phai gan tang trudng kinh te vdd tien bd va cong bang xa hpr
"ngay trong timg budc va trong sudt qua trinh phat irien"'-^^
Nam 1998, Ban Chap hanh Trung upng khda VIII ban hanh Chi thi sd 36-CT/TW ve "Tang cudng cdng tac bap ve mdi trudng trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda diit nude", trong dd neu quan diem; Bap ve mdi trudng la mpt ndi dung cp ban khdng the tach rdi trpng dudng ldi, chu trumig va ke hcach phat tri(?n kinh te - xa hdi cua tat ca cac cap, cac nganh, la co sd quan trpng bao dam phat tnen ben vimg, thuc hien thang Ipi su nghiep ccng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nupc.
Nhu vay, ttpng giai dpan nay, nhimg net co biin cita ndi dung phat ttien kuili te da dupe dinh hmh vdi cac yeu td tang truong kinh te, tien bd, cpng bang xa hdi va bap ve mdi tradng sinh thm.
Cac yen td nay dupe dat ttpng mdi quan he gan bo chat che vdt nhau. ttong dd tang trudng kinh te ddng vai ttd quan trpng trnng viec tan dieu kien vat chat de dat dupe cac yen td khac. Day la net sang tap trong van dung ly luan ciia chii nghia Mac - Ltjnin de phat trien kinh te trong dieu kien chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudngXHCN.
Giai doan 2: tiinSm 2001 den nay Day lii giai doan phat trien he thdng ly luan ve phat tridn kinh te d Viet Nam. Ke tii Dai hdr IX eua Dang (nam 2001), cdng cude ddi mdi da di viip chieu sau: vit;c nhan thuc ve phat trien kinh
te dupe hudng vao muc tieu va phuong thuc thuc hien mang u'nh thdi dai.
Quan diem phat ttien kinh te - xa hpi eua Viet Nam treng giai doan 2001-2010 la; "Phat triln nhanh, hilu qua va bin virng, tang trudng di doi vdi thuc hien tien bd, cdng bangxa hdi va bao vl mdi trudng"; "Tang nhanh nang suat lao dong xii hpi va nang cao chat luong tang trutmg. Triet de tilt kilm, chdng lang phi, tang tich luy cho dau tuphat ttiln" '^•'. Trong do, phat trien nhanh, hieu qua va ben vung ducrc xem la tu tucmg chi dao quan trpng nhiit de tim tdi, lua chon giai phap phat triln kirrh tl, xa hpi eua dSt nude.
Dai hpi XI (nam 2011) rut ra bai hpc kinh nghiem; "Phai tht,rc sir coi ttpng chat lupng, hieu qua tang trudng va phat trien ben viing, niing cao chat lupng vii hilu qua cita nen kinh tl, ddng then duy tri tdc dp tang trucmg hpp ly, giii viing pn dinh kinh te vi mo"^''. Dai hdi bd sung vao tu tucmg xuyen sudt trpng Cuong linh xay dung dat nude trpng thoi ky qua dp lln CNXH; "Phat trien kinh tl la nhiem vu trung tam; thitc hien cdng nghilp hda, hien dai hda dat nuiJc gan vdi phat trien kinh tl tri thuc va bao vl tai nguyin, mdi tiudng; xay dung CO cau kinh tl hop ly, hien dai, cd hilu qua va ben vung, gdn kit chat chi cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep va dich vu""'.
Chiln lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi thai ky 2011- 2020 yeu cau "Phat tnin nhanh phai gfa Hen vdi phat trien ben viing, phat triln ben viing laylu td xuyen sudt trong Chiln luoc". "Phat tiiln bin vung 14 co so de phat trie'n nhanh, phat tiien nhanh de tap ngudn luc cho phat ttien bin viing Pbattiien nhanh vaphatttien ben vungphaiudn gan chat vdi,than trong quy hoach, ke hoach va chinhsachphattricnkinhte-xahd,"Bi r-'- u- dlth„nhi6„ri,i„-„i,.„,.., • "-Qaiphap dl thuc hien Chiln luoc lii ddi
!;r?£*?.^_rP''*',"^"*'=°*i«urdngsan|
" « mo hinh tiing , . , i^" chieu rdne phattirenhoplygitiachieurpngvachieusiiu...".
