PHAP LUAT - AN NINH THUUNG MAI
Cai each thu tuc hai quan de thuan Igfi cho thu'tfng mai va thifc thi phap luat
NGUYEN VigTTUdNG
I - Cai each thu tuc XNK nham dap Qng yeu cau hdi nh$p kinh te va phat trien thuong mai
Theo bao cao kinh doanh nam 2006 cua Ngan hang the gidi (WB) quy trinh NK hang hda ehi chiem 25% thdi gian can thiet de hoan thanh toan bd quy trinh NK. Trong khi dd, thu tuc chQng tQ (chQng tQ trudc khi hang den) va thdi gian danh eho khai bao hai quan va kiem hda len tdi 75%.
Cung theo bao cao tren, te quan lieu va sd lUdng thu tue hanh chinh d eae nude dang phat then cao hPn rat nhieu so vdi cac nudc cd kinh te phat then (OECD). Dieu nay rd rang ed tac ddng rat Idn den chi phi giao d|ch ma cac DN d cac nude dang phat then phai chju khi NK hang hda.
Bao cao "Then vpng kinh te toan cau" nam 2004 cua W B Udc tinh rang neu eae nude hien cd nang lUe tao thuan iPi eho thUPng mai dudi mQc binh quan the gidi ed the nang nang lUc nay len bang mdt nQa mQc binh quan the gidi thi khdi lUdng thUdng mai trao ddi giQa 75 nude se tang 377 ty USD mdi nam. Mdt nghien cQu mdi day eua Td chQc Kinh te chau A - Thai Binh DUdng Udc tinh neu giam cac ehi phi giao d|ch thUdng mai xudng edn 5% thi GDP khu vuc se tang it nhat 154 ty USD, tUdng dUdng vdi 0,9% mdi nam. Bad eae nay cung Udc tinh rang neu tien hanh hien dai hda Hai quan va cai each tao thuan Idi eho thUdng mai chi tai eae nude Singapere, Thai Lan, Philipin khdng thdi cung se dem lai 3,9 ty USD tang them trong thu nhap thuc te mdi nam.
Bang UiCfng k6 siTngay hoan Uianh quy trinh NK:
ChCrngtCftn/dc Khu vuc 1 ^ . . . .^
khi hang den Cac nudc kinh
t^ph^ttriS'n DdngAvciTh^i Binh Dddng My La tinh v i Caribfi Trung D6ng Vci Trung A Nam A Chau Phi va can Xahara
8 18 24 25 24 33 The gidi \ 23
XOlyh^ng tgi ga, cang
2 3 4 5 6 8 5
Thu tuc HQ vakilmhoa
2 4 5 9 7 10
6
Vf n tai ndi d|a den ktio
2 3 3 4 10
9 5
T^ng thdi gian
14 28 36 43 47 60 39
(Nguon: Bao cao Idnh doanh 2006/WB)
Vdi sQ ra ddi eua WTO, mdt thj trudng thdng nhat da dupe thiet lap vdi nhQng luat le rang budc tat ca qud'c gia thanh vien, mdt san chdi ehung binh dang cho mpi ngudi tham gia.
Td chQc Hai quan the gidi (WCO) va Td chQc ThQdng mai the gidi khuyen nghj cac nude khi tien hanh cai each, hien dai hda hai quan can phai tinh den cac nguyen tac chinh sau:
1. Can ed quyet tam chinh trj, cam ket va y thQc lam chu che qua trinh thay ddi cung nhu quan he hdp tac va ddi tac giQa cac ben lien quan thupc khu vuc nha nude va khu vUe DN.
2. Can tien hanh phan tich chan doan ve nhu eau xay dung de an mdt each chinh xac, mdi chUPng trinh can dupe thiet ke phQ hpp vdi dac thu eua mdi nude.
3. Can tim eae ngudn nhan lUc va tai luc de thue thi chUdng trinh.
4. Can hien dai hda khung phap luat hd'trd ehUdng trinh.
5. Can dam bao dp minh bach va kha nang ed the dU doan de thQc day tuan thu tu nguyen.
6. Can can ddi hpp ly giQa muc tieu tao thuan Ipi cho thUdng mai va muc tieu kiem soat trong khi giam thieu sQ can thiep bdi nha chQc traeh tai thdi diem giai phdng hang thdng quan, ap dung eae ky thugt quan ly rui ro va cdng nghe thdng tin. Phan Idn cac bien phap kiem soat dUdc thuc thi dua tren kiem tra sau thdng quan.
