Kinh nghiem thuc t i l n
Mot so quy dinh ciia Luat
Hannhanvagiadinhnam2014 can diioc hir6ng dSn
* - ' Thanh Htfng
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heo quy dinh ciia phdp luit vfl hdn nhin vi gia dinh nudc ta, ly hon li viflc cham diit quan he hon nhan dugc tda an cdng n h ^ hoac quyflt dinh theo yflu ciu Clia vg hoac chdng hoac ca hai vg chdng khi ma tinh tiang miu thuin gia dmh ttim tigng, ddi sdng chung khdng thfl keo dii, muc dich cua hdn nhin khdng dat dugc. Nhiflu ngudi cho rang ly hdn la giii phip de kflt thiic su do vd I ciia tmh yflu hoac nham chim dirt ' quan he gia dinh khi khdng cdn hanh phiic. Ly hdn cd hai d^ng Ii thuan tinh ly hdn (ci hai vg chdng deu mong mudn vi cung ky vao don ly hdn) va ly bdn theo yen ciu cua mgt bfln vg hoac chdng, ttong trudng hgp nay tda an phai thy ly dfl xem xet, giii quyflt cho ly hdn.Trong thyc tfl, sd vu Iy hdn vdi ngudi bi benh tam thin hoac benh khic m i ngudi bi bSnh lim vao tinh trang khdng the nhan thiic, khdng iam chu dugc hanh vi ciia minh tuy li It, nhung vudng mic vfl thii tuc td tyng inh hudng dfln tinh chinh xac quyet dinh cua tda dn khi giai quyet trudng hpp Iy hdn theo yeu cau ciia mdt ben, cy till:
Thir nhat: Khi nguyfln dan nop dan yflu ciu ly hdn vdi ngudi hi benh tim thin hoac benh khic mi khdng thfl nhan thuc hoac diflu khien hinh vi ciia chinh minh, thi
kem don xin ly hdn, cdn phai nop la nhiing tai Hflu gi?
Ly hdn vdi ngudi bj b?nh tim than la thugc tmdng hgp ly hdn theo quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dieu 51 Luit Hdn nhin va gia dlnh (HN&GD) nam 2014: "Cha, me, ngudi thin thich khdc cd quyfln yflu can tda an giai quyflt ly hon khi mdt bfln vg, chdng do hi benh tam than hoac mac bflnh khac ma khdng thfl nhin thiic, lim chii dugc hanh vi cua minh, ddng thdi la nan nhin ciia bao luc gia dinh do chdng, vg cua hg giy ra lam anh hudng nghiem trgng dfln tinh mang, sue khde, tinh than cua hg".
Can eft de giai quyet yflu cau ly hdn ddi vdi trudng hgp niy, tai khoan 3 Diflu 56 Luit HN&GD nam 2014 quy dinh: "Trong trudng hgp cd yeu ciu ly hdn theo quy dinh tai
khoan 2 Diflu 51 ciia Luit nay thi tda i n giai quyflt cho ly hdn neu cd can cir vfl viflc chdng, vg cd hinh vi bao lyc gia dinh lim anh hudng nghiem tigng dfln tinh m ^ g , sftc khde, tinh thin cita ngudi kia".
Theo quy dinh nay, dfl tda in giii quyflt cho ly hdn theo yflu cau cua mdt ben vg hoac chdng, phii thda man 02 dieu kien sau:
Dieu kiin thu nhdt: Cha, me, ngudi thin thich khic cd quyen yflu cau tda dn giai quyet ly hdn khi mdt bfln vg, chdng do hi benh tim than hoac mac benh khac ma khdng thfl nhan thiic, lim chit dugc hanh vi cua minh.