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Dai hdi XII (nam 2016), tren co sd due rut kinh nghiem 30 nam ddi mdi va tiep can xu the cua thdi dai, da dat ra yeu cau tiep tuc ddi mdi md hinh tang trudng theo hirdng ket hpp hieu qua giiJa phat trien chieu rdng vol chieu sau, trong do ehii trong phat trien chieu sau; nang cao ehat luong tang trudng va siic canh tranh tren ca sd nang eao nang suat lao ddng, iing dung tien bd khoa hgc • edng nghe; ddi mdi va sang tao, nang eao eh^t lupng nguon nhan lue, phat huy lgi the so sanh va ehu ddng hdi nhap qudc t^..."".
2. Thanh tuu doi mm ly luan va thuc tien phat trien kinh te 6" Viet Nam
Thanh tiiu^lyluin
Thunhat, da dinh hinh dugc pham trii phat triin kinh te trong he thong tri thuc venen kinh te thi trudng dinh huang xa hgi chu nghia vai nhirng yeu to cabin ciia no. Cu thd la:
Nhan thiic rd phat trien kinh te khdng chi don thuan la hoat ddng eiia eac chii the ma cdn lien quan mat thiet den mijc tieu chung, quan trgng cua quoc gia; khdng chi la van de kinh td ma edn la van de phat trien xa hdi. Do do, Dang va Nha nude khdng the phd mac cho ca che thi trudng, ma phai hoaeh dinh va thue thi ehien lupc, chinh sach phat trien kinh - te xa hdi nham dinh hudng qua trinh phat trien kinh te dat nude di theo muc tieu da lira chpn.
Xae dinh duoc nhung thupc tinh, yeu toco ban ciia phat trien kinh te. Tang trudng kinh te khdng chi ve lugng ma cdn ve chat, khdng chi la tang trudng ehung eua toan bd nen kinh te, ma con the hien qua qua trinh hoan thien ca cau kinh te, the che kinh te va nang eao chat lupng cupc sdng, trong dd tang trudng kinh te la quan trong nhat. Da su dung tien te lam thudc do muc do tang tnrdng nen kinh te thay cho eac irdc dinh trim tugng d thdi ky trude ddi mdi.
Lan dau tien dat phat trien kinh te trong ndi dung phat trien ben virng, trong do phat trien kinh te ben vung phai hudng tdi tinh hieu qua, ddng thdi bao dam edng bang xa hdi va bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai. Nhan thiic tren, da danh dau budc phat trien trong tu duy ciia Dang ve phat trien kinh te ciia dat nude gan vdi yeu td mdi cua thdi dai.
Thu hai, khing dinh phat trien kinh te la nhiem vu trung tam. Trudc day, Dang timg xae dinh cdng nghiep hda la "nhiem vu trung tam"
"^', nhimg trong thdi ky ddi mdi, Dang xae dinh phat trien kinh te mdi la nliiem vu trung tam va la dinh hudng Idn de phat trien dat nude"^'.
Nhiem vu nay dat ra trong bdi canh hien nay, lire luong san xuat dang dira nhan loai vao giai doan phat trien vugt bae eua cude each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe. Con dudng phat trien kinh te ciia eac nude di sau nhu Viet Nam khdng edn gidi ban d edng nghiep hda, ma phai tinh den hien dai hda va phat tri^n kinh te tri thiic. Trong dd, phat trien kinh te la nhiem vu trung tam, cdn CNH, HDH va kinh te tri thiic la con dudng, each thiic CO ban de thuc hien thang lgi nhiem vu trung tam. Day la diem mdi trong ly luan ve phat trien kinh te d Viet Nam, la ket qua eua sir van dung sang tao ehii nghia Mae - Lenin trong thdi dai mdi.