7. Can khac phuc cac diem yeu kem trong quan ly ngudn nhan luc va liem chinh hai quan.
421 THUONG M^Sfi 3+4+5/2009
PHAP LUAT - AN NINH THUUNG MAI
8. Can giam thieu cac yeu eau ve thu tue, chQng tQ va dQ lieu cung nhu dua vao ap dung cdng nghe thdng tin va truyen thdng.
9. Can xay dung mdt he thdng danh gia va giam sat de do lUdng tac ddng.
Neu dap Qng dQpe tat ca cac dieu kien neu tren va cd mdt cam ket cai each toan dien, su cung cap thdng tin va hd' trp ky thuat, tai chinh, kinh nghiem cua eae td chQc qud'c te hai quan nhQ WTO, WCO, IMF... nhat d|nh ehUdng trinh cai each, hien dai hda hai quan, quy trinh thdng quan XNK tdt nhat ed the dupe ap dung de tang cudng hieu qua thuc day thUPng mai hdi nhap va phat then.
II - Ket qua bUdc dau cua cong cude cai each, hi$n dai hda hai quan dnudcta
Bao cao tdng ket nam 2008 cua Tong cue Hal quan nh$n dinh ket qua khai quit trien khai thO tuc hai quan di$n tO dat dUOc:
- Budc dau dat dupc muc tieu va cac ndi dung chinh cua viec thi diem thu tuc hai quan dien tu de ra trong Quye't dmh 149/2005/QD-TTg tac ddng tich cue ve mat nhan thQc dd'i vdi cdng ddng DN, cac cd quan Nha nude ve nhQng thuan Ipi ma thu tuc HOOT mang lai. Cac cd quan Nha nudc da cd sU quan tam dang ke tdi cdng cude cai each hien dai hda cua nganh Hai quan d sU phdi hpp trong viec xay dung cac danh muc chuan hda, ma hda va xay dung bd may chi
dao tnen khai thuc hien ed che mdt cUa cua qud'c gia va mdt cQa Asean,
- Sd lupng chQng tQ ndp/xuat trinh giam han so vdi thu tuc hai quan truyen thdng (ehi phai nop td khai ddi vdi hang iudng xanh, Iudng vang, Iudng dd, chi phai nop/ xuat trinh cac chQng tQ do HQ yeu cau thay vi phai nop toan bd hd so. Hd sd thanh khoan dupe nop bang dien tQ vdi sd lupng giam han).
- Thdi gian thdng quan dupc rut ngan, chi phi thdng quan hang hda giam (Iudng xanh la 5 - 1 0 phut, Iudng vang tQ 20 - 30 phut, Iudng dd phu thupc thdi gian kiem tra hang hda),
- Hien nay da ed 486 DN tham gia thu tue hai quan dien tQ, chi tinh heng trong thang 9/2008 sd lupng td khai thuc hien khai hai quan tu xa va khai hai quan dien tQ tren toan qud'c la 147.345 td khai dat 55% so vdi tdng sd 267,500 td khai da dang ky.
Den het thang 11/2008 sd lupng td khai thuc hien khai hai quan tQ xa va khai hai quan dien tQ tren toan qud'c dat 67,1%.
Tdng kim ngach XNK tQ 2006 den 30/9/2008 dat xap xi 8,6 ty USD vdi sd thue thu dupc xap xi 8.182 ty ddng. Rieng ve thu tuc hai quan dien tQ, kim ngach va sd thue da thu 9 thang dau nam 2008 tUdng dUdng bang 158% va 159% sd vdi cung ky nam 2007.
- Cd sd vat chat, dac biet la cdng nghe thdng tin da dupc tap trung dau tu nang cap va ddng bd hon (the hien rd nhat tai 2 Cue Hai quan thi diem la Hai Phdng va TP Hd Chi Minh)
- Dao tao dupc mdt bd phan cdng chQc hai quan va DN quen vdi phUdng thQc quan ly mdi lam ndng
cdt then khai hien dai hda hai quan.
