NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI
Chieu aai ffo - Xii goc nhin van hoa
• PGS, TS. LE QUy D Q C - ThS. NGHIEM THU NGA Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Mit tinh trong tlie, dieu binli, di^u hanh mitng dai \k Iiy niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Npi
Anh: TL
T
\i xua den nay, su dinh dd va xay dung Idnh do (thu dd) la tat y6'u, Uen quan true tiep tdi su tdn vong va phat trien ciia cac quoc gia, dan tpc tren the gidi. Viec dinh do hay ddi do, xua nay cac nudc deu co, nudc ta khdng phai la ngoai le. Tii thdi dai Hiing Vuong, den cac tri6u Ngo, Dinh, Tien Le, Idnh do nudc ta da va^y ban di ddi. Khi vua Ly Thai To chon dat Dai Lalam de do lau dai, Uch sit Dai Viet bat dSu sang trang mdi.
Nam 968, Idii dep xong Thap nhi sff quan cat cff, Dinh Bp Linh thdng nhat giang son, xung de, dinh do tai Hoa Lu. Le Hoan dung trieu Le thay trieu Dinh, lanh dao thanh cong cuoc khang ctiien chdng Td'ng, cung lay Hoa Lu lam kinh do. Khi Le Ngoa Trifiu mat, trieu than tdn Dien tien chi huy su:
Ly Cong Uan len ngdi hoang de.
Mpt trong nhiing viec lam trong dai dau tien ciia Ly Thai To la ha Chieu dci do tii Hoa Lu v6 Dai La, doi ten Dai La thanh Thang Long.
Viec xu^t hien Cliieu ddi do co y nghia lich su trong dai cua tien trinh 1000 nam Uch sff cua dan tpc. Do la ang van danh dau budc ngoat lich sir hao hiing cua dan tpc - thcd dai phuc hung va ddi mdi l&i thff nhat dupc bat dau tff Thang Long - Ha Npi.
So tlidng 10-2010 Ly luan chinh tri & Thuyen thong
Cliieu ddi do la van kien trong dai mang tam khai md thcd dai mdi. Nhung vai tro, y nghia cua bai Qiieu khong chi the hien b khia canh ctiinh tri. No la tac pham quan trpng, co y nghia nhieu mat. Gidi nghien cffu da tim hieu van kien nay tren nhieu linh vuc: van hoc, sii hoc, triet hpc, chfnh tri hoc, dia ly hoc, v.v..
Nhung nd con co gia tri ve mat van hoa ma ta can xem xet.
Chieu ddi do tich hop nhieu gia tri, nhieu y nghia van hoa, trong dd, gia tri co ban la the hien su trudng thanh cua y thffc dan tdc, tinh than khang dinh su trudng ton va phat trien ben vCtng cua dM tdc ta. Dieu dd dupc the hien thong qua cac npi dung sau:
1. Chieu ddi do-mot sufhssighoa da khi phach dan tpc Dai Viet
Ra ddi trong buoi nha nudc phong kien tap quydn con so khai, bai Chieu phan anh y6u cSu phat trien cua thdi dai. Hoa Lu - kinh dd cua nudc ta dudi hai trieu Dinh (968 - 980) va Tien Le (980 - 1009), la mpt viing nui non hiem trd, thich hpp vdi yeu ciu quan su ciia mpt chfnh quyen dpc lap non tre con phai doi phd vdi nhieu mdi de doa cua thu trong giae ngoai. Vdi dia the lpi hai eua Hoa Lu, trieu dinh da danh bai eae the lue cat cff dia phuang, khdi phuc va eung cd' nen tho'ng nha^t qud'c gia, trieu Tien Le da danh tan quan xam lupc nha Tdng, bao ve vung chae nen dpc lap dan tpc. Nhiing thanh qua bao ve va ciing cd dpc lap dan toe gan Uen vdi thdng nhat quo'c gia thdi Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le da tao di^u kien dua dat nude ta vao thcd ky
mdi: thdi ky xay dung dat nude tren quy md ldn; thcd ky phue hung toan dien eiia dan toe va nen van hoa dan tpc. Vai trd cua kinh dd d thdi ky phat tri^n mdi, tat nhien Hoa Lu khdng con du kha nang dam duong. Y thffc sau sac ve tam quan trong eua kinh dd vdi su thinh suy eua dat nude, su ton vong cua vuong trieu, Ly Thai To da quyet dinh ddi dd tff Hoa Lu ra Thang Long. Bai Qiieu, vi le dd, the hien nhan thffc chfnh tri het sffe sau sac va can ban. Nha vua da gan Uen viec dcd dd vdi viec dung nudc va phat trien 6& nude.