Thii ba, he thong giii phap phit tnen kinh te duocxiclap va dua vao sitdungmang tinh thiet thirc. Cling vdi nhung nhan thiie va quan diem mdi, ly luan ciia Dang da chu y nhieu tdi cac giai phap chien luge de phat trien kinh te, bao gdm:
On dinh mgi mat tinh hinh chlnh tri. kinh te va xa hgi Trong ly luan eiia tanh te hpe hien dai, dn dinh va phat trien kinh te la hai muc tieu tdng quat eua kinh te vi md ma mpi chinh phii deu phai quan tam. Hai mue tieu nay cd tae ddng tuong hd vdi nhau. OViet Nam, tu ngay dau ciia
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 5/2019
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NGHIEN ClJU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN edng cugc ddi mdi, tri thiic ly luan nay da dugc Dang ta su dung va coi dd khdng chi la muc rieu, ma cdn la mdt dieu kien, giai phap de phat trien kmhte.Thuc day tang trudng kinh te. Giai phap nay nham phat tnen kinh te thi trudng, khang dinh va tao di^u b e n dl phat trien eae thanh phan kinh te trong nude va thu hiit dau tu nude ngoai, ddi mdi ca ehe kinh t^ tren quan diem ket hop giua thi trudng va nha nude, tao ddng luc khuyen khich tinh than kinh doanh ciia mgi ca nhan, to chuc.
Ma rpng quan he voi cac nuoc, cac to chiic qudc te, trong dd chii trpng phat trien kinh te ddi ngoai tren quan diem Viet Nam la ban va la ddi tac tin eay cua tat ca cac nude va eae td chire kinh te qude te.
Thuc hien dot pha chien luge ve the che, nhan luc va ket cau ha ting, nhat la dot pha ve the ehe kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN nham giai phdng manh me siic san xuat, huy ddng, phan bo, su dung cd hieu qua cac ngudn lue tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho phat trien kinh te"'".
Thanh tifli trong thuc ti§n
Ve tinh hieu qua: Nen kinh te duy tri dugc tdc do tang trudng eao hon so vdi trudc ddi mdi.
Tdng san pham trong nude (GDP) tang tmdng vdi tdc do trung binh 6,6% giai doan 1986 - 2017 va dat 7,08% nam 2018. Trong do, giai doan tang trudng cao nhat la tir nam 1992 -1997 vol miic tang GDP 8,1 -9,5%. So vdi cac qude gia cd tdc dp tang truang nhanh tren the gidi didi gian qua, binh quan tang tnrdng GDP ciia Viet Nam chi diing sau Trung Qudc la 9,4%, tren Han Qudc va Malaysia la 5,9%, Thai Lan la 5,2%, My la 2,6%, Nhat la 1,7% va Diic la 1,8%"'^'. Quy md kinh te cua Viet Nam tti chd ehi dat 6,4 ty USD, xep thii 90 the gidi (nam 1990) da tang len 171,2 ty USD, xep thir 57 the gidi (nam 2013}. Viet Nam tu mdt
qudc gia thude nhdm eae nude ngheo nhat the gidi da trd thanh nude ed thu nhap trung binh tha:p vao nam 2008 vdi muc thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi la 1.154 USD. Nam 2018, quy md ndn kinh te dat 240,5 ty USD ga:p 34 lan nam 1986, dua Viet Nam lot vao top 50 trong bang xep hang cac nude ed nen kinh te manh nhat the gidi'"'', Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi nam 2018 dat 2.587 USD (7.640 USD neu tinh theo ngang gia siic mua (PPP))""', eao gap 26,7 lan so vdi nam 1989.
Tinh hieu qua eiia phat trien kinh td cdn duoc the hien d chat lupng tang trudng va nang suat lao ddng. Tir nam 2011 den nay, tang trudng kinh te ciia Viet Nam da dan di vao chieu sau. Ty le ddng gdp cua nang suat eae nhan td tdng hgp (TFP) trong tang trudng GDP giai doan 2011- 2015 la33,6%; giai doan 2016-2018 la43,3%; nam 2018 dat 43,5%, Nang suat lao dpng xa hpi tang deu qua cac nam, dua Viet Nam trd thanh qude gia cd tde do tang nang suat lao dpng eao trong khu vue ASEAN. Nang suat lao dpng toan nen kinh te theo gia so sanh giai doan 2011-2015 dat muc tang binh quan 4,35%/nam; giai doan 2016- 2018 tang 5,75%/nam, Chi sd ICOR (hieu qua sit dung vdn dau tu) dang dan dugc cai thien, tir miic 6,25 (giai doan 2011-2015) giam xudng edn 6,17 (giai doan 2016-2018); va 5,97 nam 2018"«.