Ve can cii phap If dfl xac dinh mdt ngudi bi bflnh tim thin hoac mac benh khac ma khdng the nhan thuc, lam chu dugc hanh vi cita minh, cd quan dilm cho
Anh minh hga
L U A T SUVIET NAM I SO 3 I THANG 3-2016
Toa an xet xu> ly hon
rang, chftng cii dfl chftng minh mpt ngudi hi bflnh tam thin hoac bflnh khic mi khdng thfl nhin thuc dugc, khdng lim chii dugc hanh vi Clia minh, phii cd cdc loai giiy td sau: hd so bflnh dn c6 xac n h ^ cita benh vien noi dieu tri; ban kflt luin giim dinh ciia td chuc giam dinh tu phdp cd thim quyfln theo quy dinh cua Luat Giam dinh tu phdp nam 2012. Tda dn se can cii vao cic chftng cii nay de xem xet, do dd, trudng hgp ngudi cd yflu cau ly hdn vdi ngudi hi bflnh tim thin hoac mac bflnh khdc ma khdng thfl nhin thuc dugc, khdng the lam chu dugc hanh vi cita minh, thi ngudi khdi kifln cin giao nop cho toa dn cd thim quyfln cdc tai Heu, chiing cu tten de chftng minh cho yflu ciu khdi kifln ciia minh la cd can cu va hgp phap.
Nhung lai cd quan diem khac cho rang, chung eft dl chftng minh mpt ngudi bi bflnh tim thin hoac bfnh khdc ma khdng thfl nhin thftc dugc, khdng lam chu dugc hanh vi cua minh, phai la quyet dinh cua tda an da tuyfln bd ngudi vg hoac ngudi chdng bi mat nang Iuc hanh yi dan sy di cd hiflu lyc phap luat, c^ft khdng phai la hd so benh dn cd xac nhan cua benh vien noi diflu tri va bin kflt luan gidm dinh cita td
Anh minh hoa chftc gidm dinh tu phap cd thim quyfln, bdi thyc t l cho thay khdng phii bat eft bflnh vifln nao ciing cd thfl chin dodn chinh xac ddi vdi bflnh tam than hoac benh khac ma ngudi benh khdng the nhin thftc, lim chu dugc hanh vi cua minh.
Benh tam than lien quan den mgt loat cac diflu kifln sftc khde tim thin, rdi loan cd anh hudng dfln suy n g ^ , tam trang vi hinh vi.
Cac bflnh tim than bao gdm tiam cim, rdi loan lo au, tim than phan liet, rdi loan an udng vi binh vi giy nghifln. Ddi vdi benh nhin d ^ g tim thin phin liet ddi hdi phii dugc dieu tri dung bflnh vifln chuyen khoa, bac sT diflu tri dugc dao tao dung chuyfln nginh mdi cd thfl xdc dinh chinh xic nhftng trieu chftng quan ttgng cua bflnh tam than dang nay. Ban kflt luan giam dinh phip y tam thin eiing chi la tai lieu dfl tda in tham khio, ddi chiflu so sinh vdi nhung tii lieu chiing cu khac, vi thuc tfl khdng phii mgi trudng hgp ngudi bi bflnh tim than hoac mac benh khac deu din tdi hiu qua hoan toan mat kha nang nhan thftc, lim chu dugc hinh vi cua minh, do vay, ciing khdng phai mgi trudng hgp ngudi hi bflnh tim thin hoac mac benh khdc dflu hi tda dn tuyfln bo ngudi do mit ning Iuc hanh vi dan sy.
Nhu vay, khi vi chi khi cd quylt dinh giai quylt viflc dan su cua tda dn cd hiflu lyc phap luat tuyfln bd mgt ngudi mit nang lyc hanh vi din su mdi cd du ca sd phap ly khing dinh dugc ngudi do bi mit nang lyc hanh vi din sy. Do do, khi bd me cfta ngudi hi mat nang lyc hanh vi din su khdi kien xin ly hdn thay con, tda an cin hudng din hg thuc hien thu tyc tuyfln bd ngudi con hi mit nang Iuc hinh vi dan sy de tda in xem xet quyflt dinh. Chi sau khi quyflt dinh giii quyflt viflc dan sy tuyfln bd ngudi con mit ning lyc hanh vi dan su cd hieu luc phap luat thi ngudi dai difln theo phip lu^t mdi co quyfln thay ngudi hi mit nang lyc hanh vi din sy khdi kien xin ly hdn. KM dd, toa an xac dinh ngucri bi mit nang lyc hanh vi din sy dugc dai difln la nguyfln don, cdn ngudi dai dien theo phap Iuat khdi kien thay i cho nguyfln don la ngudi dai difln I cho nguyen don.