Vi the, dng ed y dinh "dong do d nai trung tdm muu toan nghiep ldn, tinh ke mudn ddi cho con chau". Tac gia da giii vao bai Chieii nguyen vong xfty dung mpt vuong trieu ben vQng, mdt nha nude phong kiSh tap quyen hiing manh, mdt qude gia dpc Mp cudng thinh va trudng ton.
Trong hao khi cua thdi dai, trong khat vpng phuc hung dan tpc manh me, giai cap phong kien ciing nhan thffc ro y thffc traeh nhiem eua minh. Bai Qiieu ban bd khdng phai chi nham thdng bao mpt quyet dinh. Dang sau dd la led cam ket ng&n ciia nha cam quyen ve y thffe trach nhifim cua minh vdi mudn dan, ve quyet tam lam cho dan giau nude manh.
Ngudi ban chieu neu ro bai hoc lich sff tff tien trieu Dinh, Le:
"theo y rieng minh, khinh thudng menh trdi, ddng yen do thdnh d day" ''khien cho trieu dai khong dugc lau ben, sdvan ngdn ngui, trdm ho phdi hao ton"... nhung muc dfch cua tae gia khdng phai phe phan tien nhan ma la the hien tam long dau dau vi nude thuang
dan khdng luc nao ngudi eua minh: "Trdm tham thdng chi, bdt ddc bdt ti " (Trim x& dau xdt vd viec dd, khdng dcd (dd) khdng duac). Nha vua nhan thffe ro trach nhiem to ldn cua minh la phai
"mUu toan nghiep ldn, tinh ke mudn ddi cho con chau". Qua that, qua bai Chieu, ngudi dung dau tram ho da "cam ket dem todn luc de phuc vu to qudc vd ddng bdo minh"^^\
Dap ffng yeu cau lich sff, mang hcd thd eua thdi dai, nhung quyet dinh dcd dd cdn dua tren mpt nen tang vffng chae: thanh tuu van hoa hang ngan nam cua dan tpc dupe hdi tu thanh mdt "ca dd", "du dd"
ma ea dao ngucd Thang Long - Ha Ndi da khang dinh:
Long Thdnh that xicng de'dd Kim du chang mecodo dai lau Theo nhieu tai Ueu ghi lai, ngay tff thdi Viet eo, dat Thang Long da nam giCta ddng bang ddng dan, tru phu, lai 6 vao vi tn trung tam dat nudc. Tff the ki III TCN, manh dit nay la nod An Duong Vuong xay thanh Co Loa, sau dd la thu phu eua ehfnh quyen dd hd phuong Bac (thanh Tdng Binh, thanh Dai La thdi Tuy - Dudng). Khi trd thanh kinh dd, thanh Thang Long thdi Ly da la mdt viing cu dan tap trung, kinh te kha phat trien, ed ca he thdng thanh luy, de dilu quy eu. Theo tai Ueu mpc ban trieu Nguyin, ngay tff nam Bfnh Tua:t (866), ddi Dudng, nien hieu Ham Thdng thff 7, thanh Dai La "cd chu vi 1982 ti'Ucfng le 5 thudc, thdn thdnh cao hai truong sau thudc, chdn thanh rdng hai trumg nam thudc,..., xdy hen 40 van cdn nhd"'^\ Manh dat Dai La la "trung tdm cua cdc trung
Ly luan chinh tri & Truyen thong So thdng 10-2010
tdm chinh tri vdn hod tu ngdn XM13""'. Trai hang ngan nam lich sff, ca dd Dai La da duac nhan dan ta gin giu, xay dung va thanh niem tu hao eua dan tdc Dai Viet.
Cd the ndi, khf phach dan tpc Dai Viet dang tren da ldn manh tu hdi trong Chieu ddi dd, tao cho van kien lich su nay mdt su phat trien vuot bac ve tu tudng so vdd trude dd.
