/Chu nghia Hoi giao cwc doan hien nay
Luong Thi Thu Hirdng *
Nhan ngiy 13 thing 10 n§m 2014
Chinh sua ngay 25 IhingOl nam 2015. Chip nhan dang ngiy 27 thing 01 nam 2015 Tdm tat: Chu nghia H6i giao cue doan la thu^t ngii dugc hinh tiianh trong qua trinh nghien cuu va luan giii cac hi?n tugfng cua Hdi giao (dao Islam, Islam giio, dao Hoi).
Tuy nhien, dli vdi ca gidi nghi6n cuu, lln nhiJng ngucri hoat dpng thyc tien, khai ni§m niy vin cdn md ngd va con nhilu npi dung tranh lu§n. Ban chit cua chii nghia Hoi giao cyc doan la vin de cin dugc Iam rd. Cho din nay, nhiiTig nghien ciiu cua cac hoc gia Phuong Tay ve chu nghta H6i giao cyc doan tuy ti'ch luy dugc mdt khoi lugng do sp, nhimg vln chua giup giai thich dupc thda dang ban chit ciia chii nghTa Hoi giao cue doan cho ca nh&ng ngudi Iam chinh trj va nhiing tin dd Hdi giao (Muslim). 6 Vi?t Nam, nghien cmi ve chu nghTa H6i giio cue doan cdn it. Trong bai viet nay, tac gia khing djnh chu o^Ta Hdi giao cyc doan la sy chech hudng khdi giao Iy Hdi giao va khdng hrong thich vdi hipn t?i.
Tir khda: Chu nghTa Hdi giao cyc doan; H I I giao; dao Islam; khung bo.
I. Chii nghta H^i giao cue doan la s y chfch htfdng khoi giao ly
Ll. Chu nghta Hdi gido circ ^an Id phu nhgn quyin tf/r do lua chgn cua con ngu&i
Hifin nay, chii nglua Hoi giao cyc doan Id khdt vpng cd dugc siic mgnh tir niem tin vd ldng trung thanh vdi qua khii xa xua (Hdi giao so ky), vd dd chinh la muc dich ma chu nghia Hdi giao cyc doan mudn thay doi cue dipn.
Tuy nhifin, khat vpng trd vfi vdi nhihig nguyfin tic tmyfin thdng eiia ehii nghia Hdi giao cyc doan da vap phai tinh sang tgo eua tu duy vd y chi ty do cua con ngudi.
Thfi nfin, chu nghia Hdi giao eye doan hien nay la budc lui ciia lieh sir. Han niia, so sanh vdi giao ly, chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan khdng chi la sy dien giai Kinh Qur'an (Koran) hi thien leeh; ma trfin phuang dien hifin thyc, chii nghia Hdi gido
cyc doan cdn khdng tuang thich vdi quy lugt cua sy phat trien.
Chu nghla Hdi giao cue doan cho rdng, Hdi giao phdi dugc dua trfin nhiing quy djnh cua Allah hon la nhiing quy tic eua con ngudi. Do dd, chu nghla Hdi giao cue doan nhan danh tdn gido, cho rdng, con ngudi hdm nay da bi lge dgo, rdi xa khdi cde Thifin Chi cua Allah; con ngudi phdi trd vfi vdi cac vdn ban gdc, khdng dya vdo ngudn diln gidi ndo, Luat ciia Allah la VTnh hing, Duy nhat, Tdi thugng. Vdi nhung lgp lugn nay, nhihig ngudi theo chu nghia Hdi giao cyc doan dd ha thap gia trj ciia con ngudi. Khdng nhung thl, hg cdn di ngugc lai nhung gi dang rao gidng (la chi cdn cil vdo van ban gdc d thdi ky dau) khi phd
' ' Tien sT, Trudng D^i hpc Giao thdng v§n tii.
DT: 0905913335. Email: [email protected] 54
Chu nghta Hdi gido cgc doan hien nay nhgn mgi ngudn diln giai Thien Kinh va
cdc tai lieu chinh thdng cua Hdi giao.
Trong qua khii, Hdi giao da ed nhihig nha phap hpc Hdi giao uy tin. Hg dugc cpng ddng kinh trgng vi su uyen thdm trong hpc thugt, diic hanh trong ldi sdng; hp ciing chinh la nhftng ngudi lam sdng mai cdc gia trj Hdi giao. Nhung gid day, nhftng ngudi ' tiieo chu nghia Hdi giao cue doan da phu
nhgn ljch sir cua hg.
Difiu dd cho thiy su bao thvi, gido dilu vd cdng nhic cua chu nghia Hdi giao cue doan. Han nua, chu nghia Hdi giao cue doan thuc su khdng bam vao nhirng nguyfin tic CO ban cua Hdi giao, khi phu nhdn quyen tu do lya chpn cua con ngudi.