Nhung ton tai can khac phuc:
Mdt sd ndi dung trong thu tuc hai quan dien tu van cdn cham tnen khai. Cac ndi dung da then khai mdi chi ap dung vdi sd lupng DN tham gia va dia ban ap dung cdn han che, - Md hinh thdng quan chua md rdng phu hdp vdi cac leal hinh XNK,
- Xua't hien mpt sd diem chua ddng bd giua hai hinh thQc lam thu tuc hai quan khien DN cd the Ipi dung gian lan khi ap dung sdng song ca thu tue hai quan dien tQ va thu tuc hai quan thu cdng, truyen thdng.
- Phan mem Qng dung then khai chua dat tien dp, van edn phai hieu chinh nhieu trong qua trinh then khai.
- Ha tang thiet b| chua hoan thien. Dudng truyen dQ lieu cdn xay ra su cd cham tre".
Budc vao nam 2009 se md rdng thu tuc HQOT ra cac d|a ban trpng diem, uu tien nhQng ndi cd dieu kien d Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, Ha Ndi, Lang Sdn, Oa Nang.
Dd'i vdi cac Cue Hai quan khac, tiep tuc day manh nhan khai bao qua mang lam tieu de md rdng thu tuc HQOT
Ve md hinh thdng quan ap dung trong thdi gian tdi dupc cu the hda dua tren md hinh xQ ly thdng tin ba khdi md ta trong Quyet dmh 456/QO- BTC vdi ten gpi va chQc nang cua tQng khdi nhu sau:
8 1 : Khdi tiep nhan ve xQ ly dQ lieu tap trung do he thdng xQ ly dQ lieu dien tQ dam nhan mdt each tu ddng dupc cai dat tai Trung tam xQ ly du lieu cua Cue Hai quan. Thuc hien cac chQc nang: tiep nhan, kiem tra, xQ ly thdng tin khai hai quan, phan hdi thdng tin ve quyet dmh phan Iudng, quye't dmh thdng quan, hd'trp trao ddi thdng tin giua Hai quan va DN, Hai quan vdi Hai quan, Hd'trp cac cdng tac nghiep vu khac cua co quan Hai quan
82: Khdi kiem tra chung tQ ' ^
THUONG MAI 34 3+4+5/2009 1 4 3
CJ3
S i . '%PHAP LUAT - AN NINH THUUNG MAI
• ^ ^ va hd Sd hai quan: do cdng chQc hai quan tai Chi cue Hai quan thue hien vdi nhiem vu:
+ Kiem tra sd bd ve tinh dQng dan va phu hpp eua thdng tin khai hai quan dQa tren viec ddi chieu thdng tin khai vdi cac chQng tQ va cac quy dmh hien hanh trong trudng hpp eae quy tac nghiep vu chua dupc chuan hda va chua dupe cai dat vao he thdng de xQ ly tQ dpng, eae danh muc dO lieu can phai kiem tra chua dupc ma hda va chuan hda, he thdng thdng tin yeu eau phai kiem tra hd sp dUa tren cac tieu ehi quan ly rui ro va hd sd rui rd.
+ Thay ddi quyet dmh hinh thQc, mQc dp kiem tra
+ ThQc hien cac nghiep vu khac dQa tren cd sd chQng tQ hd sd giay.
83: Khdi kiem tra thue te hang hda: do cdng chQc hai quan tai Chi cue Hai quan thue hien trong trudng hpp he thdng hoac khdi kiem tra chQng tQ, hd sP hai quan ra quyet dmh phai kiem tra thuc te hang hda.
- Ve td chQc quan ly:
+ Trien khai ha tang CNTT phuc vu hai quan dien tQ (mang, thiet bj phan cQng, an ninh, an toan) day nhanh tich hpp he thdng, hoan thien he thdng phan mem Qng dung CNTT cho toan nganh, xay dung chuan trao ddi dQ lieu ve cdng ddng DN.
+ Xay dung ngudn lUe phuc vu cho then khai thu tuc hai quan dien tQ, chuan hda dpi ngu theo hudng ehuyen nghiep ca ve trinh dp chuyen mdn, kinh nghiem va dao dQc nghe nghiep, minh bach liem khiet, chdng tham nhung.