Ket qua bien doi co cau ciia nSn kinh te- Co eau nen kinh te Viet Nam da chuyen dieh theo huang tien bd hon. Nam 1986, nganh ndng nghiep chiem ty trong cao nhat la 38,1%- dich vu 33% nganh cong nghiep chiem ty trong thap nhatla28,9%.Dennam2018,coiukinhteda conhimgthayddiquan trgng: d i c h ^ v u a n l e n trcrthanhnganhddnggopcaonhat^ongGDp v-tytrong41,l%, sau ddlanganh Cdng n g S n chiem 34,3%, nganh ndng nghign Pi. ^ chieonl4,6%(xemBieuddi) ' ' ' " ' ^ " ' " ^
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Bieu do 1: Cff cau kinh tl nganh ff Viet Nam nam 1986 va nam 2018
Nam 1986
Nong nghiep • Cong nghiep Dichvu
Nam 2018
Nong nghiep I Cong nghiep
Nguon: So lieu cua Tong cue Thdng ke
Co cau lao ddng cQng ehuyen dieh tir linh virc ndng nghiep sang edng nghiep va dieh vu. Tf trong lao ddng lam viec trong nganh cdng nghiep va dich vu tang tii 11,2% va 16,3% (nam 1989) len 26,6% va 35,2% vao quy 2/2018; trong nganh ndng nghiep giam tir 71,5% xuong cdn 38,2%. Ca cau chat lugng nhan lire chuyen dich theo hudng giam ty le lao dgng khdng ed ehuyen mon ky thuat tir 92,7% nam 1989 xudng cdn 78,3% vao vao quy 2/2018; ty le lao dpng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat (dae biet la ty le ngudi lao ddng cd trinh do cao dang va dai hge trd len) tang nhanh tir 1,9% len 12,5% eung tai hai thdi diem neu tren"^'.
KSt qua tich luy tai san vi dp ma cua nen kinh te: Quy md va ty trgng tieh luy tai san trong ndi bo nfo kinh te tang len va duy tri d mirc kha eao trong 10 nSm gan day. Nam 1986, tdng tieh luy npi bd nen kinh te mdi d miie 12,5% GDP, den nam 2016 dat 26,7% va nam 2018 la 29%. Day la con so eao so vdi nhieu nude khu vue chau A - Thai Binh Duong (chi diing sau Trung Qude trong cimg ky). Ket qua tich luy tai san khdng ehi cd tae ddng tao tien de dau tu ma cdn la yeu td
vat chat true tidp thire day tang trudng kinh te.
Nhd dd, quy md vdn dau tu toan xa hdi thuc hien dugc tang len theo thdi gian. Neu nam 1986 mdi ehi d miie 9,42% GDP, thi nam 2018 eon sd nay la 33,5% vdi lugng tuyet ddi la 1.856,6 nghin ty ddng'^"'.
Vdn dau tu nude ngoai (ca dau tu true tidp, dau tu gian tiep dudi hinh thiic gdp vdn mua ed phan va eho vay) da tang len. Nam 1987, ca nude chua ed mdt dir an dau tu true tiep nude ngoai (FDI), den nam 2018 da ed ban 26,5 nghin du an duge cap giay phep vdi tdng vdn dang ky ban 334 ty USD, vdn thue hien khoang 184 ty USD.
Viet Nam dugc danh gia la nude cd siie hap dan ngudn vdn FDI. Dau tu nude ngoai da ddng gdp gan 20% GDP va la ngudn vdn bd sung quan trong eho dau tu phat trien vdi ty trgng khoang 23,7% trong tdng von dau tu toan xa hdi nam 2018'^". Ben canh do, Viet Nam da cd quan he thuang mai vdi tren 200 qudc gia va viing lanh thd, trong dd khoang 70 thi tnrdng ed kim ngaeh xuat khau tren 100 trieu USD, nhu My,Nhat Ban, Trung Qude, Australia, Singapore, Diie, Malaysia, Anh...