Trong Kinh Qur'an, con ngudi Id tac phdm hodn hao nhdt ciia AU^. Allah la Tuy^t doi, Tli thugng; Allah tgo ra the gidi ndy cho mudn vdt cimg chung sdng. Nhung Allah chi cho duy nhdt con ngudi, diia con md Ngai yeu quy dugc quyen thay Ngdi cai qudn mdt dit; va chi duy nhat con ngudi, bat kfi nam hay nu cd diic tin, dugc lfin Thifin dudng. d do, cd tit ca nhirng gi hoan hdo nhit ma con ngudi khat vgng hudng tdi. Allah khdng bit con ngudi phdi lam difiu ndy, khfing dugc ldm difiu kia. Vi Ngdi bilt, cd nhung diia con budng binh, ngo nguge sfi khdng ehju nghe theo Ngdi. De day dd chiing, Ngdi ehi cho chiing hai con dudng: Chinh dao va Lgc dao. Nlu ehiing di dling eon dudng md Ngdi da "tilt Id", phin tiiudng se la Thien dudng, nlu lac dgo, ehiing se bj xudng Dja ngue. Nhung nlu chiing bilt hii loi, quay ddu, Ngdi sfi lgi rpng vdng tay, cho ehiing quay vfi.
X^t din ciing, todn bd nhan logi tii khdi tiidy cho din ngdy nay van dang trong hdnh tiinh di tun bdn nga, tim eai Tdi cua moi ca nhan con ngudi. Tat ca mpi eon dudng ma nhan logi da, dang di diu khat vpng dat din ty do y chi. Khat vpng (hay tham vpng) iy ciia con ngudi bdng cdch nay hay each khdc
dugc phan dnh trong cae Ioai hhih nghfi tiiuat, ton gido, tam linh va khoa hgc. Nhung cd le ehi trong hinh thiic tdn gido, tam linh, su thang hoa, "chgm" vdo cai tuyet ddi cua con ngudi mdi cd co hgi dugc trdi nghiem.
Vi thl, dii Allah da sip dat tit ca su xuit hien cua vgn vdt, thi Ngai vdn cho con ngudi quyfin lua chgn con dudng phu hgp. Vd Ngdi se dling dpi hg d cudi con dudng dfi phan xet ai dling, ai sai. Vdi tat cd nhiing danh xung vfi Thugng de, Ngdi cdn cd thudc tinh Nhan hdu. Do lugng, Hing tha thii.
Trong khi dd, theo quan difim ciia chu nghia Hdi giao cue doan, Thugng D I la Cdng Minh va Tuypt ddi, Tdi cao; Ngdi se toan quyen quyfit djnh mpi ludt lfi tten tran gian nhu Ngai mufin.
Theo Thien Kinh Qur'an, Allah tgo ra cac tang trdi va trai ddt, tao ra van vat, tgo ra Thifin luat cho con ngudi noi theo, ehi dfi dem difiu tdt dep, ludn ly dfin eho eon ngudi, mpi hanh ddng tdn phd, hiiy hoai, dp biic bde Ipt gifta con ngudi vdi nhau hay vdi van vat*'* se khdng phai la Chinh dgo.
Allah la "Dang dd tgo cho con ngudi thinh giac dfi nghe, thj giac dfi nhin vd luong tri dl hilu bifit"*^'. Con ngudi duge hudng ddn vd duge lua chpn de lam nhihig viec thifin, tdt dpp, tranh nhimg vific xau xa, tpi loi, bit cdng. Allah cdng minh d cho, "ai ldm dilu lanh thi sfi duge phan thudng tdt hon eai dd; va ai mang theo difiu du thi nhiing ai lam difiu du: chi sfi bi phgt ngang bing vdi dilu dft ma hp da lam"* *.
Dieu giao hudn ludn ly tuyet vdi ndy cua tdn giao chinh la ly do md mdt vj Dat-Iai Lat-ma ndi ring, se khdng the tudng tugng dugc mdt dan tdc ndo dd khdng ed tdn gido
*'' Xem: (2001) Kinh Qur'an (Y nghia vd ngi dung) (Ngirdi djch Hassan Abdul Karim), Nxb Tdn giio, HiN9i,tr.755.
*^'S^(^,tr.692.
*"5d'rf,tr.802.
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Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hQi Vift Nam. so 4(89) - 2015 cua no. Neu khong co, hay vay muon, hoc hoi; dimg song ma khong co ton giao. Vi vay, suong liay Itho la do con nguoi tao ra, chir khong phai do Allah; mpi tpi ac xuat hien tren dit lien va duoi biSn ca la vi nhijng hanh vi thoi nat ma ban tay ciia con nguoi da lam ra'"*'.
Con nguoi phuc tung Allah la vi con nguoi CO luong tri de nhan biet dupc thien, ac, trai, phai, tot, xau, chinh, ta. Tir do, con nguoi tu dieu ehinh hanh vi cua minh trong cuoc song cho phii hpp vol y chi cua Allah.
Khi do, con nguoi co t\r do. Neu con nguoi CO due tin, con ngucri s6 di theo con duong Chinh dao. Hp se tu quy phuc Thupng dS va toan tam, toan tri vcri Ngai {Islam la quy phiic hoan toin theo Allah).