2. Chieu ddi do - mpt bieu hien sang i^di cija tinh than than dan Sdng trong mdt dat nudc ma ludn ludn bi de dpa bdi thien tai, dich hoa, su sinh ton qua khd Idian, con ngudi Dai Viet, tu ngan xua, da mang trong huyet quan pham chat cd k6't cpng ddng, tinh th&i "than dan", "dan chu". Dac biet, den thdi dai Ly - Tr&i, nhffng quan niem ve dpc lap va tu chii ciia dat nudc ed Uen h6 khang khit vdi su nhan thffe ve nhan dan.
Vdd cac bae minh quan, viec quan tam den dcd sdng va nguyen vong cua nhan dan da duac xem la viec hang dau cua dao tri nude. Thdd Ly, khi ddd sdng con ngudd chua bi li giao Nho giao rang bude ha khae, tinh than doan ket, dan ehu cang dam net. Nhiing dai bilu tu tudng cua giai cap phong kien nudc ta thdd Ly thudng coi "y dan", "long dan" la can cff, la muc dfch eho nhung ehu truong ehfnh tri ldn nhu chu truang ddd dd, ke vi, thay doi vuang trieu va phat ddng chien tranh. Cung nhu khdng ft nhung van ban ehfnh tri thdd Ly, ddi tupng eua Chieu ddi dd khdng cdn la trieu th&i chi biet cui dau tuan phue hay ngudd dan nd Ife mat quyen ttf chu. Do vay, sau khi trinh bay ly le nen chang
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI
thuan y trod, hap long ngudd, Chieu ddi dd ket thue bang mpt eau hdi mang tfnh ddi thoai an can: "Trdm mudn dua vdo su thuan loi dy de dinh chd d, cdc khanh thdy the nao?". Viec he trong qudc gia da khdng phiii la y mudn chu quan cua mdt ca nhan, mpt ddng ho hay quyin lai feh ki cua giai cap nhd hep ma la vi tram ho, vi cpng ddng rpng ldn.
Trong Chieu ddi do, khi neu guong cac bac minh quan sang tri trong qua khff, nha vua da gian tiSp khang dinh dao tri qude cua minh trong hien tai, true tiep khang dinh viec ddi do la
"Thugng cdn thien menh, hg nhdn ddn chf' (Tren kfnh can menh trod, dudd dua vao y chf cua dan). Vffa cd "thien menh", vffa cd "dan chf', nhung nd khdng phai la duy tam than bf hay dan chu nffa vM nhu mdt sd ngudi ap dat. Ta da biet trong truyin thdng triet hoc phuang Ddng, khai niem
"menh trod" cd hai ham nghia ca ban: 1. Menh lenh cua dng trod cd nhan each; 2. Xu hudng van dpng tat yeu cua su vat khach quan.
"Menh trdi" duoc ndi den d day thudc nghia thff hai. Ly Thai To ndi den "menh trod" ctii ed y la:
dcd dd la viee tat yeu, la diiu kien tien quyit cho triiu dai vung bin, qudc gia hung thinh.
Chung ta ciing biet, ciing mdt loai tu tudng vi dan, ed cac khai niem: "dan tam", "dan vpng",
"dan chf'. "Dan tam" la long dan,
"dan vong" la su mong mdi cua dan, ca hai diiu nay diu ehu yeu nhah manh den tinh cam don thufin. Cdn "dan chf' (hieu day du la "y ehf eua dan") ngiiia la mdt thff tinh cam hinh thanh tren
ca sd nhan thffc ly tfnh. "Nhan dan chf' la dua theo y chf da cd CO sd nhan thffc cua ngudi dan.
"Thien menh" va "dan chf' duae dat song song, thue ra cung la cd ham y khang dinh vai trd ciia dan, phan anh y thffc than dan bdi le, "thien menh" cung ctiinh la
"dan chf'. Sach Thugng thu, Thidn Thdi the, trung ed viet: 'Thien thi tu ngd ddn thi, thien thinh tu ngd ddn thinh" (Trdi nhin thay la b dan cua ta nhin th%, trdi nghe thay la b dan cua ta nghe thay).
Cling bdd tham nhuan npi dung than dan nhu vay, giong dieu bai Chieu khdng phai gipng menh lenh hay doe thoai ma la giong ddi thoai, trao doi, tam tinh.
Ngudi dan dupc ehu y di eao, qua thue "hg co the tim thdy su giao edm trong nhi/ng menh lenh cua vua chua". Bai Chieu, vi thi, di di vao long ngudi, quyet dinh trpng dai cua ngudi e&n quyin vi the di gay duac su ddng thuan vdd tram ho.