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019
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NGHIEN CtfU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN Kit qui dat dugc ve phuang thuc phan phdi:Neu tnrdc ddi mdi, viec phan phdi ket qua san xuat trong nen kinh te chu yeu dupe thuc hien can cir vao miic ddng gdp ve lao ddng ciia mdi thanh vien va bd sung hinh thiic phan phdi thdng qua quy xa hdi, thi ke tir khi ddi mdi, phuang thirc phan phdi da duge ehuyen ddi ve can ban. Phan phdi d Viet Nam hien nay bao gdm cac hinh thue: phan phdi theo ket qua lao ddng va hieu qua kinh te, phan phdi theo vdn va eae ngudn luc khac ddng gdp vao hoat ddng san xuat kinh doanh va phan phdi thdng qua cae quy xa hdi. Cac hinh thirc phan phdi dugc thuc hien theo nguyen tac cong bang. Co che van hanh eae hinh thiic phan phdi khdng don gian la edng viee eiia nha nude, ma cdn thuc hien thdng qua co che thi trudng. Nguyen t^e cong bang trong phan phoi da va dang tao ddng lue true hep de 6n dinh kinh te - xa hdi; kich thich linh tich cue, sang tao, thiic day phat trien kinh te. Nhd dd, miic thu nhap ciia dan eu ngay cang dugc cai thien. Neu nam 1986, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cdn rat thap, thi nam 2014 dadmiic 5.629 USD va nam 2018 tanglen 6.100 USD tinh theo gia ngang bang siic mua (PPP)(2Z)_ j ^ jg ^ g j nghiep trong luc luong lao ddng tir 2 eon sd (12,7%) nam 1986 da giam xudng cdn 1 con sd (2,0%) nam 2018, Ty le hp ngheo dieo tiep can da chieu nam 2018 da giam xudng cdn 6,8%'-^'.
3. Nhirng thach thirc trong d6i mdi ly luan phat trien kinh t§ & Viet Nam hien nay
Tuy da dat dugc nhieu thanh qua, nhung trudc bdi canh va yeu cau mdi, ly luan v^ phat trien kinh te ciia Viet Nam dang phai ddi mat vdi khdng it thach thiie.
Mptli, tuy da nhan thiic rd tam quan trgng ciia phat trien kinh te va coi dd la nhiem vu trung tam de phat trien, nhung ehung ta van
thieu mdt tam nhin tdng the ed tinh dai han ve muc rieu, ve lua chgn eon dudng, each thue, bude di de thuc hien cd hieu qua nhiem vudd.
Hat la, phat p-ien kinh te nhanh, hieu qua va b^n virng la quan diem dinh hudng chidn luge da duae ehinh thiic xae dinh tir Dai hgi K eiia Dang. Dieu kien can d^ hien thuc hda quan diem nay la bao dam day dii cae ngudn luc va su dung ehiing ed hieu qua. Tuy nhien, nude ta dang phai ddi mat vdi khdng it han che, thach thiic trong vi^c tao lap va sit dung cae ngudn luc. Cu the la:
Theo eae chuyen gia, Viet Nam hien edn 60 ty USD tien nhan rdi trong nhan dan'^'*' nhung chu yeu dudi dang tich trir va tieu diing cho ddi sdng nhu nha d, mua sam, tin dung den..., ma chua quan tam vao lua chgn dau tu phat trien kmh te, Trong khi dd, thu ngan saeh nha nude khdng dir ehi thudng xuyen va tra ng. Do khdng cd tich luy nen Chinh phii budc phai di vay de dau tu; phai phat hanh ng, khien n g cdng tiep tuc tang cao. Tinh trang ng xau, dau ca, sdhiru cheo, cho vay cheo trong eac ngan hang thuong mai va td chuc tin dung dien ra dudi nhieu hinh thiie, phiie tap va khd kiem soat. Tinh trang doanh nghiep nha nude trien khai du an cham lien dp, thua Id, dau tu "ngoai luong" gay that thoat, lang phi, tieu cue vSn keo dai ehua xii ly diit diem...
Ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, nhat la dat dai eacmdvaviingbientuycdnhieuloitliedephat tnen kinh te, song van ehua duoc sii dung hieu
qua^ Dat phat trienndngnghiepdnhieunolbi
iep van hi khpfag san tai khong it doanh ngh, thua Id,
Dac biet. ngudn nhan luc va ni 'guon khoa
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hoc, cdng nghe tuy dugc xae dinh la then chdt, nhung van tdn tai nhieu nhugc diem ed hiru.
Tren thuc te, nen kinh te Viet Nam vSn dang san xuat d dudi miic tiem nang. Nude ta van thieu CO chd ddng bd va hieu qua trong huy ddng va sij dung eac ngudn lire
Ba la, giai phap cd tinh eo ban, mau chdt nhat de phat triln kinh td da duge lira chgn la day manh CNH, HDH gAn vai phat trien kinh t^ tri thiie. Tuy nhien, den nay Viet Nam vSn chua xae dinh tieu chuan eu the de danh gia ket qua thuc hien giai phap nay. Mac dii Dai hgi XII da dat ra yeu eau phai xae dinh he tieu chi nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai va nirdc ta dang d budc thir hai eua tien trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda'^^', song viee nhan thuc the nao la mdt nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai van bd ngd. Bdi vay, ehiing ta van liing tung trong td ehiie thue ti§n, nhu lua chpn du an, linh vue trgng diem cd tinh dot pha de dau tu.
Bon la, thach thuc eua van de the che. Tuy da coi hoan thien the che la mdt trong ba dot pha chign luoc can eoi trgng, nhung budc dot pha trong nhan thiie phuong thiie phat trien kinh te van chua that rd rang. Dai hdi XII ciia Dang da chi ra muc tieu eiia "dot pha" nay la nham giai phong, phan bd va sir dung ed hieu qua cae ngudn luc, song co sd eiia su tuong tac giira giai phap nay ddi vdi cac muc tieu kd tren ehua dugc lam rd. Viee hieu biet day du ve each thirc cac the che va suphat trien kinh te tuong tae vdi nhau la can thiet de hoach dinh va thue thi chinh sach trong giai doan hien nay G
(1), (2) DCSVN: Van kien Dang Toan tap, t.47, Nxb Chinh ni qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2006, tr.723-724.
723-724.
(3) DCSVN; Van kien Dai hpi dai biSu toan qudc lan thii VI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 1987, tr.86.
(4) DCSVN: Van kien Dang Toan tap, t.51, Nxb Chinh Ui qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2007, U.160, (5) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thu VIII, Nxb Chinh m qudc gia. Ha Noi, 1996, tr.82-113,
(6) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc lin thirlX, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2001, tr.l62.
(7), (8), (9), (10), (13) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thiiXI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2011, n. 180-181, 75,99,107, 75.
(11), (14) (25) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hpi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii XII. Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2016, tr. 87,89,90,
(12) DCSVN: Van kien Dang Toan tap. t.21, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2002, tr.543-544.
(15) Lan Anh: "32 nam ddi mdi, Viet Nam lot Top 50 nen kinh te the gidi", https://www,brandsviet- nam.com.
(16) Theo Tdng cue Thdng ke Viet Nam va thong ke cua IMF.
(17) Thuy Mien: "Thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi nam 2018 dat 2.587 USD", https://vneconomy,vn.
(19), (24) Tdng cue Thdng ke: "Tdng quan kinh te xa hpi Viet Nam nam 2018", https: / / www.gso.gov. vn,
(20) Tdng cue Thdng ke: Bao cao dieu tra lao ddng viec lam quy 2 nam 2018, Nxb Thdng ke, Ha Npi, 2018, U.ll.
(21) Theo cac nien giam thdng ke va bao cao chinh thirc cua Tdng cue Thdng ke.
(22) Theo thdng ke chinh thuc cila Bd Ke hoaeh va Dau mnam 2018.
(23) Sd lieu cdng bd ciia IMF va WB.
(25) https://vov.vn.
LYLUANCHINHTRj-So 5/2019