Khi luan ve tinh Tuy?t d6i cua Allah va tu do y ehi ciia con nguoi dupc dien ta trong Thien Kinh Qur'an, cac hpc gia H6i giao CO nhi& each diln giai khac nhau.
Trao luu Chinh thdng chi thua nhan tinh ton tgi tif no cua Allah, p h i nhan tu do ^ chi ciia con ngucri. Theo do, tifa dinh la tuyet doi; Allah tgo ra con ngucri va ciing tgo luon ca so phan cua hp, khong t h l thay d5i. Tuy nhien, da phiin nguoi H6i giao khong cho nhu viiy. Voi nhiing dan trich trong Kinh Qur'an da niu, tuy con nguoi dupc Allah tao ra, nhung Ngai ii con nguoi tu quySt dinh nhu hp mong muon. Va nSu mudn mpt cupe doi va mpt xa hpi t6t dep hon, hp phai thi dua 1 ^ vi^e thien.
S\r dien giai nay (dupc da phin cac hpc gia va tm d6 Hdi giao thira nhan) da khiSn cho H6i giao trcr thanh cim c i i h eho bao trai tim khao khat ton giao voi mpt tinh than v4 luan ly cao dfp. La ton giao ra doi mu§n, song Hoi giao d i nhanh chong tro thanh mpt ton giao co vj tri hang diu.
^Nhan danh mSt ton giao ldm, chii nghla Hoi giao cue doan diln giai Kinh Qur'an theo hu6ng p h i nhan Nhan lu|t {thuc chdt la khuoc tir hi?n dai va dan chu phuong 56
Tay), cung nhu cac luat ve quyln binh ding nam, nir.
Ve diem nay, nhQng nguoi theo chu nghia Hoi giao cue doan khong trieh nguyen van tinh thin cua Qur'an, Siuma va cac Hadith chinh xac. Theo Thien Kinh, Allah khong phan biet nam va nir; doi vcri nhiing ngucri CO dure tin, cimg kinh, ehan that, kien nhin, khiem nhucmg, b6 thi, Allah se tha thu, yeu thuong va tucmg thuong. Con d6i voi nhung ke dgo due gia, du nam hay nii, Ngircri trung phgt'". Nhiing nguoi theo chii nghia Hoi giao cue doan chac chua quen mpt diiu rang, tin do d i u tien dupc thu nhgn vap H6i giao la mpt phu nir (vp cua Nha Tien Tri).
Thien dang m o cira cho tat ca nhiing ai co due tin, bat ke la nam hay nii*^'.
Vay, khong co ly do gi d l chu nghla H6i giao cue doan ap dat nhfing lugt le ha khic len phu nil, coi thucmg vi t h l ciia hp trong xa hpi hien dai.
1.2. Chii nghia Hii gido circ doan si dung bgo Itfc, gay toi ac
Theo chii nghia Hoi giao c\rc doan, quy tae cua H6i giao jihai dupc thilt lap boi bgo luc (Thanh chiln - Jihad). Dilu nay c6 the bao g6m khung b 5 va cac hanh dpng khung bo va mSi nguoi H6i giao phii dupc chilin bi s i n sang cho hanh dpng Jihad.
The nhung, chinh nhiing ke dang nhau danh Hoi giao lgi khong bilt ring, Allah kh6ng dan dat nhiing ke phgm tpi, gilt ngucri, ap biic"'.
Thai so ky. Jihad dupc hilu la cupe diu tranh npi tam cua moi tin d l H l i giao, nhim ch6ng lai nhiing due vpng ciia ban nga fren con duong quy phuc Allah.
Day ciing la d i l m tuong d i n g ciia cac ton giao tren con duong huong toi cai cao ca, cai hai hoa, cai tuyet d l i . Ban nga con
Xem: Sdd, tr.406, 829,1039.
'' Xem: Sdd, tr.859,869,1065.
' Xem: Sdd, tr.975.
"Xem:*?,/, tr.972-975.
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Chd nghia Hdi gido cue doan hiin nay ngudi la hd sau ddng sg nhit ma tin dd ton
gido ndo ciing phdi vugt qua. Nfiu khdng cd cugc ddu tranh ndi tam trong moi tin dd thi cdi tam thudng, edi hihi hgn, cai vd minh, se ddn dat bdn ngd hp, hg se khdng bao gid hilu duge ban than minh vd Allah.
Vi v^y, Jihad Id cudc chiln ldn nhit nhim chdng lai nhftng tgi ldi va sai trai noi bdn than trong hanh trinh hudng ve Dang tdi cao. Ngoai ra, nd cdn Id cugc Thanh chifin chdng lgi nhftng gi trdi vdi gido ly dgo Hdi. Do do. Jihad cdn dugc de ra de bdo vp Hdi giao vd cho phep thi hanh ludt Hdi giao trfin binh dien xa hgi.