3. Chieu ddi do - mpt tam nhin quang dai ve manh dat "dia
linh" cua dan tpc
Vdd Chieu ddi dd, Ly Thai T 6 da the hien mdt t&n nhin xa thiy rpng. Ong khdng chi tha^y yeu cSu ciing cd su lau ben eua mpt triiu dai ma cdn nhin thay tiin dd cua dat nudc va cua dan tdc.
Ly Thai To chpn thanh Dai La bdi nd la "thien dia khu vUc chi trung", "long bdn ho cU chi the".
Vi tri "thang dia" dd khdng ehi ndi len ve dep tu nliien eua thanh Dai La ma quan trong la dd thanh nay hpi tu day du nhiing thuan lai eua mdt kinh dd bi the trong mpt qude gia ddc lap va cudng thinh.
So'tlidng 10-2010 Ly luan chinh tri & l ^ u y e n thdng
Nhiing thuan lai dd, theo chung tdi, bao gdm cac yeu td sau:
Dia tu nhien: V i mat dia ly, da't Dai La nam giua ddng bang ddng dan, tru phu, lai d vao vi tri dau mdi cua nhiing tuyen dudng giao thdng trong yeu (luc ba'y gid ehu yeu la dudng sdng). Tff day, thuyin he cd the xudi nguac khap kinh ky va cd the theo sdng Hdng tda di khap moi miin dat nude.
Chieii ddi dd ndi rd: Day la manh dat "dia quang nhi thdn binh"
(dia the rpng ma bang phang),
"thd' cao nhi sdng khdi"(dat dai eao ma thoang), dac biet tac gia nhah manh vi tri trung tam: "thien dia khu vuc chi trung" (Cning tam eua trdi dat), "chinh nam bdc ddng tdy chi vi" (dffng vi tri giua ngdi Nam Bae Ddng Tay). Theo quan niem eua ngudi A Ddng, vi tri trung tam la vi tri thieng, nhu sao Bae Dau d yen mpt ehd ma cac ngdi sao khac phai chau vi.
Chon ncd nay lam dat de dd, qua la vd Cling hap le.
Dia chinh tri: Thdi bay gid, dat Dai La giit vi tri tmng tam nen viec giao thdng giiia nd vdi cae dia phuang khac tren khap lanh tho Dai Viet diu thuan led d i dang. Neu chon Thang Long lam kinh dd, triiu dinh trung uong se thuan Igd trong viec chd phdi cung nhu giu mdi hen he chat che vdd eae dia phuong trong ca nudc.
Mat khac, so vdd Hoa Lu, Thang Long cdn la nod trung dp giua phia Bae va piifa Nam, nen cd uu the trong viec bang giao vdi cac nudc lang giing d ea hai miin bien gidi. Nhu vay, vi ndi tri ciing nhu ve ngoai giao, viec dinh dd d dat Thang Long la hgp U va can thiet.
Dia chien lugc: Thdi ky hinh thanh dan tdc la thdi ky ma khdng gian van hoa Viet nam trong khu vuc cu tru cua ngudi Bach Viet.
Khdng gian nay dugc md rdng dan vi phfa Nam tdi ddng bang sdng Me Kdng va thu hep vi phfa Bac nhu ngay nay. Chi rieng vi tri dia ly ay, nude ta da la mdt "tiin ddn" cua ca khu vuc Ddng Nam A, trong dd Thang Long chfnh la vi tri chien luae cua tiin ddn, la cffa ai ma cac the lue banh trudng du mudn hay khdng ciing phai vugt qua mod cd the md rpng xudng phfa Nam (ma de tien danh dugc tdi day, cac dpi quan xam lugc eiing khdng tim ra dugc hanh trinh d i dang). Neu tien edng bang dudng thuy, tff bien vao kha xa, edn theo dudng bd thi budc phai vugt qua eae effa ai iiiem trd piifa Bae eiing nhu eae eon sdng an ngii thanh mdt he thdng phdng tuyen triing diSp.
Mat khac, vdi cai the "xam di tri nan" (chiem thi di, giii thii khd), Thang Long khien cho dpi quan xam luge du cd chiem dugc thanh Cling khd ma giu viing thanh. Vi the, chfnh cac dpi quan ttuen ciiien phuang Bae da vd ciing nan ehf khi dat chan tod day.