+ Phdi hPp chat che vdi Bd Tai chinh va cac Bd hOu quan khi ban hanh chinh sach quan ly nhu chuan hda, ma hda cac danh muc quan ly ehuyen nganh.
+ Quy hoach lai cac d|a diem lam thu tue hai quan, d|a diem kiem tra hang hda tap trung tai cac cang bien, san bay, khu cdng nghiep, khu che xua't, khu thUdng mai tu do, dau tu trang thiet bj kiem tra giam sat khoa hpc chuan xac, giam thdi gian chd ddi cua cac DN •
Dien tui va linh kien may tinh Hugo xep vao nhom trong tdm uu tian phat tria'n
T
heo Ong Tran Quang Hung, Tong thu ky Hiep hoi DN dien tO Viet Nam: Nganh cdng nghiep dien tO Viet Nam tuy xua't phat diem tuong doi thap va phat trien chua cd tinh dmh hudng. Tuy nhien, trong mot vai nam gan day nganh cdng nghiep dien tO Viet Nam da cd nhQng dong gdp nhat dmh ddi vdi suphat trien kinh te, xa hdi cua dat nudc. Theo xu hudng hdi nhap kinh te qudc te, cdng nghiep dien tO da trd thanh mot trong cac nganh cong nghiep quan trong cua nen kinh te khdng chi dap Ung nhu cau cua thi trudng trong nudc ma con hudng tdi XK. Theo dmh hudng phat trien cac san pham cua nganh cdng nghiep, mat hang dien tO va linh kien may tinh dUbc xep vao nhom trong tam uu tien trong giai doan 2006-2010.Muc tieu phat then nganh cdng nghiep dien tO Viet Nam den nam 2010 la doanh sddat tU 4 den 6 ty USD, kim ngach xuat khau dat tO 3 den 5 ty USD, tao viec lam cho 300 nghin lao dong, cd tdc do tang trudng to 20% den 30%. Do vay, cac cO quan quan ly nha nudc, cac hiep hoi nganh hang cung nhu ban than DN deu can cd ke hoach trien khai va djnh hudng phat trien dai han.
UYEN HUdNG
R&a tien la gi?
Theo nghi dinh 14/ND-CPWe phong chong iiifa tien thi "R^a tien la hanh vi tim each hdp phap hoa tien, tai san do pham toi ma co". Rufa tien la mpt tdi pham anh hirdng nghiem trpng den an ninh kinh te, can phai nghiem tri. Dang tiec rang, den nay van con nhieu ngUdi cd nhQ'ng nhan thufc rat md ho, cho rang dii la tien den hay tien ban, neu dem dau tu cung la nguon lUc cho phat trien dat nufdc.
ThiTc ra, rufa tien thdng qua cac hoat dong dau tu se gay ra nhffng hau qua khdn liTdng.
Moi nguy nhat den an ninh kinh te la cac hoat dong dau tU nay khong tuan theo cac quy luat cua thi trUdng, dau tiT bang bat cui gia nao mien la de hdp phap hoa dUdc nhCJfng dong tien bat chinh va bat minh. Dien hinh la vu rufa tien tii" buon ma tuy cua Le Thi Mai dau tU vao Cty Viet - Can Resort & Plantation d Khanh Hoa nam 2006 hay vu trQm ma tuy Trinh Nguyen Thiiy dau tU vao trang trai Sdn Thuy d Ha Npi.
Cac hoat dong dau tiT bang moi gia nay sdm mupn gi cung bop chet cac DN dau tU chan chinh, pha v5 cau triic thi trudng. TUdng tU nhU tinh hinh cac khoan thu nhap cua cac nha dau tu chUng khoan khong phai chiu thue trong nam 2006, 2007 dUdc "nem" vao nha dat da day bat dpng san nUdc ta cao den v6 ly.
RCra tien cho phep nhffng ten toi pham, quan "tham" co dUdc cuoc song de vUdng, ma day la dong lUc CO vu manh me nhat cho cac hoat dpng tao ra thu nhap bat chinh va bat minh lam chao dao nen kinh te dat nUdc.
4 4 1 THUONG MAI So 3+4+5/2009