Theo Kinh Qur'an, Allah kfiu gpi chien diu (Jihad) eho Allah nhu mdt nghia vu ddi vdi Ngdi. Ngai dd chpn eae ngudi dfi lam vipc dd; Ngdi da khdng dgt ganh ngng lfin cdc ngudi trong tdn gido*^'. Vgy ma nhirng ke khimg b6, c\rc doan dd kfiu gpi bao luc, Thdnh chiln vi Allah. Vi Allah, chung da phd huy cae gia trj tdn gido, sdt hgi dan thudng, ph\i nft vd trfi nhd, ehiing tir dat ra
"Nhan luat" hd khdc, nghiet ngd trfin ban ddo A rap, khu vuc Trung Ddng va cdc nin vdn minh khac. Nhihig gi chiing ndi vd ldm dfiu di ngugc lgi gia trj nhdn van, nhan ban eiia eon ngudi, kl cd ngudi trong ciing Hdi gido. Vu khung bd ngay 11 thing 9, bpn khiing bd Hdi gido da gilt hon 3.000 ngudi ngoai dao. Trong nhftng nam qua, chung edn gilt mgt con sd ldn hon the rat nhieu nhihig ngudi Hdi giao vd tpi.
Allah khdng cho phep hp ldm vdy. Chi Allah mdi cd quyln xet xii vdo Ngay phan xet; khong ai hay nhdm ngudi nao dugc ph6p nhan danh Ngudi''* dl gilt hgi ngudi vd tgi, bdi vi sinh mgng iy da dugc Allah ldm cho linh tfiifing*'*'*.
Nhung, chu nghla Hfii gido cue doan da nhdn daii Hdi giao lam dilu dd vdi tat cd nhQng ngudi vd t^i, d nhifiu noi tien thl gidi. Cgc doan ban, nhung ngudi theo Chu nghla Hdi giao cyc doan sdn sang kit lugn
ngudi Hdi gido khdc va cac chfi do Hdi giao khac la dj gido (takfir).
Kinh Qur'an nhan manh, cdc tin do hay thifit dgng tdn giao, dftng phdn chia tdn gido thanh cac giao phdi; nlu ai cd lam vific phan ehia dd thi dimg gdy hdn vdi hp.
Tuy hg cd khde nhau vfi mdu da, ngdn ngft, nhung deu Id tgo vat ciia Allah' '. Cd ngudi han, ngudi kem, cdp bdc cao hay thap; vi Allah tgo ra nhu the de thft thdch con ngudi vdi mdn qua Id ndi nghifip Ngdi ti-en mat dit"^l
Dung vi difiu dd ma gifit chde lan nhau.
Dimg ldm viec phan logi su vdt thay Allah.
Ngai cho eon ngudi quyfin tg quyet djnh sfi phgn cua minh. Nhung nlu con ngudi da 15 lam dieu sai trdi, roi sau dd lam vific thipn dl chupc dilu ac, thi Allah ciing tha thft, khoan dung"^*.
Nhung chu nghTa Hdi giao cue doan da di rit xa so vdi nhihig ldi rdn dgy eua Allah.
Nhihig dilu ma nhftng ngudi theo chu nghia Hdi gido eye doan rao gidng Id di nguge lai eac gia trj Chdn, Thipn, My. Hang ngay, hdng gid chung tgo ra noi khifip dam cho bao smh mfinh trfin trai dat. Nhiing hdnh ddng khung bd cfta chung ngay tft dau vd ed sau nay se khdng bao gid di theo tinh thin Thanh Khilt cua Thifin Khdi trong Kinh Qur'an. Vi vgy, cdng khdng bao gid cd thl dgi difin cho trai tim vd khoi dc eua hon mdt ti tm dd dang quy phye Thugng dfi.
Chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan dd bj Lac dao. Tgi sao? Bdi vi su thdi qud. Thdi qud khdng phdi Id phim ehdt dugc Allah yfiu qu^: chd nghe tiieo l^nh cua nhftng ke thdi qua, tdi loi"**-
**' Xem: Sdd, tr.679.
<"'Xera: &fi/, lr.758,1002-
"'"Xem:Sa/,tr.l011.
"'>Xem:S^(/.tr.824.
<'^'Xem:5arf,tr.287.
<'"Xem:&?£/,tr.763.
*''"Xem:S^rf,tr.75J.
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Tgp chi Khoa hgcxa hgi Vijt Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 Theo Thifin Kmh, ai su dung Jihad ^ ty vp khi b j ^ hire thi se khdng cd ly do nao dfi khiln trach hg. Ly do dl khi^ trdch chi dugc 3p dung dfii vm nhung ngudi dp bftc con ngudi mpt cdch sai quiy yd ddi vdi nhftng ngudi diy logn trfin trdi dit khfing cd ly do chinh ddi^ bit c h ^ le phdi vd sy thd^'^l
Ddy ciuig chinh la tinh thin p h ^ luat tiln bO ciia Hdi gido trong qua khft. Theo nhihig nha nghifin cuu vfi Hoi gido trong ljch su, sau l i i thdng nhit b a n ^ A Rap, nggn cd cd hinh trang ludi lifim cua Hdi gido da thdng trj d nhilu nudc khdc. Ddn cu d cdc qudc gia dd tu nguypn, gia nhgp Hfii gido rit ddng, la vi luan ly, lugt phap cua Hoi giao da lay cam dugc phin ddng ddn chiing vd tmh thanh hftu tinh, ngheo khd thdnh thjnh vugng.