Dia kinh te: Nhu ehffng tdi da trinh bay d tren, trude khi trd thanh kinh dd nha Ly, Thang Long da la ncd dd hdi, quy md, kinh te kha phat trien. Cd le La Thanh tuod dep dugc dm ggn bdi ddng Nhi Ha dd nang phu sa da lot vao "mat xanh" cua Dien tien chi huy sff trong nhiing lan dng di vi tff Kinh Bac tdi Hoa Lu. Toan canh phat trien cua manh dii nay dugc due ket trong ldi nhan xet xae dang trong bai Cliiiu: "van
vdt cite phdn phu chi phong"
(mudn vat rat muc phong phu, tdt tucd). Vdi mdt dat nudc ma san xuat ndng nghiep va van minh lffa nudc clii phdi toan didn ddi sdng cua dai da sd dan cu, su "phong phu tdt turn" ed the cam nhan rd
bang true giae ay, qua la mdt ldi hffa hen hap dSn vi tuong lai tru phu sau nay.
Dia tdm linh: Ra ddi trong buoi dau tien cua thdi Tmng eo, Chieu ddi do khd tranh khdi ft nhieu diu ah eiia thuat phong thuy A Ddng tff lau thinh hanh. Mudn dinh dd vdi trien vong tdt dep nhit, phai lua chgn viing dit ed the
"rong cudn ho ngdf', bdd day la the dit dep, hffa hen su phat trien tiiinh vugng. Chon duac manh dit b "the md" se giup dat nudc thinh tri, vuang triiu tmdng tdn; nhugc bang ngugc lai, dinh dd d "the ciing" se hao ton edng eiia, vuang triiu yeu menh, qudc gia suy vong. Bai hgc lich sff ciia tiin triiu Dinh, Le da ehffng minh diiu dd.
Khdng phai ngiu nhien, Dai La da tffng la kinh dd cu cua Cao Biin - mpt ngudi noi tieng gidi thuat phong thuy eua Tmng Qude. Trong Chieu ddi do, Ly Thai To ciing da khdng giau noi niim han hoan khi chgn duge manh dit "long bdn ho cii chi the" (the rong cudn ho ngdi). Cd mdt sd ngudi da mugn ed nay de gan cho bai Chieu npi dung me tin di doan. Thue ra, dgc Id van ban, ta thay ro nguyen ly khoa hge: nha vua chgn Thang Long vi nd hdi tu du dieu kien thien nhien de phdng thu, chdng ngoai xam, bao ve ddc lap, de cd the "muu toan nghiep ldn, tinh ki'muon ddi cho con chau" ("rdng cudn ho ngoi,
Ly luan chinh tri & TVuyen thong So thdng 10-2010
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI
nhin sdng dua nui"); du diiu kien sinh thai nhan van ("dia the rgng md bdng, ddt dai cao md thodng, ddn cu khoi chiu cdnh khdn kho ngap lut, muon vat cung rdt muc phong phu tdt tucf') de phat trien lau dai, nudc nha cudng thinh, nhan dan hudng phuc thai binh.
Dac biet tae gia bai Chieu mudn nhah manh the dac dia
"nhin sdng dua nui" cua manh dat thieng. Kinh thanh Thang Long, dang sau cd day nui cao va dang trude la ddng sdng hiem nen duac bao boc trong phdng tuyen virng vang. Hoa Lu ciing dugc che ehd bdi nui eao sdng rpng nhung dit hep ngudd thua, neu dinh dd lau dai d dd, su phat trien cua qudc gia se gap nhiiu trd ngai. Rdi Hoa Lu, ra viing ddng bang chau tho sdng Hdng, nhung nha vua eiing khdng quay lai Loa Thanh - lanh dd cu cua Thue Phan. Cd Loa ciing la ncd khd rao, rdng rai, bang phang, song sau lung lai la sdng Hong sau rpng, neu bi tin cdng, biet dau lai khdng ciing dudng tmyet Id nhu An Duong Vuong thud nao! Xet ki, qua that, ehi cd Thang Long - manh dit nam chinh giiia "true than dao" cua dit nudc: Ba Vi - Thang Long - Yen Tff, noi: "Dinh non Tdn chdng trdi Tdy Bdc - Ddng NhT Hd phun ngoc chay veDong " la dia the dpc nhit vd song. Thang Long chfnh la ncd bao chffa mgi ve dep, tinh uu viet cua manh dit thieng nghin nam van hien.