Diiu kiin thu hai: Ngudi vg hoac chdng (mdt bfln yeu ciu Iy hdn) Ii nan nhin cua hinh vi bao luc gia dinh do chdng, vg cua hp giy ra inh hudng nghiim trgng dfln tinh mang, sftc khde, tinh thin cua hp. Theo khoan 1 Diflu 2 Luit Phdng, chdng bao lyc gia dinh nam 2007, thi cic hinh vi bao lyc gia dinh bao gdm:
"a) Hdnh hg. ngugc dai. ddnh dgp hogc hdnh vi cd y khdc xdm hgi den site khde, tinh mgng;
b) Ldng mg hogc hdnh vi cd y khdc xuc phgm danh du, nhdn phdm;
c) Cd lap. xua dudi hogc gdy dp luc thudng xuyen vi tdm ly gdy hgu qud nghiim trgng;
d) Ngdn cdn viec thue Men quyen, nghia vu trong quan hi gia
LUAT SUVIET NAM I s o 31 THANG 3-2016
dinh giUa dng. bd vd ehdu; giUa cha. me vd con; giUa vg vd chdng;
giUa anh, chi, em vdi nhau;
d) Cudng ep quan he tinh due;
e) Cudng ep tdo hon; cuong ep kit hdn, ly hdn hogc cdn trd hdn nhdn tu nguyen, tien bd;
g) Chiem dogt, huy hogi. dap phd hogc cd hdnh vi khdc cd y ldm hu hdng tdi sdn rieng cua thdnh vien khdc trong gia dinh hogc tdi sdn chung cua cde thdnh viin gia dinh;
h) Cudng ep thdnh vien gia dinh lao dgng qud sue, ddng gdp tdi chinh qud khd nang cua hg;
kiim sodt thu nhgp eua thdnh vien gia dinh nham tgo ra tinh trgng phu thude ve tdi chinh;
^ ^ i) Cd hdnh vi trdi phdp lugt 7 | S buoc thdnh viin gia dinh ra khdi
W '
' chd d".Nhung cho dSn nay, cac co quan nhi nudc cd tham quyfln vin chua ban hanh van ban nao giii thich hoac hudng dan thfl nio hoac trudng hgp cy thfl nio thi
Kinh nghiem thuc tien bi coi la hanh vi bao luc gia dinh do chdng hoac vg cua hg gay ra inh hudng nghiem tigng dfln tinb mang, sue khde, tinh thin cua hg.
Bdi quy dinh tten chi mang tinh dinh tinh, vi vay, se lit khd khan khi tda an ap dyng quy dinh nay de giai quyflt an ly hdn theo yflu can cita mdt bfln. Thuc tien cung cho thiy, vdi nhftng trudng hgp nhu thfl cung cd nhung loai y kifln khdc nhau khi xac dinh hanh vi biio luc gia dinh do chdng hoac vg gay ra anh hudng nghiem ttgng dfln tinh mang, sftc khde, tinh than cua vg hoac chdng.
Thii hai: Vfl thuin tinh ly hon, Diflu 55 Luat HN&GD nam 2014 quy dinh: "Trong trudng hgp vg chdng cimg yflu cau ly hdn, nflu xet thay hai ben that sy tu nguyfln ly hon vi di thda thuan vfl viflc chia tai sin, viec tidng nom, nudi dudng, cham sdc, giao due con tren co sd bao dam quyfln Igi chinh ding cita va va con thi tda dn cdng nhin thuan tinh ly hdn; nflu khdng thoa thuin dugc hoac cd thda thuan nhung khdng bao dim quyfln Igi chinh ding cua vg va con thi tda
Anh minh hga
dn giii quylt viflc ly hdn". So vdi Diflu 90 Luat HN&GD nam 2000 thi quy dinh vfl thuin tinh Iy hdn tai Diflu 55 Luat HN&GD ndm 2014 tifln bd hon va ro ring hon. Nflu nhu theo qny dinh tai Diflu 90 Lu^t HN&GB nim 2000, tinrdng hgp vg chdng khdng thda thu$n dugc hoac cd thda thuan nhung khdng bao dim quyfln Igi chinh ddng cua vg va con thi tda an quylt dinh.