Phai cd mdt ly do thyc sy thuyfit phue ddi vdi cdc dan tdc bj xam chilm bdi Hdi gido; difiu dd khdng chi dugc thn thiy trong Kinh diln Qur'an md cdn dugc minh chftng bdi giai dogn "ky nguyfin vang" eua Hdi gido thdi Trung Co. Trong khi Chdu Au dang lgc hau, chgm phat trien thi Hdi giao dd ^ t dugc nhftng thdnh tyu rue rd ve khoa hpc, triet hpc, nghp thudt, y hpc, kifin tnic...
Vgy, chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan mdi ehinh Id trdi quiy, bit tudn theo Chinh dao.
Thanh chien phd buy nen hda binh, khdng cdn mang mpt y nghia cao dpp la ty tianh dau vdi nhihig cam d5, sai trai nai ban thdn Ak hoan thifin minh trudc Allah, hay tranh dau vi chinh nghta, cdng bdng vd le phai.
Bit cu tu tudng hay tin dilu ndo md chu nghia Hdi giao cue doan dua ra diu thl hipn sy bgo ddng vd hifiu chiln''^'.
Vi vgy, vfi phuang dipn gido ly, chii nghia Hoi giao cue doan khfing chi hifiu sai tmh than cua Thifin Kinh, md tren phuang difin thyc tien, edn di ngugc lgi nhung ^ a tri hfin tdn md lodi ngudi & day cdng vun d^.
Dieu dang ban d ddy Id: chu nghia Hfii
^ao cue doan khdng bao gjd cd thl nhan
danh hay dai dien cho Hdi gido. Hdi gido la mdt ton gjao ldn, mdt ^ n gjao da ddng gdp rit nhilu vao kho tang vdn hda - van n ^ eua toan nhdn loai. Do do, vipc danh ^ i g Hdi giao vdi chinh tii vd xa hon nfta vdi chu nghla khung bd khoi^ phdi la each lam dting.
2. Chu nghia Hoi gido cue doan khong tvcnig thich vdi hifin thuc duung dai
Nhu da phdn tich d trfin, ehvi r^Jua Hli gido eye doan vdi nhiing khuynh hudng bdo thii, cue doan, bgo lyc hoan todn khdng the nhan danh cho tdn gido ldn hdng thft hai tren thl gidi, cdng khdng thl dgi difin cho han mpt ti tm dd dl dung ra djnh dogt sl phgn Hli giao.
Chu nghia Hoi giao eye doan vdi cac hinh thai cy thl cua nd trong hipn thuc, dd diing cdeh thftc cyc doan, bgo luc dfi kifim sodt hode duy tri su thdng trj. Nhftng muc tieu, ehu thuylt md chu nghla Hoi gido cyc doan dua ra, dii xet tu Kinh Qur'an hay Ludt Shariah, diu khfing cd edn cu. Chii nghia Hdi gido cue doan dd va dang trd thdnh mdi de dga cho hda binh, su dn djnh va phdt trifin eua the gidi A Rap, Bde Phi vd cgng ding the gidi.
Trong hifin thyc, nhung myc tieu nay ctia chu nghia Hdi giao cyc doan mau thuan vdi
^do ly, hien tiiyc, vdi xu tiifi phat trifin chung ciia tat ca nhftng dan tge yfiu chudng hoa bmh, hgp tdc vd phat triln tren toan the gjdi.
2.1. Chu nghta HSi gido cue doan ^ ngugc v&i xu htr&ng thi t{ic hoa, tidn ch&
vd hifn dgi hoa 2.1.1. Thettfchoa
Chu nghia Hdi gldo eye doan cho rdng, Hdi giao khdng chi la mpt tdn giao, ma cdn phdi Id mgt chuang trinh bao gdm tiifie ddy sy thanh lap cac nhd nudc Hli gido vdi ludt Shariah chi phdi todn bg ddi sdng xa hpi.
*'"Xem:5a/,tr.l009.
*"' T. L. Friedman (2006), The gidi phdng, Nxb Khoa hpc x5 h0i, Hd NOi, tr.200.
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Chd nghia Hdi gido cue doan hien nay Voi muc tieu nay, chu nghia Hdi gido cyc
doan da xung dgt vdi quan niem vl nha nude the tuc, ve dan chu cua nfin ehinh tri hi$ndgi.
Difiu nay ciing cd nghia nd mau thudn vdi chinh tri qudc tfi ve cac quyfin co ban cua con ngudd nhu: quyen tu do tdn gido, quyfin binh ding nam nft, quyfin tu do ngfin lugn va tu do ca nhan... Chinh vi quan dilm bdo thu nhu vdy, nfin chu nghia Hdi giao cyc doan cdn lam cho nhifiu ngudi lifin tudng he tu tudng ndy gan lien vdi cac trao luu khung bd.