Chieu ddi do, qua thuc la minh ehffng cho tam nhin xa, vd han dinh, quan thdng thdd thi eua mdt nhan quan quang dai, mdt tri tue minh triet.
4. CMeu ddi do - mpt djnh hudng cho su phat trien ben vung Nhu tren ehung tdi da trinh bay, viec lua chgn Thang Long lam dit de dd khdng ehi vi mue dich chinh tri. Thai td Ly Cdng Uln, thdng qua Chieu ddi dd, mud'n tnnh bay vdi mudn dan quyet tam xay dung qudc gia Dai Viet giau manh vi mgi mat. Dac biet, dgc ki bai Chieu, ta tha'y, dang sau viec neu guong tiin nhan d nude ngudd, ben eanh khat vgng mud'n "muu toan nghiep ldn" la mong mud'n cho "van nudc lau ddi, phong tuc phdn thinh ". Diiu ma ngudd dffng dSu dat nude mong mud'n khdng chi la su phat trien ma la su phat trien lau dai, bin vung, dac biet
"phong tuc" phai "phdn thinh".
Ma "phong tuc", lue bay gid, ciifnh la khai niem diing de dii van hoa dan tdc. Y thffc ve vai trd eua van hoa, trong thdd diem dd, thiet nghi la mpt chien lugrc phat trien dung dan, thffe thdi.
Rd rang, Ly Thai To da nhan thiy Thang Long la tmng tam kinh te - van hoa - ehinh tri cua ca nudc.
Dcd dd ra dat Thang Long, nha vua mudn thue hien quyit tam xay dung mpt qud'c gia giau manh vi ea chfnh tri, kinh te ISn van hoa.
Khdng phai ngiu nhien, nhiiu nha nghien cffu da coi Chieu ddi dd la mpt miu muc vi viee trii Ueu eho su phat trien kinh dd Thang Long - Dai Viet. Nd "ddnh dau mot budc nhdn thdc quan trgng cua ddn tgc ta ve nhiing vdn dekinh te, chinh tri vd vdn hod do ddi sdng thuc tiin ddt ra, trude hit la vdn de tien ddphdt trien cua ddt nUdc vd su thdng nhdt ddt nudc"^'\ Dae
biet, viec lua chgn Thang Long lam ncd dinh dd lau dai da "gdp dieu kien quyet dinh cho sU phdt trien vdn hod ddn tgc tren nhiing tdng cao"^^\
Gan Uin su cudng thinh vi ehfnh tri, phat trien vi kinh te vdd su phdn thinh vi van hoa, dd qua thue la mdt dinh hudng sang sud't, vugt tam thdd dai, ehua cd trong tiin le. Ngay nay, ehung ta ndi nhiiu den "van hoa" va "phat trien", "phat trien bin virng", nhung ngay tff buoi binh minh eua thdd ky ddc lap tu ehu, cha dng ta da coi trgng nd nhu mdt le sinh tdn.
Diiu dang ndi la, bai Chieu ra ddi tmde lue viee ddd dd ducfc thue thi. Nhung nhan dinh effa nha vua phan nhiiu mdi chi la dinh hudng va gia ttuet, song lich su hon hai tram nam triiu Ly (ciing nhu ngan nam cua Thang Long) da ehffng minh tfnh chan ly cua nhiing gia thiet nay. Su tien Igd mgi mat cua dit Thang Long da lam cho nha Ly vung vang v i mat chfnh tri, hiing manh v i mat quan su, phat trien nhanh v i mat kinh te, khdd sic vi van hoa, dat den dp phdn thinh chua riing ed trong lich sff Crude ddO
1,3,6. TrSn Van Giau. Va« tea rfeJwg Long - Ha Noi iigi tu va tod sdng. Tr&i Van Binh chu bi6n. Nxb Qiinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2004, tr 99,102,101.
2. Lam Vien - Pham Thi Hue, Thdng Long - Hd Ngi qua moc bdn trieu Nguyen, Bao Thanh nien so 218, thii 6 ngay 6.8.2010.
4. NguySn Pham Hiing, Vdn ligc Ly - Trdn nliin tH the loai. Nxb Giao due, H,1996.
5. Nguyin Tai Thu (chii bien), Lich sic tu tuang Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H.1993,tr.i66.
So'tlidng 10-2010 Ly luan chinh tri & Truyen thong