Luat quy dinh nhu v|y, nhung thilu hudng din cu thi viflc tda an quyflt dinh ttong trudng hgp ttfln la quylt dinh nhu thfl nao. Chinh vi le do, nfln thuc tifln giii quyet yflu can thuin tmh ly hdn vdi tiirdng hgp khdng thda thuan dugc, toa an thudng in djnh mgt thdi gian dl cho vg, chdng suy nghi lai va thdi gian dugc in djnh, mdi tda in quy dinh mgt kiflu khdng gidng nhau, gay khd khan cho duang sy. Khic phuc h^n chl niy, Dilu 55 Luit HN&GD nam 2014 quy djnh nhu tifln rd ring hon, nhung vin dung quy dinh nay vao thyc tifln ciing gap nhiing vu'dng mic sau:
Theo quy dinh tai Diflu 59 Luat HN&GD nam 2014: "Trong trudng hgp chl do tii sin cila vg chdng theo lu^t djiih thi viflc giai quyflt tii sin do cic bfln thoa thuin; nlu khdng thda thuan dugc thi theo yen ciu ciia vg, chdng hoac cua hai vg chdng, tda an giii quyet theo quy dinh tai cic khoan 2, 3, 4 va 5 Diflu niy va tai cic Dilu 60, 61, 62, 63 va 64 ciia Luat nay". Mi theo dd, khoan 5 cua Dilu nay quy dinh theo hudng bao dam quyln, loi ich hgp phdp cua vg, con chua thinh nifln, con da thanh nifln mit nang lyc hanh vi din sy hoac khdng cd khi nang lao dgng vi khdng co tai sin dl ty nudi mmh. Day la quy dinh mdi hudng den su bio ve quyfln Igi hgp phip cua ngudi phu nft, ddi
'. UAT s u VIET NAM I SO 3 i THANG 3-2016
hrcrng cin su quan tim gitip dd cua cong ddng. Ngi dung quy dinh nay CO thfl hiflu, tda in khi giii quyet phan chia tii sin vdi trudng hgp vg chong thuin tinh ly hdn nhung khdng thda thuan dugc viflc phan chia tai san, thi tda in phai bao dam quyfln, Igi ich hgp phip cua ngudi vg, con ttong cic trudng hgp sau: ngudi vg khi khdng co tai sin ty nudi minh; con chua thanh nifln mi khdng cd tii sdn ta nudi minh; con da thanh nifln nhm^ mit nang lyc hanh vi dan sy, khdng cd tai sin ty nudi minh;
con di thinh nifln nhung khdng c6 khi nang lao ddng v i khdng cd tai sin tir nudi minh.
Luat da quy dinh thi khdng CO ngoai le. Nghia la bit luin mgi trudng hgp, khi tda an ip dyng Dilu 55 Luit HN&GD nam 2014, thi dflu phai bio ve quyfln, lipi ich hgp phip ciia vg, con chua thinh nien, con da thanh nifln mit nang lyc hanh vi dan sy hoac khdng cd khi ning lao ddng va khdng c6 tai san dl ty nudi minh. Nhung thuc tien vdn phuc tap, ma trudng hgp dudi diy khi giai quyet tda dn cd phai tuin thu triet de quy dinh tai khoan 5 Diflu 59 Lii|t HN&GD nam 2014 khdng?
A vaB kit hdn thdng 12/2010, cdmdt con chung sinh nam 2011.
A va vg con cung sdng chung tai liha cda bd me mgt A. A giiip bd me lam nghi kinh doanh vit Hflu xiy dyng, B lam ndi ttg. Trong Idioing thdi gian tu thing 11/2012 din thing 2/2015, A nhilu lin khuyen vg chim dirt viec choi Id de„ hui (hg), nhung B vin khdng nghe ma cang ngay cang lun siu vao nan cd bac, din den tinh cim vg chdng ngiy thflm lanh nhat.
Den thing 3/2015, nhieu ngudi den nha ciia bd me A "siflt ng" thi
Kinh n g h i e m thuc tien mdi biflt B Men con ng cua nhihig ngudi nay Ifln dfln gin 2,5 ty ddng.