Trong bdi canh todn cau hda, nhdn logi huge phdi chia se nhftng hp gid tri chung;
mgi hinh thftc ddc tdn, cung nhic, bdo thii vfi vdn hda, tdn gido se khdng bao gid tucmg thieh vdi quy ludt ciia sy phat triln.
Sfi khdng tiifi ed su phdt trien cho bit ky mgt md hinh nhd nudc nao, nfiu nd khdng v$n d$ng ciing Ijch sti. Lieh su khdng Id gi khde hon la todn bd hoat dpng ciia nhimg con ngudi sdng da va dang theo dudi muc dieh cua chinh bdn than minh. Vi vdy, d moi giai dogn khde nhau, lich su se ghi lai nhihig myc dich vd khdt vgng khdc nhau cua nhan loai. Sfi khdng the cd phdt trifin nfiu cur bam chgt vao cai ljch su da qua.
Toan bg ljch su nhdn loai da qua la minh chimg cho su cung dom hoa, ket trai cua nhiing nin vdn minh. Khdng cd giai doan nao trong ljch su etia nhan logi cd ba quyen vfi van hda hay tdn gido; ndi cdeh khae, eho du khdc bifit d cae hinh thai cgng ddng xa hgi, nha nude, thi cac nen vdn hda, tdn gjdo van cimg chung sdng va khdng ngimg tao nfin nhiing gid tri phd qudt cho nhdn Iogi.
Cac nha sang lap ra chu nglua Mae dd nhan djnh, hifin thyc la nguon gde tryc tifip cua tu tudng. Vi vay, mgt hgc thuylt sfi trd thdnh mau xam nlu nd khdng mgc trfin manh dit hipn thyc diy sue sdng.
Hp tu tudng cua chti nghla Hdi gjao cyc doan tudng nhu mdt su tdn vmh qua khu,
khdi phue nhiing gia trj vinh quang eiia qua khft Hdi giao. Nhung ngay nay, nd dugc xem nhu mgt budc liii lich sft. Mdt dilu md rat nhieu tin do Hdi gido bifit ring, hg khdng thfi dua nhan loai quay trd vl thdi ky Trung ed, thi cimg ed nghia, hg khdng thfi dua xa hgi Hdi gjao quay trd lgi nhu thdi ky hodng kun ban ddu. Ljch sir ludn tiln lfin phia trudc, bat chap vdt ndo ed y djnh cdn dudng nd.
Thuc chit, he tu tudng ctia chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan Id mgt each khudc tii hifin dai hda va dan chu - njgt trong nhftng thdnh tyu cua nhan loai d thfi ky XX.
Do dd, khat vgng vfi mgt nha nudc Hdi giao thing nhit, dugc thing tri bdi ludt Shariah d thl ky XXI xem ehung Id mdt trong nhftng nguyen nhdn gay bit dn djnh trong thfi gidi Hdi giao.
Vdi chu thuyet chdng lgi thfi tyc hda, chft n^bia Hdi giao cue doan khat vgng vfi mdt nhd nudc Hdi gido hung mgnh nhu da tung cd trong ijch su. Day la trgng thdi bii ^tp tam ly thit vpng, ehan nan vfi tinh trang hifin tai ctia nhftng tin dd theo ehu nghla Hdi gido cyc doan. Muc tifiu nay cdn cd nghia Id chdng hien dgi hda, chdng dan ehu (ma thyc chit la chdng phucmg Tay).
Thfi tuc hda, dan chu vd hien dai hda Id sdn phdm ctia sy tien bd ctia tu tudng chinh tri nhan loai; xuit hifin, phat trifin mgnh me d phucmg Tdy, sau dd dugc cdc md hinh nha nudc phuong Ddng dp dung.
Dd Id quy lugt etia su phat trifin cua nfin ehinh trj the gidi, phu hgp vdi xu tiifi phat trifin chung eua lich stir. Cac hinh thai chinh trj nay, xet dfin eimg la sy no Iyc eua eon ngudi vi Con ngudi. Vi sy ty do tdi thugng cho con ngudi, vi quyfin con ngudi vd cac gid tii cao dpp cho nd. Nhan loai di tft da man din van minh; tft lac hau dfin hipn dgi hda; tu nd lp den ty do; dd Id budc tifin ddi ctia ljch sft. Khdng ai cd thfi ddo ngugc nhftng gia tn ay. Chu ngfaTa Hdi giao cyc 59
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 4(89) - 2015 doan da khudc tu cdc gia tri dd va mong mudn keo lui ljch sft bing nhftng hdnh ddng cyc doan, bgo lyc.
Vdi muc tieu xay dyng nha nudc Hdi gido, liy Luat Shariah lam nin tang frong xd hpi, nhftng ngudi theo chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan cdn vi pham luat p h ^ qudc t l v l quyln con ngudi. Bang viec dp dgt mpt each hd khdc luat Shariah lfin xa hpi, nd dd gay ra bao dau khd cho phu nft, vdi nhftng phdn biet nam, nft va ngudi khdng theo Hdi gido; nd cdm va ehdng tu bd tdn giao mpt cdeh khdc liet; kifim sodt git gao, ha khic nhimg quyln dd dugc lugt phdp qudc t l cdng nhdn (quyfin tu do tdn giao, tu do bdo chi, tii do lgp hdi va cac quyln cdng bdng theo quy dinh cua phap ludt).
6 thdi ky dau cua Nha Tifin Tri va nhftng t h l ky sau dd, vific ap dyng luat Shariah ed thl Id hftu dung, phu hgp vdi giai dogn Iich sft ay. Giai dogn Hdi giao can xdc lap va khing djnh, khulch truang vd banh trudng dnh hudng tdn gido, chinh tri cua nd ra ben ngoai, thi ludt Shariah la con dudng, phuong each dfi thdnh cdng.
Nhung gid day, tren thl gidi nhifiu nude Hdi gido dd khdng cdn dp dung luat Shariah vao ddi sdng xd hdi niia. Cdc xd hdi ay (nhu Thd NhT Ky, Malaysia, Indonesia...) chuyfin minh ttd tiianh nhiing qude gia thl hie, vdi sy dp dung Hdi giao vdo ddi sdng mdt each uyln chuyfin. Ddi sdng tdn giao dugc trd vfi cho cd nhdn vdi nhirng chung ngd cfta ca thl, md cd nhdn do van qi^ phuc Allah.
Nfiu thfi tyc hda la mot budc tien ldn cua chinh trj the gidi, thi vdi Hdi giao, nd la budc tifin vT dgi, nfiu xet tft gdc do thin hpc va lugt Hdi giao.
Thfi nhung, van cdn nhfti^ qudc gja Hdi gido, nhihig td chirc chinh tri Hdi giao bdo thil, ddc tai, cyc doan khong muon vgy.
Chiing mudn Shariah phai duge tiiuc thi tren binh dipn xd hpi. A Rap la mdt minh chiing rd ret cho vipc ap dung ludt le ha khic len
todn bd xa hdi d thdi ky hipn dgi. "Tiln tdi da dua A R ^ d i n vdi t h l gidi hifin dgi, nhung n i n van hda khdc khfi, khe khit, va cao nggo lgi dua dki. nudc ndy trd vfi vdi nhftng c i m dodn truyfin thdng eye doan"*"'.
Nhiing ngudi theo chu nghTa Hdi giao cyc doan mong mudn xdy dyng mgt xd hpi Hdi giao dn djnh, thinh vugng vd phat tiien;
mpt t h l gidi Hoi gido mau muc cho eac qudc gia khac tten t i t cd cde phuong di^n.
Chdc chin hp khdng t h l ldm dugc. Bdi vi, bdo thu ddi lap vdi cdch mgng, cyc doan ddi lap vdi dn hda, nhimg ngudi theo chti nghTa Hdi gido cue doan khdng phdi la nhiing nha dn hda, cai cdch; hg sfi khfing bao gid tao dyng dugc mgt hinh mau xa hpi Hdi giao nhu hp mong mudn.
2.1.2. Ddn cha vd hien dgi hda Dfii mdt vdi t h l tyc hda, dan chu vd hi?n dai hda, tftc la Hfii giao phdi ddi mdt vdi chu nghia cue doan, dgc tdi ttong chinh n^i bp t h l gidi Hdi gido. Day cd lfi Id cupe chiln ldn nhit md nhung ngudi Hdi gido dang phai d l i mdt. Thach thftc nay dang khiln hp dftng d nga ba dudng eua su phdt triln. Nfiu bdo hg cho cyc doan, bao thii vd chl-dfi dpe tai, hp se phdi tdy chay dan chu, cai cdch va hipn dai hda.
Hdi giao khong xung khdc vdi dan chu va hipn dai hda. Pakistan, Bangladesh (d3 timg ttai qua chfi d^ ddn ehu, gid vin dang no luc timg budc dfi dat dugc dieu do), Thl NhT Ky, Indonesia, Senegal va Mali (trong do dgc bipt phm k l d i n Thd Nhi Ky, Indonesia) la nhung tam guong vfi sy thdnh cfing cua nfin dan ehu ttfin dit nudc Hoi giao. d day, nfin dan chu va Hfii gido dS cimg dom hoa kfit ttai va ho trg eho nhau cung phdt triln*'*'. Difiu nay dugc minh ehung nfiu soi rgi vao qua khft Hdi giao. Dd
"^ CB.Ladin (2008), Bi mgt ddng sau Idm mgng, Nxb van hpc. Ha Npi, tr. 186.
"** F.Burgat (2005), Face lo Face With Political Hoi gido, The French Ministry of Cuture, tr.l68.