Trudc ip lyc gay git cua cac chu ng va nhu can yfln dn dl tiflp tuc boat ddng kinh doanh, bo me cua A ddng y thanh toan hflt sd ng tten thay B. Thdng 4/2015 A vi B thuan tinh nop don xin ly hdn, B nhan nudi con; hing thing A cap duong nudi con sd tien 04 trieu ddng cho dfln tudi trudng thanh. Ngoii ra, B yflu ciu dugc chia sd tifln 02 ty ddng la cdng sftc ddng gdp cua B duy tri khdi tai san chung ciia gia dinh ttong thdi gian vfl lam dan tai nhi cha me rugt A; thuc tfl B ciing khdng cd tai sin gi sau ly hon dfl bao dam cudc sdng sau niy. Do khdng thda thuin dugc viflc chia tai sin nen toa an phai giai quyflt.
Vin dfl d§t ra, tda dn se giii quyet yflu ciu cua B nhu thfl nio cho diing vdi tinh than quy dinh tai khoin 5 Dilu 59 Luit HN&GD nam 2014.
Co y kifln cho rang, tda dn phai bic dfl nghi cua B vi khdng cd can cu, bdi trudc khi kflt hdn hai ngudi khdng cd tii sin riflng, khi vfl sdng chung viii gia dlnh bd me eua A, cdng viflc chinh ciia B lam ndi ttg, bin thin A cung chi phu giiip bd me minh ttong kinh doanh, thu nhap khdng ding kfl, nen tai sin chung cua vg chdng A tao dyng dugc ttong thdi ky hdn nhan tdn tai khdng Idn. Viflc B yeu ciu chia tai sin tri gii 02 ty dflng, vi sau khi Iy hdn cudc sdng riflng sfl rit khd khan do khdng cd tii san rieng de nudi sdng bin thin la khong thfl chip nhin, vi bd me cua A d i tii thay B sd tifln ng gin 2,5 ty ddng, ma khdng yflu ciu B phai hoan lai Ii that sy
"thiu tinh dat ly".
Y kiln khdc cho ring, viflc bd me cita A thanh toin sd ng 2,5 ty
ddng thay B cho cac chii ng la quan hfl dan su khac (thuc hien nghia vu thay B) dgc lap vdi quan he tai siu ttong trudng hgp vg chdng A sdng chung vdi gia dinh bd me ^ i S u 61 Luit HN&GD nam 2014) tiong thdi k^ hdn nhin tdn tai, nen khi chia tai san tda an can cu vao khoin 1 Dieu 59 va Dilu 61 Luit HN&GD nam 2014 dfl giai quyflt.
NghTa la vin phii chia tai san cho B du B cdn dang ng bd me cua A s6 tien gin 2,5 ty ddng.
Theo quan diflm ciia ngudi vilt, tiong trudng hgp nay tuy cdng sftc ddng gdp cua B thuc tfl nflu quy ddi ciing khdng tuong duong sd tien ma bd me A da tra ng thay cho B, nhung tda in khdng the khdng giii quyflt yflu ciu cua B, vi bin thin B cuog khdng co tai sin gi dang gia dfl tu nudi sdng bin thin minh sau nay, ban nua, i ngi dung nay dugc quy dinh tai | Dilu 61 Luit HN&GD nam 2014 da cd hiflu Iuc thi hanh tu ngay 0I/0I/20I5. Du la tiiuan tinh ly hdn, nhung viflc phan chia tai san, nudi dudng, cham sdc con,... do tda an quyflt dinh, viy can cu vao tiflu chi nao hay ndi cdch khdc, tda in dua vio ca sd phdp ly cy the nio de quyet dinh viflc chia tii sin theo hudng bio vfl quyfln, Igi ich hgp phap cita ngudi vg khi ly hdn ma khdng cd tai sin dfl nudi sdng ban than minh theo quy dinh tai khoan 5 Diflu 59 Luat HN&GD nam 2014. Dfl phdp Iuat ludn dugc tdn ttgng va van dung that chinh xic, bio dim le cdng bang ttong mgi trudng hgp, vudng mac quy dinh tai khoin 5 Diflu 59 Luat HN&GD nam 2014, rit cin cac CO quan nha nudc cd tham quyfln sdm ban hanh van bdn hudng dan cy the, lam co sd phap ly dfl tda an v|n dyng thdng nhat khi xet xu •
LUAT SUVIET NAM! s o 31 THANG 3-2016