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Cha nghta Hdi gido cue doan hifn nay ed mdt thdi k;y hoang kim eua dl chl Hdi
gido hay mpt Tay Ban Nha khoan dung, mpt Bahrain dan chu (mdt ttong nhiing nudc diu tifin tton^ vjnh A rgp cho phep phy nu ling cft vd bau cu vao Qude hpi); va ngdy nay, mgt thanh phd Dubai hifin dai va phdt trifin nim ngay canh A Rgp, mpt ttong nhftng qufic gia kem khoan dung nhit''^\
Myc dich cua vipc dp ddt ludt Shariah hd khic len eac nudc Hfii gido thyc chit khdng phdi Id nhung tin dl ngoan dgo mufin Iam sing Igi nhftng gia trj Hdi gido. Md dd la tinh ttang mgc cam vdi qud khft vd khdng hdi ldng vdi hipn tgi*^**', chinh dilu ndy da khifin cho cudc chien giiia qua khu va tuong lai, gifta bao thu va each tan, giiia cyc doan vd dn hda trd nen dai ding, thgm ehi khde lipt. Day khfing ehi la cudc chiln gifta nhiing ngudi Hdi gido bdo thu vdi nhftng ngudi "ben ngoai", ma cdn la cupe chiln chua cd hli kit cfta nhiing ngudi Hdi giao. Mau va nude mat cua nhieu ngudi Hli gido da dd. Nhilu di sdn van hda vdt chit vd phi vgt chat ctia nin vdn minh Hdi gido dd bj pha hfty. Cupe ehien thdm quyen tfin giao giiia hai khuynh hudng eye doan va dn hda, bao lyc va dan ehu dang cdn ttd sy phdt trifin eiia the gidi Hoi gido.
Dilu ndy dang dien ra d Ai Cdp sau miia xuan A rgp. Bgo lyc dd nhin ehim Ai C^p ttong vdng xoay cua tranh ehap quyen lyc.
Thyc chdt dd Id su ddi khdng gifta hai xu hudng: ddn chu va thl tyc, eye doan vd bdo thft. Giic ma vl nin chinh trj ddn chft va tu do d qude gia Bic Phi nay dd bj bdng den cfta xung dgt, bgo luc ehe phu. H$ luy eua sy xung dgt chinh tq ndy la hang ttdm ngudi Hdi gido vd tgi dd bj npa xuong, trd tiianh vy bgo lyc dam mdu nhdt ttong nhilu tii^p ky qua d till gidi A Rap.
Sy kien ndy eang minh chftng cho thiy, lap iuan cfta Bernard Lewis vd Samuel Huntington vl mgt sy va chgm khdng thl tiinh khdi gifta cdc nfin van minh tix)ng xu till toan ciu hda la khdng cd cdn cft.
Mpt dieu chic ehan, chft nghTa Hdi giao cyc doan khdng bao gid cd thfi nhdn danh hay dai difin cho hang ti tin dd vd nfin vdn minh Hdi giao. Bdi \d, kim chi nam cua chu nghTa Hdi gido cyc doan Id qua khft, chft khfing phai tuong lai. Song, nhiing ngudi theo chu nghTa Hdi giao eye doan ciing khdng ITnh hdi duge nhiing tinh hoa cfta qud khu ljch sft, md ngugc lgi, hp edn bj dnh hudng bdi nhiing ldi sdng hifin dai. Vd nghjeh ly la, edng bj cfi lap vdi hien dai thi hp cdng bdm viu vdi qua khft. Cang bam viu vao qua khu thi cdng khdng mufin ddu tu hay phdt trien cho tuong lai*^''.
Tdm lgi, chu nghia Hdi gido cyc doan la khdng phu hgp vdi gido ly va hien thyc. Vi vgy, khuynh hudng ndy khfing thfi dai di^n hay nhdn danh cho todn bp nen vdn minh Hdi piao de tap hgp sftc mgnh cfta so ddng tin dd tgo ra sy thay ddi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. K.Annan (2002), "D6i tho9i glOa c^c nen vkn minh", T^p chf Tin nhanh, s6 60.
2. Ban Ton gi^o Chinh phii (2012), Bdo cdo tdng quan di dn nghien cdu Hdi gido va van hda Hdi gido.
3. B.Bhutto (2008), Hda gidi Hdi gido. Ddn chu vd phuang Toy, Nxb VSn h6a th6ng tin, Hk Ngi.
4. K.A.E. Fadi (2012), Vu trgm vldgi, Cugc gidng covditu ludng qud khich, Nxb T6n gi4o, Hk N^i.
5. F.Burgat (2005), Face lo Face With Political Hdi gido. The French Ministry of Cuture.
6. T. L. Friedman (2006), Thi gidi phdng, Nxb IChoa hpc xa hpi, Hk N0i.
7. CB.Ladin (2008), Bi mgt ddng sau tam mgng, Nxb Van hpc, Hk NOi.
8. (2001), Kinh Qur'an {Y nghia vd ngi dung).
NxbT6ngi6o,HJlNpi.
''^' T. L. Friedman (2006), Thi gidi phdng Nxb Khoa hpc xS hpi, Hk N6i, tr.599.
'^"^ K.A.E. Fadi (2012), sdd, tr.l52.
*"' K.A.E. Fadi (2012), sdd, tr.159-160.
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